Finland
- Boundary Delimitation
- Direct Democracy
- Electoral Management
- Electoral Systems
- Legislative Framework
- Media and Elections
- Parties and Candidates
- Vote Counting
- Voter Education
- Voting Operations
- Voter Registration
Boundary Delimitation
BD01 Are constituencies delimited for election purposes?
a. Yes
Comments: For parliamentary elections the country has been divided into 15 electoral districts. A number of representatives proportional to the number of Finnish citizens residing in the district six months prior to the elections is elected from each district. However, from the electoral district of Åland one representative is always elected.
Source: Constitution, Section 25. Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 5.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 07:40:58 GMT
BD02 The authority responsible for final approval of the constituency boundaries is:
a. The legislature (national/subnational)
Comments: For parliamentary elections, the constituencies are listed in the Finnish Electoral Act.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 5.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 07:41:46 GMT
BD03 On what criteria are the boundaries drawn?
d. Conformity with local jurisdiction boundaries
f. Communities of interest/cultural concerns
Comments: f.) For parliamentary elections, the island of Åland constitutes a special case. Åland is therefore counted as one individual parliamentary constituency regardless of the number of registered residents.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 5.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 07:42:35 GMT
BD04 If population is a criterion, which population figure is used?
g. Not applicable
Comments: Population os not a criterion. The boundaries are "historical" or "traditional" and are therefore quite rigid. Instead the number of mandates in each constituency can vary.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 5.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 07:43:23 GMT
Direct Democracy
DD01 Please provide information about the person completing the questionnaire.
a. Name and Title: Mrs Anu Laaksonen
b. Job Title: Senior Officer, Legal Affairs
c. Organisation: Ministry Justice, Election Unit
d. Contact Address. PO Box 25, FIN-00023, Government Finland
e. Telephone: +358 9 1606 7620
f. Facsimile: +358 9 1606 7735
g. Email: anu.laaksonen@om.fi
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:45:34 UTC
DD02 Which forms of direct democracy, if any, are currently possible at the national level?
Please check the glossary for the definition of the following terms:
b. Optional referendum
Source: B. The Constitution (731/1999) 14 and 53 §
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:46:54 UTC
DD03 What is the legal basis for mandatory referendums at the national level?
e. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:37:20 UTC
DD04 What is the legal basis for optional referendums at the national level?
a. Constitutional
b. Specific laws/legislation
Comments: The decision to organize a consultative referendum is made by law.
Source: The Constitution 14 and 53 §.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:22:30 UTC
DD05 What is the legal basis for citizens' initiatives at the national level?
e. Not applicable
Comments: The initiative is possible only at local referendums. The subject of the referendum is restricted to local matters.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:25:16 UTC
DD06 What is the legal basis for agenda initiatives at the national level?
e. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:38:12 UTC
DD07 What is the legal basis for recalls at the national level?
e. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:38:32 UTC
DD08 What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for mandatory referendums at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.
e. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:39:05 UTC
DD09 What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for optional referendums at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.
b. Specific laws/legislation
Comments: The administration of organizing a referendum is the same as in general elections.
Source: The Election Act (714/1998).
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:52:27 UTC
DD10 What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for citizens' initiatives at the national level?
Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.
e. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:39:41 UTC
DD103 What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a citizens' initiative?
a. All signatures checked
Last updated: 2005-04-19 08:54:33 UTC
DD105 Who is responsible for checking the signatures?
c. Local authorities
Last updated: 2005-04-19 08:55:08 UTC
DD106 Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in a referendum?
a. Agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms
f. Other (specify)
Comments: The Council of State and the ministry of Justice are responsible to give information to voters about a national consultative referendum and the local council and the central election committee about a local referendum.
Source: For instance: The act of consultative referendum about Finland joining EU (578/1994) 8 § Act of administrating a consutative national referendum (571/1987) 10 § Act of administrating a consultative referendum at local level (656/1990) 7 § Local Government act (365/1995) 29 §
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:49:15 UTC
DD107 Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in an initiative?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-14 09:12:37 UTC
DD108 Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in a recall?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-14 09:11:47 UTC
DD109 What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for a referendum?
a. Information booklets
b. Leaflets and pamphlets
c. Radio broadcasts
d. TV broadcasts
e. Press advertisements
f. Website
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:51:15 UTC
DD11 What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for agenda initiatives at the national level?
Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.
e. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:40:11 UTC
DD110 What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for an initiative?
i. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-14 09:13:36 UTC
DD111 What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for a recall?
i. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-14 09:13:58 UTC
DD112 Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in a referendum?
g. None
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:52:50 UTC
DD113 Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in an initiative?
g. None
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:54:09 UTC
DD114 Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in a recall?
h. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-14 09:14:32 UTC
DD115 What is the period during which these controls apply for a referendum?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:55:10 UTC
DD116 What is the period during which these controls apply for an initiative?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:55:28 UTC
DD117 What is the period during which these controls apply for a recall?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:55:41 UTC
DD118 Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for a referendum? Specify in the “Comments” section below.
b. Selected campaign organisations
Comments: There are optional allowances for the purpose of distributing information about the subject and the choices of the referendum.
