a. Yes

Comments: Egypt is delimited into 222 constituencies for the People’s Assembly elections and into 88 constituencies for the Shura Council elections. For both elections, two members are elected for each constituency, one of whom is either worker or farmer.
Source: Law 38 of 1972 Articles 1 & 3 and the Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Part 7, Chapter 1, Article 197 Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:27:30 UTC

d. A government department or agency

Comments: In practice this is done by the Ministry of Interior, but this responsibility is not defined in law.
Source: Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:27:30 UTC

d. Conformity with local jurisdiction boundaries

Comments: For the People’s Assembly, the Arab Republic of Egypt shall be divided into constituencies. These constituencies shall be determined according to the relevant law. Two members shall be elected for each constituency, of whom one at least shall be a worker or a farmer. For Shura Council elections, Egypt is divided into eighty-eight constituencies. The boundaries of each constituency are determined according to a table included in the law.
Source: Law 38 of 1972, Article 3 and Law 120 of 980, Chapter 1, Article 2 Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:27:30 UTC

g. Not applicable

Source: Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:27:30 UTC

e. A government department or agency

Comments: In practice this is done by the Ministry of Interior, but this responsibility is not defined in law..
Source: Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:27:30 UTC

m. Not applicable

Source: Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:27:30 UTC

a. Name and Title: Riva Matar
b. Job Title: Researcher
c. Organisation: ANND
d. Contact Address. Ashrafieh – Beirut - Lebanon
e. Telephone: 03/ 48 47 78
g. Email: rivamatar@hotmail.com

Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:13:58 UTC

a. Mandatory referendum

b. Optional referendum

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:14:30 UTC

a. Constitutional

b. Specific laws/legislation

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:15:26 UTC

a. Constitutional

b. Specific laws/legislation

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:15:33 UTC

e. Not applicable

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:15:42 UTC

e. Not applicable

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:15:59 UTC

e. Not applicable

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:16:06 UTC

b. Specific laws/legislation

Source: Articles 1 to 3, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:17:38 UTC

b. Specific laws/legislation

Source: Articles 1 to 3, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:17:45 UTC

e. Not applicable

Source: Articles 1 to 3, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:17:57 UTC

g. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law.
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:28:04 UTC

g. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law.
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:30:40 UTC

g. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law.
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:31:10 UTC

i. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law.
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:31:58 UTC

e. Not applicable

Source: Articles 1 to 3, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:18:32 UTC

i. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law.
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:32:29 UTC

h. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:34:13 UTC

h. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:34:41 UTC

c. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:35:56 UTC

c. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:36:20 UTC

c. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:36:44 UTC

f. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:37:37 UTC

f. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:38:01 UTC

e. Not applicable

Source: Articles 1 to 3, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:18:02 UTC

f. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:38:44 UTC

g. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:39:22 UTC

g. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:39:48 UTC

g. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:40:19 UTC

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:40:47 UTC

Comments: Not applicable. The date of referendum is only announced in the public newspaper.
Source: Article 23, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-22 15:41:51 UTC

a. Mandatory referendum 1956
b. Optional referendum 1956

Source: Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:19:20 UTC

a. Mandatory referendum 1956
b. Optional referendum 1956

Source: Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:19:54 UTC

a. Government (specify department)

Comments: Ministry of Interior with the help of internal small committees that are elected by the Minister of Interior.
Source: Article 24, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:21:15 UTC

a. Yes

Comments: Ministry of Interior with the help of internal small committees that are elected by the Minister of Interior.
Source: Article 24, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:23:40 UTC

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:24:57 UTC

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:25:02 UTC

c. No

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:25:13 UTC

c. No

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:25:18 UTC

c. No

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:25:23 UTC

a. Yes, in all municipalities/districts/communes

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:26:16 UTC

a. Yes, in all municipalities/districts/communes

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:26:11 UTC

c. No

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:26:20 UTC

c. No

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:26:25 UTC

c. No

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:26:31 UTC

c. President

Source: Articles 62 and 74, Constitution
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:28:59 UTC

d. Legislature

Comments: The People’s Assembly.
Source: Articles 62, 74 and 88, Constitution
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:30:03 UTC

d. Legislature

Comments: The People’s Assembly.
Source: Articles 62, 74 and 88, Constitution
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:29:59 UTC

a. Government

Comments: Ministry of Interior with the help of internal small committees that are elected by the Minister of Interior.
Source: Article 24, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:32:43 UTC

a. Government

Comments: Ministry of Interior with the help of internal small committees that are elected by the Minister of Interior.
Source: Article 24, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:32:02 UTC

b. Approval quorum X

Source: Article 35, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:33:13 UTC

b. Approval quorum X

Source: Article 35, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:33:22 UTC

a. Simple majority (>50%)

Source: Article 35, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:34:12 UTC

a. Simple majority (>50%)

Source: Article 35, Political Rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:34:16 UTC

c. Never

Comments: They are only opinions; the president has the final decision
Source: Articles 36 and 37, Political Rights Law. Article 62, Constitution
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:35:30 UTC

c. Never

Comments: They are only opinions; the president has the final decision
Source: Articles 36 and 37, Political Rights Law. Article 62, Constitution
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:35:33 UTC

d. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:37:04 UTC

d. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:37:07 UTC

d. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:38:32 UTC

d. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:38:35 UTC

e. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:39:02 UTC

f. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:39:34 UTC

f. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:39:38 UTC

h. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:40:08 UTC

e. None

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:40:55 UTC

d. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:41:28 UTC

f. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-17 11:42:30 UTC

g. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:16:31 UTC

e. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:18:16 UTC

f. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:19:17 UTC

f. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:19:53 UTC

d. Not applicable

Comments: Not applicable. Only the government or president takes the initiatives.
Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:20:33 UTC

k. Not applicable

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:21:03 UTC

a. NA

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:21:57 UTC

d. Not applicable

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:22:21 UTC

c. Not applicable

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:22:49 UTC

a. NA

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:23:10 UTC

c. Not applicable

Source: Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:23:33 UTC

Comments: No signatures. Normal ballots with special signs or colours are used.
Source: Article 29, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:24:50 UTC

Comments: No signatures. Normal ballots with special signs or colours are used.
Source: Article 29, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:24:53 UTC

