Roles and Definitions, Registration of Political Parties

Norris, Pippa (2004) Building Political Parties, International IDEA, Stockholm.

Petersson, Hernes, Holmberg, Togeby and Wägnerud (2000) Demokrati utan partier? Demokratirådets rapport 2000, SNS Förlag, Stockholm.

Ware, Alan (1996) Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Finance files

Austin, Reginald & Tjernström, Maja (2003) Funding of Parties and Election Campaigns, International IDEA, Stockholm.

van Biezen, Ingrid (2003) Financing Political Parties and Election Campaigns – Guidelines, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg.

Quota files

Ballington, Julie (2004) Strengthening Internal Party Democracy: Candidate Recruitment from a Gender Perspective”, Paper presented at EISA/NIMD workshop on ‘How to Strengthen Internal Party Democracy?’ at the World Meeting for Democracy: Third Assembly, Durban, South Africa, 2 February 2004.

Bird, Karen (2004) The Political Representation of Women and Ethnic Minorities in Established Democracies: A Framework for Comparative Research, AMIP Working paper series, download at (http://ipsa-rc19.anu.edu.au/papers/bird.htm#_ftn5, 06-12-05).

Dahlerup (1998) The World of Quotas, in: Karam, Azza (Ed.) Women In Parliament: Beyond Numbers, download at http://archive.idea.int/women/parl/toc.htm , 05-09-21.

Dahlerup, Drude (2003) Comparative Studies of Electoral Gender Quotas, in International IDEA (2003) The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences, International IDEA, Stockholm.

Dahlerup, Drude/Freidenvall, Lenita (2003): Quotas as a ‘Fast Track’ to Equal Political Representation for Women. Why Scandinavia is no longer the model, Paper presented at the IPSA World Congress, Durban, South Africa, June 29 to July 2, 2003 and in the present updated version at the APSA Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, August 28 to 31, 2003.

Norris, Pippa (2000) Breaking the Barriers: Positive Discrimination Policies for Women, in: Klausen, Jyette/Maier, Charles S. (Eds.) Has Liberalism failed women? Parity, Quotas and political representation, New York: St Martin’s Press.

Candidate and Party Leadership Selection

Carty, R. K. and Blake, Donald E (1999) The adoption of membership votes for choosing party leaders. The Experience of Canadian Parties, in: Party Politics Vol. 5. No.2 pp. 211–224.

Jewell, Malcom (2000) Primary Elections, in: Rose, Richard (Ed.): International Encyclopedia of Elections, London: Macmillan.

Laanela, Therese (1998) Political Parties and the Electoral Process, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org as printed 20-09-04.

Le Duc, Lawrence (1999): Leadership Selection and Party Renewal. (download at http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/mannheim/w2/leduc.pdf , 01-11-05).

Maley, Michael (2000) Nomination Procedures, in Rose, Richard (ed.) (2000) International Encyclopedia of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.

Marsh, Michael (2000) Candidates: Selection, in Rose, Richard (ed.) (2000) International Encyclopedia of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.

Ranney, Austin (1995) Candidate selection and recruitment, in: Seymour, Martin Lipset (Ed.): The Encyclopedia of Democracy, Volume 1, Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc.

Party Structure, Party Members

Duverger, Maurice (1954) Political Parties, Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State". Wiley: New York.

Thomson, David (1999) The Past, Present and Future of Intra-Party Democracy in the United Kingdom, (http://www.psa.ac.uk/cps/1999/thomson.pdf, 05-12-05)

Tonchi, Victor L./ Shifotoka, Albertina N. (2005) Parties and Political Development in Namibia, EISA Research Report No. 26 http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:3ll1yepnqO0J: www.eisa.org.za/PDF/rr26.pdf+structure +of+parties+auxiliary+groups&hl=de, 05-12-05)

Electoral Campaign and Media in Elections Campaign

Carver, Richard (2000a) Voter Information, in ACE 1, download on 05-10-11.

Carver, Richard (2000b) A specified campaign period?, in ACE 1, download on 05-10-11.

Nelson, Sue (1999) Electoral Campaign, in ACE 1, download on 05-10-11.