Source: For instance: the act of consultative referendum about Finland joining EU (578/1994) 8 §
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:57:08 UTC
DD12 What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for recalls at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.
e. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:40:34 UTC
DD121 Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for a referendum?
Specify in the “Comments” section below.
a. Financial grant
Comments: There are optional allowances for the purpose of distributing information about the subject and the choices of the referendum.
Source: For instance: the act of consultative referendum about Finland joining EU (578/1994) 8 §
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:59:01 UTC
DD125 Is the government permitted to campaign either in favour of or against any specific outcome to a referendum, initiatives or recall vote?
b. No
Comments: The government has to give impartial information about the subject of the referendum.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 15:00:42 UTC
DD126 What restrictions or controls, if any, are there on media coverage of the campaign and/or issue during the relevant period?
Comments: There are no restrictions on media coverage of the campaign.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 15:01:03 UTC
DD127 What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign for a recall?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-14 09:17:16 UTC
DD13 When were direct democracy mechanisms first introduced into the legal framework at the national level?
Date (yyyy)
b. Optional referendum 1.7.1987
Comments: The ground rules about national referendums are in the constitution and in the act of administrating a consutative national referendum (571/1987).
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:54:50 UTC
DD14 When was an administrative framework for direct democracy mechanisms first introduced at the national level? Date (yyyy)
b. Optional referendum 1.7.1987
Comments: The administrative framework for national direct democracy mechanisms is the same as in other national elections.
Source: Act of administrating a consutative national referendum (571/1987) 3 §.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:55:33 UTC
DD15 Who is responsible for managing the administration of direct democracy mechanisms at the national level?
a. Government (specify department)
Comments: Ministry of Justice.
Source: Act of administrating a consutative national referendum (571/1987) 3 § The Election Act 10 §
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:56:30 UTC
DD16 Does this agency/department also manage the administration of national elections?
a. Yes
Source: The Election Act 10 §.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:57:01 UTC
DD17 Are mandatory referendums currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?
c. No
Comments: Finland has referendums only at national level or at local level.
Source: The Constitution (731/1999) Local Government act (365/1995)
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:58:03 UTC
DD18 Are optional referendums currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?
c. No
Comments: Finland has referendums only at national level or at local level.
Source: The Constitution (731/1999) Local Government act (365/1995)
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:58:49 UTC
DD19 Are citizens' initiatives currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?
c. No
Comments: Finland has referendums only at national level or at local level.
Source: The Constitution (731/1999) Local Government act (365/1995)
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:59:15 UTC
DD20 Are agenda initiatives currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?
c. No
Comments: Finland has referendums only at national level or at local level.
Source: The Constitution (731/1999) Local Government act (365/1995)
Last updated: 2005-04-13 13:59:42 UTC
DD21 Are recalls currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?
c. No
Comments: Finland has referendums only at national level or at local level.
Source: The Constitution (731/1999) Local Government act (365/1995)
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:00:10 UTC
DD22 Are mandatory referendums currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?
c. No
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:00:59 UTC
DD23 Are optional referendums currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?
a. Yes, in all municipalities/districts/communes
Source: Local Government Act (365/1995) 30 and 31 § Act of administrating a consultative referendum at local level (656/1990)
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:02:58 UTC
DD24 Are citizens' initiatives currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?
a. Yes, in all municipalities/districts/communes
Source: Local Government Act (365/1995) 30 and 31 § Act of administrating a consultative referendum at local level (656/1990)
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:02:43 UTC
DD25 Are agenda initiatives currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?
c. No
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:43:21 UTC
DD26 Are recalls currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?
c. No
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:43:39 UTC
DD27 What are the issues, if any, in relation to which referendums are mandatory at the national level?
k. None
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:03:35 UTC
DD28 What are the issues, if any, in relation to which referendums are optional at the national level?
a. Constitutional amendments
b. Adoption of international treaties
c. Transfer of authority to international bodies
d. National sovereignty, national self-determination
e. Conflict between constitutional organs
f. Devolution
g. Civil service
h. Taxes and public expenditure commitments
i. Other public policy issues
j. Other (specify)
Comments: A referendum may be suggested about any subject that is considered worthwhile.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:04:48 UTC
DD29 Which issues, if any, are excluded from being the subject of referendums at the national level?
k. None
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:05:18 UTC
DD30 Which issues, if any, maybe the subject of sub-national referendums regulated at the national level?
a. Devolution
b. Creation/merger/abolition of sub-national authorities
c. Other public policy issues
d. Other (specify)
Comments: The local council makes the decision of the referendum and the subject, which may be any matter that belongs to the authority of the municipality.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:05:53 UTC
DD31 Who can initiate a referendum at the national level?
a. Government
d. Legislative majority
Comments: The decision to organize a consultative referendum is made by an Act.