Comments: No signatures. Normal ballots with special signs or colours are used.
Source: Article 29, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:24:56 UTC

Comments: No signatures. Normal ballots with special signs or colours are used.
Source: Article 29, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:25:00 UTC

Comments: No signatures. Normal ballots with special signs or colours are used.
Source: Article 29, Political rights Law
Last updated: 2005-05-18 11:25:07 UTC

a. Name of Institution Presidential Election Commission
b. Full Address 117 Abd El Aziz Fahmy street, 3rd floor, Heliopolis, Cairo
f. Website Address http://www.egyptelection2005.gov.eg/Election2005/Election.asp
g. Name and Title of Chairperson/President Counselor Maher Abd El Wahed – President of Supreme Constitutional Court
i. Official language of the electoral law governing national elections Arabic

Comments: There is a seperate Higher Election Commission which is in charge of Parliamentary and Local Government elections.
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

a. National level

b. Regional level

c. Local level

Comments: The Higher Election Commission has the responsibility for conducting all but the Presidential Elections, which are under the responsibility of the Presidential Election Commission.
Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

f. Other

Comments: No lines of reporting are identified in the relevant laws for either of the Election Commissions.
Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

c. The legislature

Comments: "The People's Assembly shall exercise the legislative power and approve the general policy of the State, the general plan of economic and social development and the general budget of the State."
Source: Egyptian Constitution, article 86. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

g. Other

Comments: It is not clear from the relevant laws where bidgetary oversight for either of the Election Commissions lies.
Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

b. For a term of _________ years

Comments: For the Higher Election Commission, article 3(bis) of Law 73 states: "A Higher Elections Commission shall be set up under the chairmanship of the Minister of Justice and the membership of: - three serving members of the judiciary ranked deputy heads of the Court of Cassation or equivalent, in addition to another three similarly ranked acting as reserve. All shall be elected by the Supreme Judiciary Council; - six public figures not affiliated with any political parties, the People’s Assembly shall select four of them with at least two being former members of the judiciary. The Shura Council shall select two of them, at least one of them shall also be a former member of the judiciary, all for a six-year term. Both chambers shall also select an equal member of both categories as reserve members. Should a hindering circumstances arise to any of the Commission members, he shall be replaced by a reserve member, in the same order of their respective selection- representative of the Ministry of Interior. The President of the Republic shall issue a decree forming HEC." For the Presidential Election Committee, Article 5 of Law 174 states: "The Presidential Elections Committee (PEC), referred to in Article 76 of the Constitution shall be composed of the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court as chairmanship with the following as members: * the head of the Cairo Court of Appeal; * the most senior deputy head of the Supreme Constitutional Court; * the most senior deputy head of the Court of Cassation; * The most senior deputy head of the State Council; and five public figures, five public figures, recognized for their impartiality. Three of the fore-mentioned public figures shall be selected for a period of five years by the People's Assembly and the other two by the Shura Council upon a recommendation of the bureaus of both chambers."
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, Article 3(bis); Law 174 of 2005 on Presidential Elections. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

d. Presidential/ Prime Minister appointment

Comments: The Higher Election Commission is chaired by the Minister of Justice and the Presidential Election Commission is chaired by the Head of the Supreme Constitutional Court.
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, Article 3(bis); Law 174 of 2005 on Presidential Elections, Article 5. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

Comments: Information not available
Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

a. Total number: 3

Source: State information service site http://www.sis.gov.eg/PDF/Ar/Politics/0402011000000000010003.pdf Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

Comments: Information not available
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

Comments: Information not available
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:50:14 UTC

c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)

Comments: “The President of the State shall be elected via a secret, direct, and general ballot.”
Source: Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Article 76. Updated May 6, 2008
Last updated: 2008-05-12 09:50:46 UTC

e. Appointed

Comments: “The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister, other ministers and their deputies and relieve them of the posts.”
Source: Source: Constitution, Part 5, Chapter 3, Article 141. Updated May 12, 2008
Last updated: 2008-05-12 09:50:46 UTC

a. Yes

Comments: "The Head of State is the President of the Republic."
Source: Constitution, part 5, chapter 1, article 73. Updated May 12, 2008
Last updated: 2008-05-12 09:50:46 UTC

b. Two chambers

Comments: The bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly (Majlis al-Sha'b) with legislative powers and the Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura), which functions only in a consultative role.
Source: Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Article 86 & 194 Updated May 12, 2008
Last updated: 2008-05-12 09:50:46 UTC

d. Two-Round System

j. Other

Comments: Two People’s Assembly members are elected by absolute majority of the number of valid votes in each of 222 constituencies in Egypt. At least one member from each constituency should be a worker or farmer. A run off election is held when the necessary majority is not secured in the first round. Ten members of the People’s Assembly are appointed by the president.
Source: No. 38 of 1972, Article 15 Updated May 12, 2008
Last updated: 2008-05-12 09:50:46 UTC

d. Other- proportion of total seats (%) X (50%)

Last updated: 2008-05-06 11:04:59 UTC

d. Other - proportion of total seats (%) X (50%)

Last updated: 2008-05-06 11:04:59 UTC

a. Part of Constitution

b. Separate legislation

Comments: The laws governing national elections in Egypt are defined in a number of different laws : • Egyptian Constitution (amended 2005) • Law 73 of 1956 on Exercising Political Rights (amended in 2005) • Law 38 of 1972 on the People’s Assembly (amended 2005) • Law 40 of 1977 on the Political Parties System (amended 2005) • Law 120 of 1980 on the Shura Council (amended 2005) • Law 174 of 2005 on Regulating Presidential Elections
Source: Updated May 12, 2008
Last updated: 2008-05-12 11:33:23 UTC

a. National elections

c. Local elections

d. Referendums

Comments: The laws governing national elections in Egypt are defined in a number of different laws : • Egyptian Constitution (amended 2005) • Law 73 of 1956 on Exercising Political Rights (amended in 2005) • Law 38 of 1972 on the People’s Assembly (amended 2005) • Law 40 of 1977 on the Political Parties System (amended 2005) • Law 120 of 1980 on the Shura Council (amended 2005) • Law 174 of 2005 on Regulating Presidential Elections
Source: Updated May 12, 2008
Last updated: 2008-05-12 11:33:23 UTC

