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Electoral Management Index

... em Electoral Management

...... em10 Overview of Electoral Management

...... em20 Guiding Principles of Electoral Management

...... em30 Context of Electoral Management

...... em40 Contributors to Electoral Management

...... ema Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies (EMBs)

......... ema01 What is an electoral management body (EMB)?

......... ema02 Independent Model EMBs

............ ema02a What an Independent Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not

......... ema03 Governmental Model EMBs

............ ema03a What a Governmental Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not

......... ema04 Mixed Model EMBs

............ ema04a Examples of Formats for a Mixed Model EMB

......... ema05 What Can Be Expected of the Different EMB Models?

......... ema06 Permanent and Temporary EMBs

......... ema07 Centralised or Decentralised EMBs

......... ema08 EMBs in Federal Countries

......... ema09 Transitional International EMBs and National EMBs

......... ema10 Representation of the EMB to Cabinet and the Legislature

......... ema11 Summary: Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies

...... emb The Legal Framework: The Context for the EMB’s Role and Powers

......... emb01 How Legal Instruments Define Electoral Processes

......... emb02 International Treaties and Agreements

......... emb03 The Constitution

......... emb04 Electoral Laws: Acts and Ordinances

............ emb04a Checklist for Electoral Management Legal Framework

......... emb05 EMB Rules, Regulations and Proclamations

......... emb06 Summary: The Legal Framework

...... emc The Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of an EMB

......... emc01 EMB Powers and Functions

......... emc02 Extent of Powers and Functions

............ emc02a Responsibility for Voter Registration

............ emc02b Responsibility for the Registration and Funding of Political Parties

............ emc02c Election Campaign Responsibilities

............ emc02d Voter Education Responsibilities

............ emc02e Validation of Election Results

............ emc02f Supervision of Political Party Candidate Selections

............ emc02g Responsibility for Boundary Delimitation

............ emc02h Electoral Observation Responsibilities

............ emc02i International Activities

............ emc02j Community Responsibilities of EMBs

............ emc02k Avoidance of Conflicts of Interest

............ emc02l Gender Balance Responsibilities

............ emc02m Account of Ethnicity Issues

............ emc02n Equality and Equity

............ emc02o Broadly-based Access

......... emc03 Direct Democracy Instruments

......... emc04 Functional Divisions between Electoral Institutions

......... emc05 Summary:The Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of an EMB

...... emd EMB Composition and Roles

......... emd01 EMB Membership

............ emd01a Status of EMB Members

............ emd01b The EMB Chair: A Special Role?

............ emd01c EMB Members: Respected Experts or Watchdogs on Each Other?

............... emd01c01 Multiparty-based EMBs

............... emd01c02 Expert-based EMBs

............... emd01c03 EMBs with Both Expert and Multiparty Membership

............... emd01c04 Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiparty, Expert, and Combined EMBs

............ emd01d Full-time or Part-time EMB Members?

............ emd01e How Many EMB Members?

............ emd01f Term of Office of Members of Permanent EMBs

......... emd02 Recruitment and Appointment of EMB Members

............ emd02a Recruitment through Open Advertisement

............ emd02b Nomination of Candidates for EMB Membership by the Head of State and Confirmation by or in Consultation with the Legislature

............ emd02c Unilateral Appointments of EMB Members by One Branch of Government

............ emd02d Involvement of Other Actors in EMB Appointment

......... emd03 Qualifications for Appointment

......... emd04 Conditions of Service and Security of Tenure for EMB Members

............ emd04a Oath/pledge-taking or Affirmation

......... emd05 EMB Decision-Making Processes

............ emd05a Meetings of EMB Members

............... emd05a01 Closed or Open EMB Meetings

............ emd05b EMB Member Committees

......... emd06 EMB Members Relationships With The EMB Secretariat

............ emd06a Internal Regulations

......... emd07 Summary: EMB Composition and Roles

...... eme Planning and Implementing EMB Activities

......... eme01 The EMB Secretariat

............ eme01a The EMB Secretariat and the Public Service

............... eme01a01 Possible Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Public Servants as EMB Secretariat Staff

............... eme01b Structuring the Secretariat

......... eme02 Developing an EMB organisational structure

............ eme02a Alternative Functional Divisions

............ eme02b Organisational Structure Charts

......... eme03 The Election Calendar – A Planning Assistant

......... eme04 EMB Internal Rule Making

............ eme04a Codes of Conduct for EMB Members and Staff

......... eme05 Strategic Planning

......... eme06 Operational Planning

............ eme06a Operational Concept

......... eme07 EMB Budget

......... eme08 Staffing of EMBs

......... eme09 Procurement by the Election Management Body (EMB)

......... eme10 Communications and Public Relations

............ eme10a The Media

......... eme11 Records Management

......... eme12 Report Writing

......... eme13 Summary: Planning and Implementing EMB Activities

...... emf EMB Staffing and Development of Professional Electoral Management

......... emf01 Staffing of EMBs

............ emf01a Use of Public Service Staff for EMB Secretariats

............ emf01b Permanent and Temporary Staff

............ emf01c Conditions of Employment: EMB-Specific or Public Service Staff

............ emf01d Staff Pensions

......... emf02 Procedures for Recruitment of EMB Staff

......... emf03 Appointment of EMB Secretariat Staff

............ emf03a Procedures for the Appointment for EMB Secretariat Staff

............ emf03b Staff Appointment Formalities

......... emf04 What Is a Professional Electoral Administrator?

......... emf05 Staff Training and Development

............ emf05a EMB Organisational and Staff Development for Permanent Staff

............ emf05b Identifying Training Requirements

......... emf06 Internal Training of EMB Staff

............ emf06a Written Materials

............ emf06b Practical Exercises

............ emf06c Oral/visual Training

......... emf07 External Training of EMB Staff

............ emf07a Information Exchange

............ emf07b Training Courses and Events

............ emf07c Education and Development Courses for EMB Staff

............ emf07d External Election Advisers, Consultants and Trainers

............ emf07e Using International Experience

............ emf07f Mentoring

............ emf07g Secondment of Staff

............ emf07h Handbooks and Specialist Publications

......... emf08 Factors Which May Inhibit EMB Professionalism

......... emf09 Summary: EMB Staffing and Development of Professional Electoral Management

...... emg Financial Management of EMBs

......... emg01 Common EMB Financing Issues

......... emg02 What Electoral Costs Need to be Financed?

............ emg02a Attributes and Examples of Electoral Core, Diffuse and Integrity Costs

......... emg03 Who Finances EMBs and How?

............ emg03a Method of Disbursing State Funding

............ emg03b Approval of EMB Budget Proposals

............ emg03c Integrated or Distributed Electoral Budgets

............ emg03d Donor Funding

............... emg03d01 Some Key Advantages and Disadvantages of International Donor Funding for Electoral Processes

............ emg03e Other Sources of EMB Funding

......... emg04 Budget Formulation Methods for EMBs

............ emg04a The Process for Budget Formulation and Approval

............ emg04b Availability of Budget Funds

............ emg04c Control of EMB Funding

......... emg05 EMB Financial Control Measures

......... emg06 Asset Management

......... emg07 Principles for EMB Financial Management

......... emg08 Audit and Evaluation

......... emg09 Summary: Financial Management of EMBs

...... emh EMB Stakeholder Relationships

......... emh01 Who are the Stakeholders and What Is Their Role In the Electoral Process?

......... emh02 Political Parties and Candidates as EMB Stakeholders

......... emh03 The EMB’s Staff

......... emh04 Executive Branch of Government

......... emh05 The Legislature – An EMB Stakeholder

......... emh06 Electoral Dispute Resolution Bodies

......... emh07 The Judicial System

......... emh08 Election Monitors and Observers

......... emh09 The Media – An EMB Stakeholder

......... emh10 The Electorate As an EMB Stakeholder

......... emh11 Civil Society Organisations as EMB Stakeholders

......... emh12 Donor Community – A Key Stakeholder

......... emh13 Secondary EMB Stakeholders

......... emh14 Managing Relationships With Stakeholders

......... emh15 Principles of Stakeholder Management

......... emh16 How To Deal With Difficult Stakeholders

......... emh17 Summary: EMB Stakeholder Relationships

...... emi Assessing EMB Performance

......... emi01 Principles and Best Practices for EMB Accountability

......... emi02 Stakeholder Accountability

......... emi03 Performance and Financial Accountability

............ emi03a Internal Performance Accountability

............ emi03b External Performance Accountability

............ emi03c Internal Financial Accountability

............ emi03d External Financial Accountability

......... emi04 Auditing EMBs

............ emi04a Performance Audits

............... emi04a01 Methodology and Scope of a Performance Audit

............... emi04a02 Election Performance Audits: Potential Criteria and Specific Issues

............... emi04a03 Performance Audit Outputs

............ emi04b Financial Audits

......... emi05 Internal Quality Controls

......... emi06 Programme Evaluation by EMBs

......... emi07 Post-election Reviews

............ emi07a EMB’s Post-Election Review Cycle Checklist: Responsibility and Action

......... emi08 Peer Reviews

......... emi09 External Oversight Issues

......... emi10 Accountability for the Use of Technology-based Systems

......... emi11 Summary: Assessing EMB Performance

...... emj The Sustainability of EMBs

......... emj01 What is sustainability?

............ emj01a Why is EMB sustainability important?

......... emj02 Needs assessment

......... emj03 Electoral sustainability and donor support

......... emj04 Practices favouring sustainability

......... emj05 Staffing for Sustainability

......... emj06 Electoral Materials

......... emj07 Structural and Technological Implications of Sustainability

......... emj08 Automated Voting and Counting Processes

......... emj09 Summary: The Sustainability of EMBs

...... emk Cooperation through EMB Networks

......... emk01 What Are Electoral Networks and Why Do they Matter?

......... emk02 National Electoral Networks

......... emk03 Regional EMB Networks

......... emk04 Global Electoral Networks

......... emk05 Electoral Support Networks

......... emk06 Summary: Cooperation through EMB Networks

...... eml Reforming Electoral Processes

......... eml01 What Is Electoral Reform?

......... eml02 Failing EMBs

......... eml03 The EMB’s Role in Electoral Reforms

......... eml04 The Scope of Electoral Reform

......... eml05 Managing Electoral Change

......... eml06 Summary: Reforming Electoral Processes