Source: The Constitution 53 §.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:06:43 UTC
DD32 Who is responsible for drafting the mandatory referendum question?
g. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:44:55 UTC
DD33 Who is responsible for drafting the optional referendum question?
a. Government (specify department)
d. Legislature
Comments: The Ministry of Justice makes the lawproposal to the parliament.
Source: The Election Act (714/1998) 10 §.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:08:07 UTC
DD34 Which of the following, if any, are required to be included in the mandatory referendum question?
f. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:46:42 UTC
DD35 Which of the following, if any, are required to be included in the optional referendum question?
a. The title of the proposal
Source: For instance: the act of consultative referendum about Finland joining EU (578/1994) 3 §.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:47:07 UTC
DD36 Which institution(s) decides on the final form of the ballot text for mandatory referendums?
f. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:49:41 UTC
DD37 Which institution(s) decides on the final form of the ballot text for optional referendums?
d. Legislature
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:49:15 UTC
DD38 What, if any, are the quorum requirements for a mandatory referendum to be valid? Please specify numbers/percentages.
d. Not applicable (X)
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:50:39 UTC
DD39 What, if any, are the quorum requirements for a optional referendum to be valid? Please specify numbers/percentages.
c. No quorom required (X)
Comments: The referendum is always consultative.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:51:07 UTC
DD40 What are the requirements for mandatory referendums to pass?
e. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:51:54 UTC
DD41 What are the requirements for optional referendums to pass?
d. Other (specify below)
Comments: The referendum is always consultative.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:52:18 UTC
DD43 When is the outcome of a mandatory referendum binding?
d. Not applicable
Comments: See question A.1.1.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:53:08 UTC
DD44 When is the outcome of an optional referendum binding?
c. Never
Comments: The referendum is always consultative.
Source: The Constitution 53 §.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:19:26 UTC
DD45 Which types of issues can be proposed by citizens using the citizens' initiative process at the national level?
d. Not applicable
Comments: The initiative is possible only at local referendums. The subject of the referendum is restricted to local matters.
Last updated: 2005-04-14 08:53:47 UTC
DD46 Which types of issues can be proposed by citizens using the agenda initiative process at the national level?
d. Not applicable
Comments: The initiative is possible only at local referendums. The subject of the referendum is restricted to local matters.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:21:37 UTC
DD49 Who may propose the registration of a citizens' initiative?
Please specify in the “Comments” section below.
a. A number of individuals
Comments: At local level 5 % of the inhabitants of the commune which are entitled to vote. The local council decides if the initiative leads to a referendum.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:24:02 UTC
DD50 Who may propose the registration of an agenda initiative?
Please specify in the “Comments” section below.
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-14 14:22:58 UTC
DD51 What material is necessary to accompany an application for registration?
a. Proposed title
b. General explanation of purpose
c. Full proposed text
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:26:37 UTC
DD52 Who determines the title of a citizens' initiative?
a. Proponents of the initiative
Comments: At local level proponents of the initiative determine the title of it.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:28:23 UTC
DD53 Who determines the title of an agenda initiative?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-14 14:23:26 UTC
DD56 Under what circumstances is an initiative checked for constitutionality or legality?
a. An automatic check is part of the initiative process
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:34:59 UTC
DD58 If a check of the constitutionality or legality of an initiative takes place, when does this happen?
c. After its submission but before the vote on the initiative
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:36:04 UTC
DD59 Which institutions, if any, are given an opportunity to propose an alternative to proposals contained in a citizens’ initiative?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-19 08:40:50 UTC
DD60 At which stage in the initiative process, if at all, can alternative proposals be made?
d. Not at all
Last updated: 2005-04-19 08:41:10 UTC
DD61 What happens when there is a valid alternative proposal?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-19 08:41:31 UTC
DD62 When an initiative proposal and an alternative proposal are put to the vote on the same day, what choices does the voter have?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-19 08:42:11 UTC
DD63 Who decides the final ballot text?
e. Other (specify)
Comments: At local level the local council.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:37:47 UTC
DD64 Once an initiative is qualified for the ballot, the vote on it takes place:
a. Within a certain time limit (specify)
Comments: The local council must make the decision of the referendum not later than 60 days before the vote.
Source: Act of administrating a consultative referendum at local level (656/1990) 3 §.