b. Voting is compulsory and regulated in the electoral law

Comments: Article 4 of Law 73 states that “Anyone, male or female, who has the right to exercise political rights must be registered in Electoral Lists. Nevertheless, those who attained Egyptian nationality by naturalization shall not be registered before five years after naturalization”. Article 62 of the Constitution states that “Citizens shall have the right to vote, nominate and express their opinions in referenda according to the provisions of the law. Their participation in public life is a national duty.” Furthermore, Article 40 of Law 73 states that “A registered voter who missed casting his/her vote in an election or a referendum without accepted reason, shall pay a fine of no more than LE 20.” In practice the fine for not voting is rarely applied.
Source: Law No. 73 of 1956 on Exercising Political Rights and the Egyptian Constitution. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2008-05-12 11:33:23 UTC

a. Judiciary

b. EMB

d. Other

Comments: The complaints procedures are different for Presidential Election than they are for other elections. Complaints arising from the Presidential Election process are referred to the Presidential Election Commission. Article 76 of the Constitution states that the Presidential Election Commission “shall be uniquely responsible for . . . 4) Rendering judgements in all complaints and contestations which arise regarding matters relating to its jurisdiction, including contestations of jurisdiction”. Furthermore, “It’s rulings are final and self-effecting, and may not be contested in any manner or before any body.” There are no special provisions for processing complaints with respect to other elections and therefore complaints about these electoral processes are dealt with by the Administrative Courts, as any other civil legal proceedings. However, the powers of these courts to effect judgements about elected members is limited. Members of the Shura Council and the People’s Assembly have parliamentary immunity from prosecution and decisions concerning the validity of membership can only be taken by the Council or Assembly itself. Article 93 of the Constitution states that ; “The People's Assembly shall be the only authority competent to decide upon the validity of its members. A Court of Causation shall be competent to investigate the validity of contestation presented to the Assembly, on being referred to it by the President of the Assembly. The contestation shall be referred to the Court of Cassation within fifteen days as from the date on which the Assembly was informed of it, while the investigation shall be completed within ninety days from the date on which the contestation is referred to the Court of Cassation. The result of the investigation and the decision reached by the Court shall be submitted to the Assembly to decide upon the validity of the contestation within sixty days from the date of submission of the result of the investigation to the Assembly. The membership will not be deemed invalid except by a decision taken by a majority of two-thirds of the Assembly members.” Article 22 of the Shura Council indicates that the same procedures are to be applied concerning complaints relating to membership; “The Statute of the Council shall regulate the procedures to be followed in deciding on the validity of appeals, and in verifying the validity of membership. This shall all be according to article 93 of the Constitution.”
Source: Egyptian Constitution, article 93. Law No. 120 of 1980 on the Shura Council. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2008-05-12 11:33:23 UTC

a. Name and Title: Riva Matar
b. Job Title: Researcher
c. Organisation: ANND
d. Contact Address: Ashrafieh, Beirut, Lebanon
e. Telephone: 03/ 48 47 78
g. Email: rivamatar@hotmail.com

Last updated: 2006-03-22 17:02:31 UTC

b. Government owned

Source: Country Profile: Egypt. Produced by the BBC. Available URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm "A Quick Overview of the Egyptian press." Produced by the Cairo Times. Available at URL: http://www.cairotimes.com/content/issues/media/quidir.html The Center for Media Freedom, Middle East and North Africa http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. Government owned

c. Privately owned

Source: Country Profile: Egypt. Produced by the BBC. Available URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm "A Quick Overview of the Egyptian press." Produced by the Cairo Times. Available at URL: http://www.cairotimes.com/content/issues/media/quidir.html The Center for Media Freedom, Middle East and North Africa http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. Government owned

c. Privately owned

d. Owned by political parties

Source: Country Profile: Egypt. Produced by the BBC. Available URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm "A Quick Overview of the Egyptian press." Produced by the Cairo Times. Available at URL: http://www.cairotimes.com/content/issues/media/quidir.html The Center for Media Freedom, Middle East and North Africa http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly

Comments: The Egyptian press is sharply divided along ownership lines with the government owning stock in the three largest daily newspapers: al-Ahram, al-Akhbar, and al-Gomhuriya.
Source: "A Quick Overview of the Egyptian press." Produced by the Cairo Times. Available at URL: http://www.cairotimes.com/content/issues/media/quidir.html
Last updated: 2006-03-22 17:02:31 UTC

d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist

Comments: ERTU holds a monopoly on radio broadcasting in Egypt, owning and operating eight national radio networks on FM, AM, and shortwave frequencies. Radio Cairo broadcasts in 33 languages on short wave, and an Arabic-language service, Voice of the Arabs, broadcasts to Europe and the Middle East.
Source: Country Profile: Egypt. Produced by the BBC. Available URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm
Last updated: 2006-03-22 17:04:12 UTC

a. Over 60%

Source: The Center for Media Freedom, Middle East, and North Africa http://www.cmfmena.org/publications/Egypt_media_environment.rtf
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

a. a

Comments: Journalists have the right to obtain news and information according to the regulations set by Law. The Press and Publication Laws; Law 148 of 1960 and Law 93of 1995 as amended by Law 96 in 1996)
Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

a. N

Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist

Source: Country Profile: Egypt. Produced by the BBC. Available URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm
Last updated: 2006-03-22 17:04:12 UTC

d. Not applicable: no public radio stations exist

Source: Country Profile: Egypt. Produced by the BBC. Available URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm
Last updated: 2006-03-22 17:02:31 UTC

b. Government radio

e. Government television

f. Private television

g. Print media

Comments: b. 1 e. 1 f. 2 g. 1
Source: Egypt Embassy in Lebanon
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

a. a

Comments: The Press and Publication Laws; Law 148 of 1960 and Law 93of 1995 as amended by Law 96 in 1996) and the Penal Code.
Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2005-06-15 11:18:18 UTC

a. T

Comments: There are no specific Laws, The Government grants and takes licences according to their rules and under pres and penal codes.
Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2006-03-22 17:02:31 UTC

a. Government

Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2005-06-15 11:20:00 UTC

e. Government departments

Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2005-06-15 11:20:46 UTC

a. a

Comments: Any violation included in the Penal Code basically criticizing the Government and the president.
Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2005-06-15 11:21:24 UTC

a. Yes

Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:33:06 UTC

d. No regulation

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=211220016956490&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH=
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:33:44 UTC

b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)

Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:34:23 UTC

b. Requiring balance in media news coverage of an election

Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:35:10 UTC

b. No

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=211220016956490&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH=
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:35:35 UTC

d. Not applicable

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=211220016956490&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH=
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:35:58 UTC

a. Yes

Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:36:28 UTC

a. Criminal prosecution

b. Administrative sanction

Source: http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:36:56 UTC

b. No

Source: http://www.ijnet.org/FE_Article/codeethics.asp?UILang=1&CId=38191&CIdLang=1
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:37:28 UTC

a. EMB

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=211220016956490&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH= And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

h. Not applicable

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. The law does not specify any limits on paid advertising X

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

h. Not applicable

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. Government owned

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. Government owned

c. Privately owned

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. Government owned

c. Privately owned

d. Owned by political parties

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

a. Equal regardless of size of party and previous performance

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

h. Not applicable

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. Government owned

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. Government owned

c. Privately owned

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. Government owned

c. Privately owned

d. Owned by political parties

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

a. Equal regardless of size and previous performance of candidate’s party

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. The law does not specify any limits on paid advertising X

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

b. There are no laws in this regard X

Source: Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:55:39 UTC

b. The law does not specify any limits X

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

Comments: NA
Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2008-02-04 15:53:58 UTC

c. No

Source: Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:57:20 UTC

a. ......... N

Source: Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2006-03-22 17:02:31 UTC

g. Not applicable

Source: Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:58:53 UTC

f. Not applicable

Source: Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:59:15 UTC

e. Not applicable

Source: Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2005-06-22 14:59:35 UTC

c. After all polls close, after official results are available

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=211220016956490&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH=
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:00:08 UTC

b. No

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=211220016956490&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH=
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:00:34 UTC

a. Yes

Source: http://www.ijnet.org/FE_Article/trainingarchive.asp?CountryID=4&UILang=1
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:01:36 UTC

b. Press releases

c. Press conferences/briefings

d. Pre-recorded radio or TV slots

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:02:04 UTC

a. Yes

Source: http://www.ijnet.org/FE_Article/trainingarchive.asp?CountryID=4&UILang=1
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:02:30 UTC

b. Government owned

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=211220016956490&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH=
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:03:05 UTC

b. Government owned

c. Privately owned

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=211220016956490&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH=
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:03:25 UTC

b. Government owned

c. Privately owned

d. Owned by political parties

Source: http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=211220016956490&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH=
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:03:45 UTC

d. It monitors the media coverage of its own activities.

Source: Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:05:47 UTC

a. Insufficient staff with responsibility for media relations

b. Insufficient training of staff with responsibility for media relations

Source: Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:06:27 UTC

c. Not very effective

Source: Ministry of Information
Last updated: 2005-06-22 15:06:49 UTC

a. Signature requirement (specify requirement)

b. Deposit requirement (specify amount)

f. Other

Comments: The registration requirements for national elections apply to individual candidates and not political parties. The procedures are as follows: “The request for nomination to the membership of the People’s Assembly shall be submitted in writing to the Security Directorate in the governorate where the candidate desires to be nominated for one of its constituencies, during the period to be determined by the decree of the Minister of Interior, provided this period shall not be less than five days from the date the nomination period begins. The request for nomination shall be accompanied by a receipt issued against depositing one thousand pounds in the treasury of the concerned governorate’s Security Directorate, and by the documents to be determined by a decree of the Minister of Interior, to establish the fulfillment of the conditions the law requires for nomination. The status of the worker or farmer shall be established by virtue of a declaration to be submitted by the candidate coupled with the relevant supporting documents. The papers and documents submitted by the candidate shall be considered official papers in applying the provisions of the Penal Code”
Source: Law 38 of 1972 on the People's Assembly, Article 6. Updated February 2007
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

a. Signature requirement (specify requirement)

b. Deposit requirement (specify amount)

f. Other

Comments: The registration requirements for national elections apply to individual candidates and not political parties. The procedures are as follows: “The nomination request for the Shurah Council membership shall be submitted in writing to the Security Directorate in the governorate in which the candidate desires to nominate himself for one of its constituencies, during the period to be determined by a decree of the Minister of the Interior provided that this period shall not be less than five days from the date of opening the nomination period. The request for nomination shall be accompanied by a receipt of one thousand pounds deposited in the treasury of the relevant governorate’s security directorate, and by documents to be determined by a decree of the Minister of Interior which establish the eligibility of the candidate according to the law. Candidates shall confirm their status as a worker or farmer through a declaration submitted by the candidate, coupled with the relevant supporting documents. The papers and documents submitted by the candidate shall be considered official papers in applying the provisions of the Penal Code.”
Source: Law 120 of 1980 on the Formation of the Shura Council, Article 8. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

a. Age

b. Citizenship

e. Citizenship of parents

f. Registration

h. Minimum level of education

i. Minimum level of literacy

j. Other

Comments: Article 5 of Law 38 on the People's Assembly states that: "Subject to the provisions prescribed in the law regulating the exercise of political rights, whoever is nominated for membership to the People’s Assembly shall fulfill the following requirements: 1. He shall be of Egyptian nationality and born of an Egyptian father 2. His name shall be listed in one of the electoral lists, and no reason is given for the removal of his name. 3. He shall be at least thirty years of age on the day of election. 4. He shall be holder of at least the elementary education certificate or its equivalent. Regarding those born before 1 January, 1970, reading and writing well shall be at a satisfactory level. 5. He shall have fulfilled the obligatory military service, or have been exempted from it according to the law. 6. He shall not have been deprived of his membership by a decision of the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council due to the loss of trust or repute, or breach of the duties of his membership, according to the provisions of Article 96 of the Constitution. "
Source: Law 38 on the People's Assembly. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