Nelson, Sue (2000)Access to Media, in Ace 1 (eie09a).

Farrell, David M. “Campaign Strategies and Tactics”, in LeDuc, Lawrence/Niemi, Richard G./Norris, Pippa (1996): Comparing Democracies, Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, London: SAGE Publications.

Holtz-Bacha, Christina (2000) Regulation of television at elections, in Rose, Richard (Ed): Encyclopaedia of Elections, Macmillan: London.

Kavanagh, Denis (2000): “Campaigning”, in: Rose, Richard (Ed.): International Encyclopaedia of Elections, London: Macmillan, 29-31.

Miller, William L. (2000): “Bandwagon Effects”, in: Rose, Richard (Ed): Encyclopedia of Elections, Macmillan: London.

Candidate Registration/Requirements/Nomination

Iñiguez, Diego & Santolaya, Pablo (1997:1) Candidates’ Registration, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org as printed 20-09-04.

Iñiguez, Diego & Santolaya, Pablo (1997:2) Candidates’ Qualifications, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org as printed 20-09-04.

Katz, Richard S. (1997) Democracy and Elections, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Nelson, Sue (2000) Complaints and Appeals, in Ace1: www.aceproject.org, as printed 05-09-13.

Norris, Pippa (2004) Building Political Parties, International IDEA, Stockholm.

Maley, Michael (2000) Deposits, in Rose, Richard (Ed.) International Encyclopaedia of Elections, Macmillan, Oxford.

Maley, Michael (2000) Candidates: Legal Requirements and Discualifications, in Rose, Richard (Ed.) International Encyclopedia of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.

Maley, Michael (2000) Parties: Qualifications for Ballot in Rose, Richard (Ed.) International Encyclopedia of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.

Scallan, Andrew (1997) Party/Candidate Registration Responsibilities, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org as printed 20-09-04.

Stratmann, Thomas (2004): “Ballot Access Restrictions and Candidate Entry into Elections” in European Journal of Political Economy (http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/stratmann/ballotaccess.pdf, 16-11-05).

By-Elections

Rose, Richard (2000): By-elections, in Rose, Richard (Ed.): International Encyclopedia of Elections, Macmillan, Oxford, 27-28.

Electoral Alliances and Coaltions

Carroll, Royce/Cox, Gary (2005) The Logic of Gamson’s Law: Pre-election Coalitions and Portfolio Distributions, download at http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/Academic/workshops/pol_econ_papers/gamsonlogic.pdf, 05-12-06.

Golder, Sona N. (2005): Pre-electoral coalitions in comparative perspective: A test of existing hypotheses, in: Electoral Studies 24: 643-663.

Powell, G.B. (2000): Elections as instruments of democracy: majoritarian and proportional visions, Yale University Press, New Haven.

Strom, Kaare/Budge, Ian/Javer, Michael J. (1994): Constraints on Cabinet Formation on Parliamentary Democracies, in American Journal of Political Science, Vol.38, No.2: 303-335.

Government Formation

Baron, David P./ Ferejohn, Jon (1989) Bargaining in Legislaturs, in: American Political Science Review 83: 1181-1206.

Budge, Ian/Keman, Hans (1990) Parties and Democracy: Coalition Formation and Government Functioning in Twenty States, New York: Oxford University Press Inc.

Carroll, Royce/ Cox Gary W. (2005) The Logic of Gameson’s Law: Pre-election Coalitions and Portfolio Distributions, downloadable at http://web.arizona.edu/~polisci/news/coxpaper.pdf, 29-11-05.

van Deemen, A.M.A (1989) Dominant Players and Minimum Size Coalitions, in European Journal of Political Research 23: 1-33.

Martin, Lanny W./Stephenson, Randolph (2001) Government formation in Parliamentary Democracies”, in: American Journal of Political Science 45,1: 33-50.

Riker, William (1962) The Theory of Political Coalitions, New Haven: Yale UP.

Strøm, Kaare (1990) Minority Government and Majority Rule, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Party Group/Party Caucus

Loewenberg, Gerhard (1995) Legislature and parliaments, in: Lipset, Martin Seymour (Ed)The Encyclopedia of Democracy, Routledge, London, 736-747.