Last updated: 2005-04-13 14:38:28 UTC
DD65 Which of the following individuals/positions may be subject to the recall mechanism?
k. Not applicable
Last updated: 2005-04-14 09:04:36 UTC
DD72 How many verified signatures are required to start the formal decision-making stage for an abrogative referendum (optional)?
Indicate figures in the appropriate boxes. If more than one answer exists for any individual box, explain in the comment section.
Last updated: 2005-04-19 08:45:24 UTC
DD74 How many verified signatures are required to start the formal decision-making stage for a citizens' initiative?
Indicate figures in the appropriate boxes. If more than one answer exists for any individual box, explain in the comment section.
b. Proportion of the electorate (X)
Comments: 5 % of the electorate.
Source: Local Government Act 31 §.
Last updated: 2005-04-19 08:44:56 UTC
DD82 What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for a citizens' initiative?
b. Signatories must be registered electors in a specific electoral district
Source: Local Government Act 31 §.
Last updated: 2005-04-19 08:49:46 UTC
DD89 Where can proposals for a citizens' initiative be signed?
a. Anywhere
Last updated: 2005-04-19 08:50:56 UTC
Electoral Management
EM01 Please provide the following contact information for the national electoral management body:
a. Name of Institution Ministry of Justice, Election unit
b. Full Address Eteläesplanadi 10, PO Box 25, FIN-0023, Government, Finland
c. Telephone +358(0)9 160 03
d. Facsimile +358 (0)9 160 67735
e. Email vaalit(a)om.fi, kirjaamo.om(a)om.fi
f. Website Address www.om.fi
g. Name and Title of Chairperson/President Minister of Justice
h. Information Officer Ulla Rehula, +358 (0)9 16067632
i. Official language of the electoral law governing national elections Finnish and Swedish
Source: www.om.fi
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 07:34:19 GMT
EM02 Does this national electoral body have the responsibility for elections at:
e. Not applicable
Comments: The responsibility is decentralised, but the Ministry of Justice is the highest electoral body in Finland.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 10.
Last updated: 2008-01-21 13:24:26 UTC
EM03 The national electoral management body reports to:
d. A national government department
Comments: d.) Government
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 94 and 96.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 07:36:43 GMT
EM04 The budget of the national electoral management body is determined by:
c. The legislature
Source: Markku Suksi, Professor, Department of Law, Åbo Akademi University, msuksi(a)abo.fi
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 07:37:17 GMT
EM05 The expenditures of the national electoral management body are controlled by:
e. Another organ within the national government
Source: Markku Suksi, Professor, Department of Law, Åbo Akademi University, msuksi(a)abo.fi
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 07:37:41 GMT
EM06 The term of the members of the national electoral management body is:
d. Other
Comments: Not applicable
Source: International IDEA (2006) "Electoral Management Design"
Last updated: 2006-12-11 17:08:52 UTC
EM08 According to official sources, what was the estimated overall cost (in US dollars if available) of the most recent national elections?
a. estimated total: 15654755 USD
Comments: 15 654 755 USD (86 000 000 FIM) Total amount for the 1999 parliamentary elections.
Source: Leena Rikkilä, Junior Professional Officer, International IDEA, l.rikkila(a)idea.int (Dec 2006)
Last updated: 2008-01-21 13:24:26 UTC
EM09 What was the total number of registered voters or, where there was no voter roll, the estimated number of eligible voters?
a. Total number: 4
Source: Voter Turnout project, International IDEA, www.idea.int/vt
Last updated: 2006-12-11 17:08:52 UTC
EM10 What was the spending (in USD) per registered voter (NOT actual voters) or, where there was no voter roll, the estimated number of eligible voters at the last general elections?
a. USD/registered voter 3.8 USD
Comments: 86000000 FIM = 15654755 USD
Source: Voter Turnout project, International IDEA, www.idea.int/vt Leena Rikkilä, Junior Professional Officer, International IDEA, l.rikkila(a)idea.int
Last updated: 2008-01-21 13:24:26 UTC
Electoral Systems
ES01 How is the Head of State selected?
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
Source: Constitution, Section 54.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:13:28 GMT
ES02 How is the Head of Government selected?
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
Comments: The Parliament elects the Prime Minister, who is thereafter appointed to the office by the President.
Source: Constitution, Section 61.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:13:55 GMT
ES03 Does the country have a president?
a. Yes
Source: Constitution, Section 54.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:14:26 GMT
ES04 The national legislature consists of (one/two chambers):
a. One chamber
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:14:51 GMT
ES05 What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?
g. List Proportional Representation
Source: Constitution, Section 25.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:15:21 GMT
ES06 What is the electoral system for Chamber 2 of the national legislature?
k. The national legislature consists of one chamber only
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:15:50 GMT
ES07 If List PR is used, is a highest average formula used?
a. d'Hondt Formula
Comments: In all districts, the allocation of seats to parties is proportional to the votes following a d'Hondt system of party list Proportional Representation.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 89-91.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:05:47 GMT
ES08 What is the level at which seats are distributed in Chamber 1?
b. Specially delimited constituencies
Comments: Finland is divided into 15 electoral districts (constituencies). A number of representatives proportional to the number of Finnish citizens residing in the district is elected from each district. However, from the electoral district of Åland one representative is always elected.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 5 and 6.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:08:51 GMT
ES09 What is the level at which seats are distributed in Chamber 2?
d. Not applicable
Comments: The national legislature consists of one chamber only.
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:13:51 GMT
ES10 Are special constituencies or seats reserved in Chamber 1 for specific groups, such as minorities, specific nationality or other groups?
a. Yes
Source: Constitution, Section 25. Electoral Act, Article 6.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:16:14 GMT
ES11 If special constituencies or seats are reserved in Chamber 1, specify which interest groups, and the proportion of total seats reserved for:
d. Other- proportion of total seats (%) X
Source: Constitution, Section 25. Electoral Act, Article 6.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:17:25 GMT
ES12 Are special constituencies or seats reserved in Chamber 2 for specific groups, such as minorities, specific nationality or other groups?
c. The national legislature consists of one chamber only
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:32:04 GMT
ES13 If special constituencies or seats are reserved in Chamber 2, specify which interest groups, and the proportion of total seats reserved:
e. Not applicable N/A
Comments: The national legislature consists of one chamber only.
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:18:38 GMT
ES14 What is the legally imposed minimum threshold of votes required by a party to win seats in Chamber 1?
a. No minimum
Comments: In all districts, the allocation of seats to candidates is proportional to the votes following a d'Hondt system of party list Proportional Representation.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 88-91.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:19:22 GMT
ES15 What is the legally imposed minimum threshold of votes required by a party to win seats in Chamber 2?
c. Not applicable
Comments: The national legislature consists of one chamber only.
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:19:47 GMT
ES16 What is the legally imposed minimum threshold of votes required by a candidate (independent/party) to win a seat in Chamber 1?
a. No minimum
Comments: In all districts, the allocation of seats to candidates is proportional to the votes following a d'Hondt system of party list Proportional Representation.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 88-91.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:20:34 GMT
ES17 What is the legally imposed minimum threshold of votes required by a candidate (independent/party) to win a seat in Chamber 2?
c. Not applicable
Comments: The national legislature consists of one chamber only.
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:21:01 GMT
ES18 Regarding the timing of the elections for Chamber 1, which of the following is true? Elections take place:
a. At fixed intervals (specify length)
c. On a fixed day of the week (specify day, specify if holiday)
Comments: Parliamentary elections are held on the third Sunday in March every four years. On the basis of a reasoned initiative by the Prime Minister and after having consulted the various parliamentary factions, the President may dissolve the Parliament by ordering a new one to be held. Election day then is the first Sunday within 50-75 days of the publication of the order. The latest dissolving of the parliament was in 1975.
Source: Constitution, Section 24. Election Act (714/1998), Article 107.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:51:47 GMT
ES19 Regarding the timing of the elections for Chamber 2, which of the following is true? Elections take place:
e. Not applicable
Comments: The national legislature consists of one chamber only.
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Fri, 12 Sep 2003 14:22:13 GMT
Legislative Framework
LF01 What is the status of the electoral law governing national elections?
a. Part of Constitution
b. Separate legislation
Source: Constitution (731/1999) Electoral Act (714/1998)
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 07:28:37 GMT
LF02 What is the date of the latest version of the national electoral law (including latest amendments)?
b. January 1990- December 1999
Comments: The Act entered into force on the 8/10-1998. Latest amendments: 1258/1999 (entered into force on 1 March 2000) and 247/2002 (entered into force on 1 May 2002).
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998).
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 09:31:31 GMT
LF03 The national electoral law covers:
a. National elections
c. Local elections
e. Other
Comments: e.) Elections for the European Parliament.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 18.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:56:17 GMT
LF04 Is voting on the national level voluntary or compulsory?
a. Voting is voluntary
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 2.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:56:53 GMT
LF05 Are there provisions in the law which permit or require regional and/ or local election (s) to be held on the same day as national elections?
a. National elections are not held on the same day as regional or local elections
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 107 and 144.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:57:38 GMT
LF06 Are there provisions in the law which permit or require presidential election (s) to be held on the same day as national legislative elections?
a. Presidential elections are not held on the same day as national legislative elections
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 127.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:58:21 GMT
LF07 What are the agency(ies) responsible for first level of formal electoral disputes?
a. Judiciary
Comments: a.) County Administrative Courts
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 102.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:59:00 GMT
LF08 If the agency(ies) which settles formal disputes is/are specially appointed/elected; by whom?
h. Not applicable
Comments: The County Administrative Courts are responsible for first level of formal electoral disputes.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 102.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 17:59:42 GMT
LF09 Who has the right to submit cases to the person or agency(ies)which settles formal disputes?
a. Candidates
b. Parties
c. Voters
Comments: c.) Every eligible voter.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 101.