a. Age

b. Citizenship

e. Citizenship of parents

f. Registration

h. Minimum level of education

i. Minimum level of literacy

j. Other

Comments: Article 6 of Law 120 on the Formation of the Shura Council states that: "Subject to the provisions prescribed in law No. 73 of the year 1956 regulating the exercise of political rights, whoever is nominated or appointed as a member of the Shurah Council shall fulfill the following requirements: 1. He shall be of Egyptian nationality, born of Egyptian father. 2. His name shall be listed in one of the voter lists in the Arab Republic of Egypt, and no cause shall have taken place necessitating the deletion of his entry in the said list according to the relevant law. 3. He shall be at least thirty five years of age on the day of election or appointment. 4. He shall be a holder of at least a basic education completion certificate or equivalent. For births before January 1, 1970, literacy will suffice. 5. He shall have fulfilled the obligatory military service, or been exempted from it according to the law. 6. He shall not have been deprived of his membership by a decision of the Shurah Council or the People’s Assembly due to loss of confidence or repute, or breach of his membership duties according to the provisions of article 96 of the constitution. "
Source: Law 120 on the Formation of the Shura Council. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

a. Age

b. Citizenship

e. Citizenship of parents

j. Other

Comments: The Constitution of Egypt states that, "The President of the Republic should be an Egyptian born of Egyptian parents and enjoy civil and political rights. His age must not be less than 40 years." Law 174 Regulating Presidential Elections defines additional criteria for candidacy. Article 2 defines the support required for an independent candidate to stand for the Presidency : "For an applicant to be accepted as a candidate to presidency, he shall be supported by at least 250 elected members of the People's Assembly, the Shura Council and local popular councils on governorate level, provided that those shall include at least 65 members of the People's Assembly, 25 of the Shura Council and ten of every local council in at least 14 governorates. The number of members of the People's Assembly, the Shura Council and local popular councils on governorate level supporting candidature shall be raised in pro-rata to any increase in the number of any of these councils. In all cases, support may not be given to more than one candidate. " Article 3 outlines the circumstances under which a political party may nominate a Presidential candidate: "Political parties, founded at least five years before the starting date of candidature and have been operating uninterruptedly for this period, and whose members have obtained at least 5% of the elected members of both the People's Assembly and the Shura Council, may nominate for presidency a member of their respective upper board, according to their own by-laws, provided he has been a member of such board for at least one consecutive year. " Article 13 further defines the requirements for all candidates: "The candidature application shall be presented to the PEC Chairman, on the format prepared by the Committee, within the period designated thereby, provided it shall not be less than 7 days from the opening date of candidature. The documents specified by the Committee shall be attached to the application; specifically the following: 1. the formats showing support for the candidature applicant, or the party's nomination; 2. candidate's birth certificate or an official extract thereof; 3. a declaration by the candidature applicant that he is an Egyptian citizen from Egyptian parents that he does not hold any other nationality 4. a military service completion or exemption certificate according to the law; 5. a declaration of financial trust according to the rules of Law No. 62 of 1975 regarding illegitimate gains and 6. the elected address to which all the Committee's notifications will be sent to the candidate. Papers submitted by candidate or parties concerning their nominees shall be deemed official papers as far as application of the Penal Code is concerned. "
Source: Egyptian Constitution and Law 174 Regulating Presidential Elections. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

e. In both presidential and legislative elections

Comments: There is no requirement for candidates to the Shura Council or the People's Assembly to have any political party affiliation. Article 2 of Law 174 Regulating Presidential Elections details the requirements for an independent to stand as a Presidential candidate.
Source: Law 174 Regulating Presidential Elections. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

b. Deposit requirement (specify)

d. Other

Comments: Article 6 of Law 38 on the People's Assembly states : "The request for nomination to the membership of the People’s Assembly shall be submitted in writing to the Security Directorate in the governorate where the candidate desires to be nominated for one of its constituencies, during the period to be determined by the decree of the Minister of Interior, provided this period shall not be less than five days from the date the nomination period begins. The request for nomination shall be accompanied by a receipt issued against depositing one thousand pounds in the treasury of the concerned governorate’s Security Directorate, and by the documents to be determined by a decree of the Minister of Interior, to establish the fulfillment of the conditions the law requires for nomination. The status of the worker or farmer shall be established by virtue of a declaration to be submitted by the candidate coupled with the relevant supporting documents. The papers and documents submitted by the candidate shall be considered official papers in applying the provisions of the Penal Code."
Source: Law 38 on the People's Assembly. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

b. Deposit requirement (specify)

d. Other

Comments: Article 8 of Law 120 on the Formation of the Shura Council states : "The nomination request for the Shurah Council membership shall be submitted in writing to the Security Directorate in the governorate in which the candidate desires to nominate himself for one of its constituencies, during the period to be determined by a decree of the Minister of the Interior provided that this period shall not be less than five days from the date of opening the nomination period. The request for nomination shall be accompanied by a receipt of one thousand pounds deposited in the treasury of the relevant governorate’s security directorate, and by documents to be determined by a decree of the Minister of Interior which establish the eligibility of the candidate according to the law. Candidates shall confirm their status as a worker or farmer through a declaration submitted by the candidate, coupled with the relevant supporting documents. The papers and documents submitted by the candidate shall be considered official papers in applying the provisions of the Penal Code. "
Source: Law 120 on the Formation of the Shura Council. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

a. Signature requirement (specify)

Comments: Article 2 of Law 174 on Presidential Elections states: "For an applicant to be accepted as a candidate to presidency, he shall be supported by at least 250 elected members of the People's Assembly, the Shura Council and local popular councils on governorate level, provided that those shall include at least 65 members of the People's Assembly, 25 of the Shura Council and ten of every local council in at least 14 governorates. The number of members of the People's Assembly, the Shura Council and local popular councils on governorate level supporting candidature shall be raised in pro-rata to any increase in the number of any of these councils. In all cases, support may not be given to more than one candidate. "
Source: Law 174 on Presidential Elections. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

b. Direct

Comments: Article 18 of Law 40 on the Political Party System states : " The state shall provide annual financial support to the political parties, the appropriations of which shall be included in the budget of the Shura Council.The Political Parties Affairs Committee shall assume its distribution as follows: 1. One hundred thousand pounds annually to each party for a period of ten years. For entitlement to this support after that period, the party shall conditionally have at least one seat won by one of its candidates in the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council elections. 2. Five thousand pounds for each seat won by the party candidate in the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council elections, with a maximum of five hundred thousand pounds for each party. "
Source: Law 40 on the Political Party System. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

c. As related to the election period and between elections

Comments: Article 18 of Law 40 on the Political Party System states : " The state shall provide annual financial support to the political parties, the appropriations of which shall be included in the budget of the Shura Council.The Political Parties Affairs Committee shall assume its distribution as follows: 1. One hundred thousand pounds annually to each party for a period of ten years. For entitlement to this support after that period, the party shall conditionally have at least one seat won by one of its candidates in the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council elections. 2. Five thousand pounds for each seat won by the party candidate in the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council elections, with a maximum of five hundred thousand pounds for each party. "
Source: Law 40 on the Political Party System. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

e. Not Applicable

Source: Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 12:34:28 UTC

b. Based on result of previous election

Comments: Article 18 of Law 40 on the Political Party System states : " The state shall provide annual financial support to the political parties, the appropriations of which shall be included in the budget of the Shura Council.The Political Parties Affairs Committee shall assume its distribution as follows: 1. One hundred thousand pounds annually to each party for a period of ten years. For entitlement to this support after that period, the party shall conditionally have at least one seat won by one of its candidates in the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council elections. 2. Five thousand pounds for each seat won by the party candidate in the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council elections, with a maximum of five hundred thousand pounds for each party. "
Source: Law 40 on the Political Party System. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

c. Unspecified

Source: Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 12:34:28 UTC

a. Yes

Comments: Article 11 of Law 40 on the Political Party System states : "The resources of the party shall be formed of its members’ subscriptions, the financial support it receives from the State, and the donations of Egyptian natural persons, as well as the proceeds of investing its funds in the non-commercial aspects defined in its statute. Investing the party’s funds in issuing newspaper or in exploiting publishing or printing houses, shall not be considered a commercial aspect, in applying the present article, if its basic aim is to serve the party’s purposes. The party may not accept any donation, privilege, or benefit from an alien, a foreign or international entity, or from any juridical person even if it enjoys the Egyptian nationality. The party shall notify the Central Audit Agency for the donations it received, and of the data of the donors, at the end of the year. The value of the donations offered to the parties shall not be deducted from any taxable base."
Source: Law 40 on the Political Party System. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

d. Not Applicable

Source: Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 12:34:28 UTC

a. Public disclosure of party contributions received

c. Prohibition on party funding from foreign sources

Comments: Article 11 of Law 40 on the Political Party System states: "The party may not accept any donation, privilege, or benefit from an alien, a foreign or international entity, or from any juridical person even if it enjoys the Egyptian nationality. The party shall notify the Central Audit Agency for the donations it received, and of the data of the donors, at the end of the year."
Source: Law 40 on the Political Party System. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

c. Prohibition on candidate funding from foreign sources

e. Ceilings on candidate election expenses

Comments: Article 18 of Law 38 on the People's Assembly states that for People's Assembly candidates there is a, "prohibition from receiving funds from abroad, from any foreign person or any foreign or international body or its representative in the country for spending on election campaigns . . ." Article 27 of Law 174 on Presidential Elections creates a similar restiction on foreign funding of Presidential election campaigns. Law 120 on the Shura Council does not contain any such restriction. Article 11 of Law 38 on the People's Assembly gives the Higher Election Commission the authority to determine campaign spending limits for People's Assembly candidates. For the 2005 Parliamentary Elections this was set at LE 70,000 for the initial election and LE 30,000 for any run-off election. Law 174 on Presidential Elections defines the spending limits for Presidential candidates in Article 24, "Maximum expenditure by each candidate on the election campaign shall be LE 10 million, and LE 2 million in case of re-election. " There are no provisions for campaign spending limits defined in Law 120 on the Shura Council.
Source: Law 38 on the People's Assembly, Law 120 on the Shura Council, and Law 174 on Presidential Elections. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

c. Government department

Comments: Article 11 of Law 40 on the Political Party System states: "The party shall notify the Central Audit Agency for the donations it received, and of the data of the donors, at the end of the year." Article 12 states : "The Central Audit Agency shall periodically audit the books and documents of the party’s revenues an expenditures account and its other financial affairs, to ascertain the soundness of the party’s resources and legitimacy of its funds expenditure aspects. They party shall enable the Agency to carry out the forgoing. The said Agency shall draw up an annual report on the financial standing and affairs of the party and notify the head of the Political Parties Affairs Committee of such a report. "
Source: Law 40 on the Political Party System. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 13:09:59 UTC

e. Ability to vote for candidates within parties (personal vote)

g. Different ballots used in different constituencies

h. Party symbols in color

o. Ballots signed or otherwise authenticated by polling station official

Comments: "Voting in elections or referendums shall be implemented by ticking on a balloting card prepared especially for this purpose. The head of the polling station shall give each voter an unfolded balloting card, sealed in its back by the committee, carrying the date of the election or the referendum. The voter shall be directed to one of the sides assigned to voting in the polling station itself. He/she shall make his vote and return the card folded to the head of the station who will insert the card in the balloting box. At the same time, the polling station secretary shall place a tick in front of the name of the voter who cast his/her vote. To guarantee the secrecy of the election or the referendum, balloting cards shall be designed in such a way that associates the name of each candidate in an election, or each subject in a referendum, with a certain color or symbol to be defined by a decision of the Minister of Interior."
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, Article 29. Updated in October 2006
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

e. Ability to vote for candidates within parties (personal vote)

g. Different ballots used in different constituencies

h. Party symbols in color

o. Ballots signed or otherwise authenticated by polling station official

Comments: "Voting in elections or referendums shall be implemented by ticking on a balloting card prepared especially for this purpose. The head of the polling station shall give each voter an unfolded balloting card, sealed in its back by the committee, carrying the date of the election or the referendum. The voter shall be directed to one of the sides assigned to voting in the polling station itself. He/she shall make his vote and return the card folded to the head of the station who will insert the card in the balloting box. At the same time, the polling station secretary shall place a tick in front of the name of the voter who cast his/her vote. To guarantee the secrecy of the election or the referendum, balloting cards shall be designed in such a way that associates the name of each candidate in an election, or each subject in a referendum, with a certain color or symbol to be defined by a decision of the Minister of Interior."
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, Article 29. Updated in October 2006
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

