Malaysia
- Boundary Delimitation
- Direct Democracy
- Electoral Management
- Electoral Systems
- Legislative Framework
- Media and Elections
- Parties and Candidates
- Vote Counting
- Voter Education
- Voting Operations
- Voter Registration
Boundary Delimitation
BD01 Are constituencies delimited for election purposes?
a. Yes
Source: Constitution, article 113.
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:14:43 UTC
BD03 On what criteria are the boundaries drawn?
a. "Equality" of population
d. Conformity with local jurisdiction boundaries
g. Other
Comments: a.Respecting Official State (Province) boundaries and not crossing the boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies b.Availability of administrative facilities for election purposes c.Conformity with local jurisdiction boundaries and maintenance of local ties d.Subject to a certain reasonable weight age for the less populated rural areas, equal distribution of voter population is being envisaged for other areas with almost similar features and conditions.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:33:38 UTC
Direct Democracy
DD01 Please provide information about the person completing the questionnaire.
a. Name and Title: Per Ahlström
b. Job Title: Researcher
c. Organisation: International IDEA
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD02 Which forms of direct democracy, if any, are currently possible at the national level?
Please check the glossary for the definition of the following terms:
f. None
Source: Constitution, article 66 (4A) Constitution, article 67 (1) (2) Constitution, article 159 (1) (3) (4) (5) Constitution, article 161 E (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Constitution, Eighth Schedule, article 19 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD03 What is the legal basis for mandatory referendums at the national level?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD04 What is the legal basis for optional referendums at the national level?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD05 What is the legal basis for citizens' initiatives at the national level?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD06 What is the legal basis for agenda initiatives at the national level?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD07 What is the legal basis for recalls at the national level?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD08 What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for mandatory referendums at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD09 What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for optional referendums at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD10 What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for citizens' initiatives at the national level?
Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD100 What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for an agenda initiative?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD101 What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for a recall?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD102 What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a referendum?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD103 What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a citizens' initiative?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD104 What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a recall?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD105 Who is responsible for checking the signatures?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD106 Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in a referendum?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD107 Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in an initiative?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD108 Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in a recall?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD109 What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for a referendum?
i. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD11 What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for agenda initiatives at the national level?
Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD110 What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for an initiative?
i. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD111 What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for a recall?
i. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD112 Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in a referendum?
h. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD113 Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in an initiative?
h. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD114 Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in a recall?
h. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD115 What is the period during which these controls apply for a referendum?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD116 What is the period during which these controls apply for an initiative?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD117 What is the period during which these controls apply for a recall?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD118 Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for a referendum? Specify in the “Comments” section below.
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD119 Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for an initiative? Specify in the “Comments” section below.
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD12 What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for recalls at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD120 Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for a recall? Specify in the “Comments” section below.
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD121 Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for a referendum?
Specify in the “Comments” section below.
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD122 Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for an initiative?
Specify in the “Comments” section below.
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD123 Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for a recall?
Specify in the “Comments” section below.
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD124 If free media access is provided, what are the criteria for allocating broadcast time / printing space?
b. Not applicable X
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD126 What restrictions or controls, if any, are there on media coverage of the campaign and/or issue during the relevant period?
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD13 When were direct democracy mechanisms first introduced into the legal framework at the national level?
Date (yyyy)
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD14 When was an administrative framework for direct democracy mechanisms first introduced at the national level? Date (yyyy)
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD15 Who is responsible for managing the administration of direct democracy mechanisms at the national level?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD16 Does this agency/department also manage the administration of national elections?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD17 Are mandatory referendums currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD18 Are optional referendums currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD19 Are citizens' initiatives currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD20 Are agenda initiatives currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD21 Are recalls currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD22 Are mandatory referendums currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD23 Are optional referendums currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD24 Are citizens' initiatives currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD25 Are agenda initiatives currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD26 Are recalls currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD27 What are the issues, if any, in relation to which referendums are mandatory at the national level?
l. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD28 What are the issues, if any, in relation to which referendums are optional at the national level?
l. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD29 Which issues, if any, are excluded from being the subject of referendums at the national level?
l. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD30 Which issues, if any, maybe the subject of sub-national referendums regulated at the national level?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD31 Who can initiate a referendum at the national level?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD32 Who is responsible for drafting the mandatory referendum question?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD33 Who is responsible for drafting the optional referendum question?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD34 Which of the following, if any, are required to be included in the mandatory referendum question?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD35 Which of the following, if any, are required to be included in the optional referendum question?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD36 Which institution(s) decides on the final form of the ballot text for mandatory referendums?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD37 Which institution(s) decides on the final form of the ballot text for optional referendums?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD38 What, if any, are the quorum requirements for a mandatory referendum to be valid? Please specify numbers/percentages.
d. Not applicable X
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD39 What, if any, are the quorum requirements for a optional referendum to be valid? Please specify numbers/percentages.
d. Not applicable X
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD40 What are the requirements for mandatory referendums to pass?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD41 What are the requirements for optional referendums to pass?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD42 In which areas, if any, do regulatory provisions differ between a referendum and a national election?
Tick all that apply and specify below in the comments section.
h. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD43 When is the outcome of a mandatory referendum binding?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD44 When is the outcome of an optional referendum binding?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD45 Which types of issues can be proposed by citizens using the citizens' initiative process at the national level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD46 Which types of issues can be proposed by citizens using the agenda initiative process at the national level?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD47 Which issues, if any, are excluded from being the subject of a citizens' initiative at the national level?
l. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD48 Which issues, if any, are excluded from being the subject of an agenda initiative at the national level?
l. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD49 Who may propose the registration of a citizens' initiative?
Please specify in the “Comments” section below.
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD50 Who may propose the registration of an agenda initiative?
Please specify in the “Comments” section below.
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD51 What material is necessary to accompany an application for registration?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD52 Who determines the title of a citizens' initiative?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD53 Who determines the title of an agenda initiative?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD54 Which, if any, of the following disqualify a proposed title of an initiative?
h. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD55 Which services are provided by the agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms before an initiative can be published?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD56 Under what circumstances is an initiative checked for constitutionality or legality?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD58 If a check of the constitutionality or legality of an initiative takes place, when does this happen?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD59 Which institutions, if any, are given an opportunity to propose an alternative to proposals contained in a citizens’ initiative?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD60 At which stage in the initiative process, if at all, can alternative proposals be made?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD61 What happens when there is a valid alternative proposal?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD62 When an initiative proposal and an alternative proposal are put to the vote on the same day, what choices does the voter have?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD64 Once an initiative is qualified for the ballot, the vote on it takes place:
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD65 Which of the following individuals/positions may be subject to the recall mechanism?
k. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD66 What are the grounds upon which a recall may be launched?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD67 What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to the time period in which an individual/position can be recalled?
b. Not applicable X
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD68 If a recall qualifies for the ballot, when is it put to the vote?
d. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD69 When does the election to replace an individual who has been recalled take place?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD70 If a separate ballot to replace an individual who has been recalled takes place, how soon after the recall ballot is it held?
b. Not applicable X
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD71 Can an individual who is the subject of a recall stand on the ballot for his/her own replacement?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD72 How many verified signatures are required to start the formal decision-making stage for an abrogative referendum (optional)?
Indicate figures in the appropriate boxes. If more than one answer exists for any individual box, explain in the comment section.
e. Not applicable X
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD73 How many verified signatures are required to start the formal decision-making stage for a rejective referendum (optional)?
Indicate figures in the appropriate boxes. If more than one answer exists for any individual box, explain in the comment section.
e. Not applicable X
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD74 How many verified signatures are required to start the formal decision-making stage for a citizens' initiative?
Indicate figures in the appropriate boxes. If more than one answer exists for any individual box, explain in the comment section.
e. Not applicable X
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD75 How many verified signatures are required to start the formal decision-making stage for an agenda initiative?