Last updated: Wed, 12 Feb 2003 18:00:25 GMT
Media and Elections
ME01 Please provide information about the person completing the questionnaire.
a. Name and Title: Mrs. Anu Laaksonen
b. Job Title: Senior Officer, Legal Affairs
c. Organisation: Ministry of Justice, Election Unit
e. Telephone: +358 9 1606 7620
f. Facsimile: 358 9 1606 7735
g. Email: anu.laaksonen@om.fi
Last updated: 2006-11-16 09:45:54 UTC
ME37 What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to political parties?
a. Equal regardless of size of party and previous performance
c. Based on result of previous election
Comments: A) The public radio and TV C) The privately owned radio and TV give space to the largest parties which are represented in parliament.
Source: Mrs. Anu Laaksonen, Senior Officer, Legal Affairs. Ministry of Justice, Election Unit
Last updated: 2006-11-16 09:49:03 UTC
ME38 What, if any, is the maximum amount that a political party is permitted to spend on paid advertising during a campaign period?
Comments: The law does not specify any limits on paid advertising
Source: Mrs. Anu Laaksonen, Senior Officer, Legal Affairs. Ministry of Justice, Election Unit
Last updated: 2006-11-16 09:49:03 UTC
Parties and Candidates
PC01 What are the registration requirements for political parties running for national elections (Chamber 1)?
f. Other
Comments: f.) A party shall submit, not later than 40 days before election day, its list of candidates (candidate application) to the electoral district committee, where the candidates are to be nominated not later than 31 days before election day. A maximum of 14 candidates may be elected by each party in every electoral district. Parties may form electoral alliances, but the number of candidates nominated by an alliance may not exceed the maximum number of candidates for a single party.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 40 and 109.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:15:21 GMT
PC02 What are the registration requirements for political parties running for national elections (Chamber 2)?
g. Not applicable
Comments: g.) The national legislature consists of one chamber only.
Source: Constitution, Article 24.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:16:06 GMT
PC03 What are the legal qualifications to become a candidate at legislative elections (Chamber 1)?
a. Age
b. Citizenship
Comments: a.) 18 years. Everyone with the right to vote and who is not under guardianship can be a candidate in parliamentary elections.
Source: Constitution, Section 27.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:18:44 GMT
PC04 What are the legal qualifications to become a candidate at legislative elections (Chamber 2)?
k. Not applicable
Comments: k.) The national legislature consists of one chamber only.
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:19:16 GMT
PC05 What are the legal qualifications for becoming a candidate at presidential elections?
b. Citizenship
c. Country of birth
Source: Constitution, Section 27.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:19:49 GMT
PC06 What can disqualify a candidate at legislative elections?
f. Holding of military office
o. Other
Comments: o.) Persons under guardianship. The Chancellor of Justice of the Government, the Parliamentary Ombudsman a Justice of the Supreme Court or the Supreme Administrative Court and the Prosecuter-General cannot serve as representatives.
Source: Constitution, Section 27.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:20:33 GMT
PC07 What can disqualify a candidate at presidential elections?
d. Naturalization
Source: Markku Suksi, Professor, Department of Law, Åbo Akademi University, msuksi(a)abo.fi
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:21:05 GMT
PC08 Can independent candidates compete in presidential or legislative elections?
e. In both presidential and legislative elections
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 108 and 128.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:12:15 GMT
PC09 If independent candidates can compete in legislative elections (Chamber 1), what are the registration requirements?
a. Signature requirement (specify)
d. Other
Comments: a.) Independent candidates can be nominated by constituency associations, which need to include at least 100 people entitled to vote in the electoral district. d.) The constituency association shall submit its list of candidates (candidate application) to the electoral district committee of the district not later than 40 days before election day and the candidates are to be nominated by the committee not later than 31 days before election day.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 119.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:24:15 GMT
PC10 If independent candidates can compete in legislative elections (Chamber 2), what are the registration requirements?
e. Not applicable
Comments: The national legislature consists of one chamber only.
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:24:48 GMT
PC11 If independent candidates can compete in presidential elections, what are the registration requirements?
a. Signature requirement (specify)
d. Other
Comments: a.) An independent candidate can be nominated by a constituency association, which needs to include at least 20 000 people entitled to vote. d.)The constituency association shall submit its candidate application to the Electoral District Committee of Helsinki not later than 40 days before election day at 4 p.m.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 130 and 132.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:25:33 GMT
PC12 Do political parties receive direct/indirect public funding?
b. Direct
c. Indirect
Source: Act on Parties (10/1969), with amendments.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:14:48 GMT
PC13 If political parties receive direct/indirect public funding, when do they receive this?
c. As related to the election period and between elections
Comments: c.) Every year.