a. Single ballot (all registered parties/candidates listed)

d. Categorical (only possible to make one mark)

f. Same ballot papers used nation-wide

Comments: “Voting in elections shall be made by marking (voter's choice) on the ballot paper. The election committee head has to hand out each voter an open ballot paper, bearing on the back PEC seal and the election date. The voter shall to take to one of the assigned places for balloting within the same election room. After indicating his choice on the ballot paper, the voter shall hand it back folded to the head of the committee for insertion into the ballot box. At the same time, he shall put his signature fingerprint opposite his name on the voters’ roster. Then, the voter dips his finger in an ink removable only at least 24 hours after balloting.”
Source: Law 174 of 2005 on Presidential Elections, Article 32. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

c. At special counting centres

Comments: “Ballot boxes shall be sealed. The head of the station shall hand them over to the head of the counting station’s committee. The counting station committee shall be made of the head of the general station as a chair, and two of the heads of sub stations selected by the head of the general station as members. The secretary of the general station shall be in charge of the secretariat of the counting station. Counting shall take place in the presence of the heads of sub polling stations, each on the counting of the votes of his station. The counting committee may request them to take care of the counting process under their supervision.”
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, Article 34. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

l. Counted by hand

Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

e. National level

Comments: "Both the head and the secretary of the general station shall sign two copies of the minutes of the session. One copy, with all the voting ballots, shall be sent directly to the Minister of Interior. The second copy shall be kept in the Security Directorate Office."
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, article 36. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

c. Regional level (specify whether it is constituency/ province/ state/ department/other)

Comments: Egypt is divided into 222 constituencies for the People’s Assembly, with each constituency electing 2 members to the Assembly. An additional 10 seats are appointed by the president. Egypt is divided into 88 constituencies for the Shura Council, with each constituency electing 2 members to the Council. An additional 88 seats are appointed by the President.
Source: Law 38 of 1972 Concerning the People's Assembly Articles 1 and 3; Law 120 of 1980 Concerning the Formation of the Shura Council, Articles 1 and 2. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

a. Physically transported

Comments: "Both the head and the secretary of the general station shall sign two copies of the minutes of the session. One copy, with all the voting ballots, shall be sent directly to the Minister of Interior. The second copy shall be kept in the Security Directorate Office."
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, Article 36. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

f. Certificate of result

Comments: "The head of the general election committee shall announce the result of election or referendum and the number of votes won by each candidate in his respective constituency. Both the committee head and secretary shall sign three copies of the minutes of the session; one of which, along with all election or referendum papers shall be sent to the Interior Minister, the second to the HEC directly and the third copy shall be kept at the governorate security directorate headquarters."
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, article 36. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

h. Accompanied by police or other security personnel

Comments: While not defined in the law, this is the case in practice.
Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

g. Not applicable

Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

e. Not applicable

Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

g. Not applicable

Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

j. Not applicable

Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

a. Yes

Comments: "The head of the general station shall announce the result of the election or referendum, and the number of votes obtained by each candidate in the constituency."
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, article 36. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

a. hours: directly

Comments: There is no specific time for announcing preliminary results.
Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

a. Yes

Comments: Article 36 of Law 73 states : "The head of the general election committee shall announce the result of election or referendum and the number of votes won by each candidate in his respective constituency. Both the committee head and secretary shall sign three copies of the minutes of the session; one of which, along with all election or referendum papers shall be sent to the Interior Minister, the second to the HEC directly and the third copy shall be kept at the governorate security directorate headquarters." And Article 37 that : "The HEC chairman shall announce the overall result of election or referendum by a decision to be issued within the three days following the announcement of the results of election or referendum by the heads of general election committees in the constituencies. This decision shall be published in the Egyptian Official Gazette within two days of its issuance."
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, Articles 36 and 37. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

b. days:

Comments: "The HEC chairman shall announce the overall result of election or referendum by a decision to be issued within the three days following the announcement of the results of election or referendum by the heads of general election committees in the constituencies. This decision shall be published in the Egyptian Official Gazette within two days of its issuance."
Source: Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, Article 37. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 09:23:16 UTC

d. National Government

h. Political parties/ candidates

Comments: For the 2005 Parliamentary Elections the State Information Services issued an information booklet encouraging people to vote, telling them how to vote and explaining how they could register for future elections.
Source: State Information Services 2005 Parliamentary Election Handbook. Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 08:50:47 UTC

b. Election time only

Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 08:50:47 UTC

e. Yes, conducted by the Government

h. Yes, conducted by NGOs/ Civic Organizations

Comments: Since 2005 a network of NGOs under the banner Aswatna has begun to engage in voter education campaigns to inform citizens of their rights to participate in the electoral process and to encourage them to do so.
Source: See the website - www.aswatna.net Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 08:50:47 UTC

a. Poster/ Billboard campaigns

b. Media advertisement

g. Internet

Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 08:50:47 UTC

a. Poster/ Billboard campaigns

b. Media advertisement

g. Internet

Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 08:50:47 UTC

h. Not applicable

Source: Updated March 2007
Last updated: 2007-03-11 08:50:47 UTC

b. No

Comments: There are rules and regulations to be followed.
Source: Law 73 of 1956, chapter 4 Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

a. At a specified polling station in the locality where they are registered at national elections

Comments: “The Minister of Interior shall decide the number and location of general and sub-polling stations where elections and referendums will be held. Each station will have a head and no less than two members. Each station will have a secretary.”
Source: Law 73 of 1956, chapter 3, Article 24 Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

a. Outside the country voting is not permitted

Source: 73 of 1956, Article 12 Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

g. Not applicable

Source: Updated Janaury 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

a. No

Comments: “The voting process shall last from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m."
Source: Law 73 of 1956, chapter 3, Article 28 Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

f. Not applicable

Source: Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

g. Not applicable

Source: Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

b. No

Source: Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

b. No X

Source: Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

a. By manually marking the ballot

Comments: “Voting in elections or referendums shall be implemented by ticking on a balloting card prepared especially for this purpose. The head of the polling station shall give each voter an unfolded balloting card, sealed in its back by the committee, carrying the date of the election or the referendum.”
Source: Law 73 of 1956, chapter 3, Article 29 Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

a. The smallest polling station: 3
b. The largest polling station: 3
c. Average per polling station: 3