Norris, Pippa (2004) Building Political Parties, International IDEA, Stockholm.

Strøm, Kaare (1995) Parties, Political, in: Lipset, Martin Seymour (Ed) The Encyclopedia of Democracy, Routledge, London.

Floor-Crossing

Faull, Jonathan (2005) Floor Crossing is Bad News for Democracy, IDASA output details, (downloadable at www.idasa.org.za, 09-11-05).

Hlela, Kenny (2002) Opposition and Floor-Crossing – Even Democracy is Not Perfect, in: Synopsis Vol. 6, No. 3, Centre Knirsch, Thomas S./Schwab, Elisabeth (2002) Floor Crossing – Parteiuebertritte in Südafrika und ihre Auswirkungen auf die junge Demokratie, (downloadable at http://www.kas.de/db_files/dokumente/auslandsinformationen/7_dokument_dok_pdf_1747_1.pdf)

Rapoo, Thabo (2002a) Electoral Systems - Crossing the floor will cross party bosses, in: Synopsis Vol. 6, No. 2, Centre for Policy Studies (downloadable at http://www.cps.org.za/syn6vol2.htm, 09-11-05).

Rapoo, Thabo (2002b) Voters vote for People and Parties, in: Synopsis Vol. 6, No. 3, Centre for Policy Studies (downloadable at http://www.cps.org.za/print/syn6vol3_print.htm, 09-11-05).

Case Study on Primary Elections in US

Brady, David W./Han, Hahrie C./Pope, Jeremy C. (2004) Primary Elections and Candidate Ideology: Out of Step with the Primary Electorate?, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in August 2004.

Conley, Richard S. (forthcoming) Presidential Campaigns and Elections: An Overview, in: Herrnson, Paul/Campbell, Colton (Eds.): Guide to Elections, available online (http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rconley/presidentialelectionschapter.pdf, 23-08-05).

Jewell, Malcom (2000) Primary Elections, in: Rose, Richard (Ed.) International Encyclopedia of Elections, London, Macmillan.

Peirce, Neal R. (2005) Primary Election, in: Encyclopedia Americana, available online (http://www.ap.grolier.com, 23-08-05).

Pitts, David (2002) Primaries Unique to American Democracy, available online (http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/gov/primaries.htm, 19.08.05)

Case Study on Floor-Crossing in South Africa

Faull, Jonathan (2005) Floor Crossing is Bad News for Democracy, IDASA output details, (downloadable at www.idasa.org.za., 15-11-2005).

Knirsch, Thomas S./Schwab, Elisabeth (2002) Floor Crossing – Parteiuberstritte in Suedafrika und ihre Auswirkungen auf die junge Demokratie, (downloadable at http://www.kas.de/db_files/dokumente/auslandsinformationen/7_dokument_dok_pdf_1747_1.pdf, 15-11-2005).

Myburgh, James (2003) Floor crossing adds new muscle to ANC, in Focus 30. Helen Suzman Foundation.

Rapoo, Thabo (2002) Electoral Systems - Crossing the floor will cross party bosses, Centre for policy studies, (downloadable at http://www.cps.org.za/print/syn6vol2_print.htm, 15-11-2005).

General sources:

Duverger, Maurice (1954) Political Parties, Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State, Wiley, New York.

Lipset, Martin Seymour (Ed) The Encyclopedia of Democracy, Routledge, London.

Norris, Pippa (2004)Building Political Parties, International IDEA, Stockholm.

Petersson, Hernes, Holmberg, Togeby and Wägnerud (2000) Demokrati utan partier? Demokratirådets rapport 2000, SNS Förlag, Stockholm.

Rose, Richard (Ed.),International Encyclopedia of Elections, Macmillan, Oxford.

Santolaya, Pablo/Iñiguez, Diego (1999) Political Parties, in ACE 1, as printed 04-09-01.

Strøm, Kaare (1995): Parties, Political, in: Lipset, Martin Seymour (Ed) The Encyclopedia of Democracy, Routledge: London.

Ware, Alan (1996) Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford