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Media and Elections Overview of Media and Elections Guiding Principles of Media and Elections Context of Media and Elections Legal Principles International Law on Media and Elections Media and Democracy Obligations of Pluralism Freedom of Political Debate Right of Access to Government Media Publishing Opposition Views Right of Reply to Media Reports during Elections Limits to Liability of Media During Elections Restrictions on Political Speech Criticism of Politicians and Government Right to an Effective Remedy Protecting the Safety of the Media Media Environment Where do people get their information? History of Respect for Media Freedom Relative Importance of Different Media Structure of Media Ownership Structure of Media Ownership Public/State Media Corporate Media Private Broadcasters Print Media Community Media Party Media "New" Media "New" Media The Internet Cellular Telephones and Election Campaigning Level of Media Professionalism Journalism Training Legal Framework for Media Constitutional Protection for Media Freedom Statutes Affecting the Media Other Statutory Instruments Affecting the Media Case Law Affecting the Media Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks Broadcasting Regulator Voluntary Media Council Statutory or Constitutional Regulators Law or Regulations on Media During Elections Who Should be Involved in the Drafting Process? A Specified Campaign Period? Different Obligations of Public and Private Media Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media Implementation Mechanism for Media and Election Regulations Implementation Mechanism: Existing Media Regulatory Body Implementation Mechanism: Media Self-Regulation Implementation Mechanism: Electoral Commission Implementation Mechanism: Specialist Body Implementation Mechanism: Judiciary Complaints Procedure on Media Coverage News Blackouts Regulating Coverage of Opinion Polls Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation International and Comparative Law on Hate Speech Media Liability for Reports of Unlawful Statements Hate Speech - Operations of the Regulator Right of Reply to Criticism or Adverse Statements Journalists' Right of Access to Election Events Accreditation of Journalists Accreditation of Journalists Foreign Media Measures to Protect Journalists Provisions for Public Media Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties Equal or Equitable Direct Access Coverage? Equal Access for All Parties? Equitable (or Fair) Access for Political Parties? Criteria for Allocation of Direct Access Time Timing and Length of Direct Access Slots Who Pays for Direct Access Broadcasts? Who Produces Direct Access Broadcasts? Direct Access in Referenda Paid Political Advertising Paid Political Advertising Countries that Allow Paid Political Advertising A Mixed System of Advertising and Free Access Political Advertising and Campaign Spending Limits Regulation of Content of Direct Access Material? Government's Duty to Inform - Voter Information Balanced News Coverage Provisions for the Private Media Why Communication Matters Analysing Your Strenghts and Weaknesses Defining Your Message Defining Your Audience Developing a Media Strategy Developing Techniques of Media Relations Briefing Packs Pre-recorded Audio and Video Material Providing Information on Electoral Authority Web Site Media Briefings Press Releases Media Centre Timing Work with Media Pre-Campaign Issues Campaign Issues Campaign Issues Role of the Regulatory Body - Monitoring the Process Role of Non-governmental Organisations Media Monitoring Election Day Reporting Election Day Reporting Media Access to Polling Stations Reporting the Vote Promoting Professional Coverage of Results Promoting Professional Coverage of Results Exit Polls Reporting on Quick Counts Post-election Reporting Media Monitoring Media Monitoring by Electoral Management Bodies Media Monitoring by International Election Observation Missions Media Monitoring by Non-Governmental Organisations Media Monitoring Methodology Media Monitoring and Media Analysis Quantitative Media Monitoring Methods Qualitative Media Monitoring Methods Reporting Media Monitoring Findings Covering an Election Campaign Training Journalists to Report Elections Planning Election Coverage Ethical and Professional Issues Codes of Conduct for Media in Elections Codes of Conduct for Media in Elections Accuracy of Media Reports Impartiality Responsibility Legal Issues in Election Reporting Reporting Opinion Polls Reporting Exit Polls Reporting Hate Speech Reporting the Campaign Parties' Media Strategies Reporting Political Events Voters-Voice Reporting Policy-Making and Evaluation A Process of Consultation Case Studies Bosnia: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech Canada: Paid Political Advertising Canada: Canada prohibits bloggers from reporting results Gambia: The Independent Electoral Commission of The Gambia develops a communications plan Italy: An Existing Regulatory Body Russia: Complaints Procedure (1993) United Kingdom: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech United States: bringing the bloggers to heel? Zimbabwe: An Example Of Unbalanced Coverage Contributors to Media and Elections Media and Elections Comparative Data Media and Elections Electoral Materials

Contributors to Media and Elections

The Media and Elections topic area was first added to the ACE website in 2001. The topic area’s lead writer was Richard Carver of Oxford Media Research Limited and developed under the supervision of IFES.

International IDEA managed the revision of the Media and Elections topic area for this current version of ACE. Richard Carver was again the lead writer, working under the supervision of Virginia Beramendi Heine. Linda Ederberg and Maiko Shimizu of IDEA provided extensive administrative and copyediting services and uploading material to the website.

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