Source: Law 73 of 1956, chapter 3, Article 24 Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

a. hours: n

Comments: No information available.
Source: Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

a. hours: n

Comments: No information available.
Source: Updated January 2007
Last updated: 2007-01-30 09:36:09 UTC

c. 18

Comments: Any Egyptian, male or female, on attaining the age of eighteen solar years has the right to vote.
Source: Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights, article 1. Updated February 2007
Last updated: 2007-02-21 11:09:43 UTC

a. Citizenship

d. Naturalization

e. Other

Comments: Article 4 of Law No. 73 limits the right to register, and vote in the following way, “Anyone, male or female, who has the right to exercise their political rights, must be registered in the Electoral lists. Nevertheless, those who attained the Egyptian nationality by naturalization shall not be registered before five years after their naturalization date.”
Source: Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 11:09:43 UTC

a. Criminal Incarceration

d. Mental disability

e. Military Service

g. Service on Judiciary

h. Other

Comments: There are further restrictions on voting outlined in Articles 1, 2 and 3 of Law 73 on the Exercise of Political Rights.. Concerning voting in elections and referenda, article 1 states, “ . . . Officers and personnel of the main, subordinate, or additional forces of the army, as well as police officers and personnel shall be exempted from this duty throughout their service at the army or police. . .” Article 2 states; “The following subjects may not exercise political rights: (1) Those convicted in relation to a criminal act, unless they have been rehabilitated. (2) Those whose properties have been put under sequestration by a decision of the Court of Ethics, as long as the sequestration is imposed. In case a ruling has been handed down confiscating the property, depriving of exercising political rights shall be for a period of five years. (3) DELETED (4) Those sentenced to imprisonment in relation to a theft, hiding stolen objects, fraudulence, bad checks, breach of trust, betrayal, bribery, bankruptcy by fraud, forging or using forged documents, making false testament, seducing witness, rape, corrupting the youth, violating the public ethics, being a vagabond; or has been involved in a crime committed to evade the military and national service; also those sentenced for attempting one of the aforesaid crimes. This is unless the execution of the sentence has been stayed, or the convict has been rehabilitated. (5) Those sentenced to imprisonment in relation to one of the crimes stated in articles 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 of this law. This is unless the execution of the sentence has been stayed, or the convict has been rehabilitated. (6) Those who were dismissed from civil service for the state or the public sector for disgraceful reasons, until the elapse of five years after the dismissal date. This is unless the person has received a final ruling revoking the dismissal order or ordering compensation. (7) DELETED” Article 3 states; “Exercising political rights shall be suspended for the following persons: (1) Those placed under interdiction, throughout the period they are so. (2) Those with mental diseases who are detained, throughout the period of their detention. (3) Those declared bankrupt, for five years as of the date they have been so declared, unless they have been earlier rehabilitated.”
Source: Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 11:09:43 UTC

a. Central Government Department (specify)

Comments: Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights covers the registration of voters for elections and referenda. It does not specifically say that this registration is conducted by the Ministry of Interior, rather that, “Regulations . . . shall also mention how electoral lists will be prepared, their content, revision, amendment, posting, the areas where lists will be kept, the formation of the committees which will be charged with registration, and other details mentioned in this law.” However, the role of the Ministry of Interior in managing these voter lists is implicit in the Law No. 73, with the Ministry of Interior being informed of decisions to deprive or suspend someone’s right to vote (article 7), requests for changes being made to the Security Directorate (article15), the Security Directorate being represented on the committee which deals with applications to change registration data (article 16), and the results of appeals to the decisions of this committee being sent to the Security Directorate (article 20). In fact, the management of the voter lists is conducted entirely by the Ministry of Interior. This is made more explicit in the State Information Service’s “Handbook to the 2005 People’s Assembly Election”. This states that “Voter registration is undertaken by committees established by the Ministry of Interior, under guidelines established by the High Election Commission”, and that “In order to register, voters must visit the local police station with which they are listed”.
Source: Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights, State Information Service’s “Handbook to the 2005 People’s Assembly Election”. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 11:09:43 UTC

b. Voters register

Comments: Article 5 of Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights states; “Electoral lists shall be created to register those who meet the conditions set for electors, where there is no reason that would prevent them from exercising their political rights, from the 1st of November of each year to the 31st of January the following year. Such lists shall be posted from the first day to the last day of February, in the manner and places laid down in the executive regulations of this law.”
Source: Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 11:09:43 UTC

b. Annually

Comments: Article 5 of Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights states; “Electoral lists shall be created to register those who meet the conditions set for electors, where there is no reason that would prevent them from exercising their political rights, from the 1st of November of each year to the 31st of January the following year. Such lists shall be posted from the first day to the last day of February, in the manner and places laid down in the executive regulations of this law.”
Source: Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 11:09:43 UTC

a. Links to national population records

e. Appearance by voter at registration office

g. Data matching with other agencies information

Comments: Voters born on or after 1982 are automatically registered to vote on attaining the age of 18 in the electoral district stated on their birth certificate (State Information Service’s “Handbook to the 2005 People’s Assembly Election”). All others who have not previously registered or who wish to change their registration details must apply to do so at the police station in which they wish to be registered, for completely new registrants, or at the police station in which they are currently registered, for those changing their registration details. The voter registration period takes place from 1 November to 31 January each year (Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights, article 5).
Source: Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights, State Information Service’s “Handbook to the 2005 People’s Assembly Election”. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 11:09:43 UTC

a. Yes

Comments: Article 4 of Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights states that, “Anyone, male or female, who has the right to exercise political rights must be registered in the electoral lists . . .”
Source: Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights. Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 11:09:43 UTC

a. Percentage: n

Comments: There are no statistics readily available on the costs of registration supplies and equipment, and the percentage of this sourced in country. It is likely that the vast majority, if not all, of these supplies and equipment are sourced in country as the registration process does not require any materials or products that could not be obtained in country.
Source: Updated February 2007.
Last updated: 2007-02-21 11:09:43 UTC