Source: Act on Parties (10/1969), with amendments.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:26:50 GMT
PC14 If political parties receive indirect public funding, identify the type of funding:
a. Free media access
Source: Act on Parties (10/1969), with amendments.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:15:36 GMT
PC15 What is the basis of the public funding?
c. Based on current legislative representation
Source: Act on Parties (10/1969), with amendments.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:15:56 GMT
PC16 If political parties receive public funding, what is the specified purpose?
a. General party administration
c. Unspecified
Source: Act on Parties (10/1969), with amendments.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:16:20 GMT
PC17 Are political parties entitled to private funding?
a. Yes
Source: Act on Parties (10/1969), with amendments.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:16:56 GMT
PC18 If political parties are entitled to private funding, for what period?
c. As related to the election period and between elections
Source: Act on Parties (10/1969), with amendments.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:17:19 GMT
PC19 Which of the following party financing provisions are applicable?
a. Public disclosure of party contributions received
b. Public disclosure of party expenditure
Source: The Act on the Notification of Election Financing (414/2000).
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:31:39 GMT
PC20 Which of the following candidate financing provisions are applicable?
a. Public disclosure of candidate contributions received
b. Public disclosure of candidate expenditure
Comments: b.) Total costs of the election campaign of the candidate. The notification of the financing of their election campaign shall be submitted to the Ministry of Justice, within two months of the confirmation of the election results.
Source: The Act on the Notification of Election Financing (414/2000).
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:32:09 GMT
Vote Counting
VC01 What are the characteristics of ballots used at national legislative elections (Chamber 1)?
c. Write-in ballot
f. Same ballot papers used nationwide
o. Ballots signed or otherwise authenticated by polling station official
p. Bilingual
Comments: c.) The voter writes the candidate's number on the ballot. o.) Ballots is stamped by the Returning Officer.
Source: Electoral Act(714/1998), Article 51.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:38:27 GMT
VC02 What are the characteristics of ballots used at national legislative elections (Chamber 2)?
s. Not applicable
Comments: The national legislature only consists of one chamber.
Source: Constitution, Section 24.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:38:54 GMT
VC03 What are the characteristics of ballots used at presidential elections?
c. Write-in ballot
f. Same ballot papers used nation-wide
o. Ballots signed or otherwise authenticated by polling station officials
p. Bilingual
Comments: c.) The voter writes the candidate's number on the ballot. o.) Ballots is stamped by the Returning Officer.
Source: Electoral Act(714/1998), Article 51.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:39:23 GMT
VC04 Following the close of the voting, where are the votes first sorted and counted?
a. At the polling stations
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 78.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:39:46 GMT
VC05 What procedures are used in the initial count?
b. Preliminary count of all ballots in ballot box
c. Tally of voters who voted
j. Sorted into piles according to individual party/candidate
l. Counted by hand
t. Other
Source: Markku Suksi, Professor, Department of Law, Åbo Akademi University, msuksi(a)abo.fi
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:35:14 GMT
VC06 Following the sorting and counting, to where are the results first transmitted for consolidation?
d. Regional level (specify whether it is constituency/ province/ state/ department/other)
Comments: d.) To the Electoral District Committée. Constituency level.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 84.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:35:58 GMT
VC07 At what levels are seats allocated?
c. Regional level (specify whether it is constituency/ province/ state/ department/other)
Comments: c.) Constituency level.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 91.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:44:37 GMT
VC08 How are the initial/preliminary polling results transmitted and communicated to the different levels?
b. By telephone
f. By computer
Comments: f.) Via a centralised calculation system.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 80.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:37:17 GMT
VC10 If the polling results are physically transported, what security measures are used?
c. Signatures on sealed envelopes
e. Accompanied by election officials
Comments: e.) There must be more than one person watching and transporting the ballot box.
Source: Electoral Act(714/1998), Article 78 and 81.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:38:36 GMT
VC11 Under what conditions are ballots recounted?
b. Always recounted
Source: Electoral Act(714/1998), Article 87.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:46:36 GMT
VC12 If automatically recounted, what is the trigger?
e. Not applicable
Comments: e.) Ballots are always recounted.
Source: Electoral Act(714/1998), Article 87.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:47:03 GMT
VC13 If ballots are recounted by request, who can make the request?
g. Not applicable
Comments: g.) Ballots are always recounted. After the results are confirmed the Administrative Court or the Supreme Administrative Court may order recount.
Source: Electoral Act(714/1998), Article 87.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:43:48 GMT
VC14 If recounted, who conducts the recount?
b. Regional Election Management body
Comments: b.) The Electoral District Committée.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 84.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:47:56 GMT
VC15 Are preliminary results announced?
a. Yes
Source: http://www.vaalit.fi/15503.htm
Last updated: Mon, 27 Jan 2003 10:45:21 GMT
VC16 If preliminary results are announced, how long after the close of polls is this done?
a. hours: 3
Comments: The preliminary counts by the election committees are entered into the Election Information System as soon as they are ready. Usually preliminary results for the entire election are ready at 11 p.m.
Source: http://www.vaalit.fi/15503.htm
Last updated: Mon, 27 Jan 2003 10:47:14 GMT
Voter Education
VE01 Who conducts voter education and information campaigns at the national elections (informing where, when and how to register and vote)?
l. No voter education and information campaigns conducted
Source: Markku Suksi, Professor, Department of Law, Åbo Akademi University, msuksi(a)abo.fi
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 07:46:43 GMT
Voting Operations
VO01 Approximately what percentage (on the basis of cost) of election day supplies and equipment are obtained or produced within the country?
a. 91-100%
Source: Markku Suksi, Professor, Department of Law, Åbo Akademi University, msuksi@abo.fi
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:20:31 GMT
VO02 Is there a code of conduct for election officials?
b. No
Source: Markku Suksi, Professor, Department of Law, Åbo Akademi University, msuksi(a)abo.fi
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:03:10 GMT
VO03 Where can electors vote?
a. At a specified polling station in the locality where they are registered at national elections
d. At specially designated polling stations
Comments: a.) Or in advance polling stations.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 9.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:04:41 GMT
VO04 Who can vote from outside the country?
c. Citizens outside the country (including those on vacation)
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 46.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:23:25 GMT
VO05 If voting outside the country is permitted, at what places?
a. Embassies
b. Consulates
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 46.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:24:50 GMT
VO06 Can people vote in advance of the designated national election day(s)?
b. Yes
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 9 and 46.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:25:28 GMT
VO07 If electors can vote in advance of the designated national election day(s), how may they do so?
a. At special advance polling centers
c. At the post office
e. Other
Comments: a.) Hospitals, prisons and some other institutions where only the people who receive treatment or are incarcerated may vote. c.) Post-offices or municipal offices determined by the municipalities. There is at least one such polling station in every municipality. e.) Finnish embassies prescribed in decree. People whose ability to move is so restricted that they are unable to come to a polling station may vote in advance at home, i.e. an election commissioner comes to them to receive their vote. The crew of a Finnish ship abroad may vote in advance on board the ship.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 9 and 46.
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:07:06 GMT
VO08 If electors can vote in advance of the designated national election day(s), specify who:
a. Everyone
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 9 and 46.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 10:29:09 GMT
VO09 Is there a maximum allowable voter capacity of a polling station for the national elections?
b. No
Source: Markku Suksi, Professor, Department of Law, Åbo Akademi University, msuksi(a)abo.fi
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:08:04 GMT
VO10 Is there a maximum allowable voter capacity of a polling station for the national elections?
b. No N/A
Source: Markku Suksi, Professor, Department of Law, Åbo Akademi University, msuksi(a)abo.fi
Last updated: Mon, 15 Sep 2003 08:08:36 GMT
Voter Registration
VR01 What is the legal voting age in the national elections?
c. 18
Source: Constitution, Section 14.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 09:54:04 GMT
VR02 Beyond age, what other qualifications exist for registering to vote and voting in the national elections?
a. Citizenship
Source: Constitution, Section 14.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 09:54:24 GMT
VR03 What restrictions on registering to vote and voting exist in the country?
i. Not applicable
Comments: i.) No restrictions.
Source: Constitution, Section 14.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 09:54:45 GMT
VR04 Which is the authority responsible for the registration of voters for national elections?
a. Central Government Department (specify)
Comments: a.) The Population Register Centre
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 18.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 09:55:06 GMT
VR05 What is the registration method for national elections?
a. National citizens register
Comments: The Population Register Centre compiles a computer register of everyone entitled to vote (voting register) 46 days before election day.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 18.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 09:55:35 GMT
VR06 How frequently is the voters register updated?
c. Periodically (or before each election)
Comments: The Population Register Centre compiles a computer register of everyone entitled to vote (voting register) 46 days before election day.
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Chapter 3, Article 18.
Last updated: Sun, 26 Jan 2003 12:43:21 GMT
VR07 What methods are used to compile and update the voters register?
a. Links to national population records
Source: Electoral Act (714/1998), Article 18.
Last updated: Fri, 14 Feb 2003 16:07:32 GMT
May 20, 2008 07:19 AM