Indicate figures in the appropriate boxes. If more than one answer exists for any individual box, explain in the comment section.
e. Not applicable X
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD76 What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for an abrogative referendum (optional) has been published?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD77 What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for a rejective referendum (optional) has been published?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD78 What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for a citizens' initiative has been published?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD79 What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for an agenda initiative has been published?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD80 What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for an abrogative referendum (optional)?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD81 What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for a rejective referendum (optional)?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD82 What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for a citizens' initiative?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD83 What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for an agenda initiative?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD84 How many verified signatures are required to start the formal decision-making stage for a recall?
Indicate figures in the appropriate boxes. If more than one answer exists for any individual box, explain in the comment section.
e. Not applicable X
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD85 What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for recall has been published?
c. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD86 What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for a recall?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD87 Where can proposals for an abrogative referendum (optional) be signed?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD88 Where can proposals for a rejective referendum (optional) be signed?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD89 Where can proposals for a citizens' initiative be signed?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD90 Where can proposals for an agenda initiative be signed?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD91 Where can proposals for a recall be signed?
g. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD92 What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for an abrogative referendum (optional)?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD93 What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for a rejective referendum (optional)?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD94 What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for a citizens' initiative?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD95 What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for an agenda initiative?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD96 What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for a recall?
e. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
DD97 What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for an abrogative referendum (optional)?
f. Not applicable
Last updated: 2007-01-07 16:29:34 UTC
Electoral Management
EM01 Please provide the following contact information for the national electoral management body:
a. Name of Institution Election Commission Malaysia
b. Full Address Level 4-5, Block C7, Parcel C, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62690 Putrajaya.
c. Telephone 03-8885 6500
d. Facsimile 03-8888 9112
e. Email sue@spr.gov.my
f. Website Address http://www.spr.gov.my
h. Information Officer Suhaila Norsham, Assistant Secretary, International Relation Committee, ECM
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 12:54:46 UTC
EM02 Does this national electoral body have the responsibility for elections at:
a. National level
b. Regional level
c. Local level
Comments: a.National level b.State (Provincial) level c.Local Authority ( The Act requiring elections to be conducted at L.A. level has been suspended since 1969)
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:13:23 UTC
EM04 The budget of the national electoral management body is determined by:
g. Other
Comments: Malaysian Government
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:02:22 UTC
EM05 The expenditures of the national electoral management body are controlled by:
d. A national government department
g. Other
Comments: Malaysian Government
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:04:13 UTC
EM06 The term of the members of the national electoral management body is:
d. Other
Comments: Upon reaching the age of 65 years.
Source: Constitution article 114
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:13:23 UTC
EM08 According to official sources, what was the estimated overall cost (in US dollars if available) of the most recent national elections?
a. estimated total: USD 35 Million
Last updated: 2008-02-12 07:59:28 UTC
EM09 What was the total number of registered voters or, where there was no voter roll, the estimated number of eligible voters?
a. Total number: 2,238,366
Last updated: 2008-02-12 07:59:28 UTC
Electoral Systems
ES01 How is the Head of State selected?
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
Comments: Head of State (His Majesty the King) is elected for a 5-year term among the nine Rulers (Sultans).
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 07:32:26 UTC
ES02 How is the Head of Government selected?
f. Other
Comments: Leader of the party, which won the general election and which forms the government, becomes the Head of Government.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 07:25:40 UTC
ES03 Does the country have a president?
b. No
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 07:49:25 UTC
ES04 The national legislature consists of (one/two chambers):
b. Two chambers
Comments: (House of Representatives and Senate)
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 07:40:32 UTC
ES05 What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?
a. Plurality (FPTP)
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 07:44:34 UTC
ES11 If special constituencies or seats are reserved in Chamber 1, specify which interest groups, and the proportion of total seats reserved for:
e. Not applicable x
Last updated: 2008-02-12 07:24:05 UTC
Legislative Framework
LF01 What is the status of the electoral law governing national elections?
a. Part of Constitution
b. Separate legislation
d. Regulations or administrative rules
Comments: a.Supreme law (Articles 113 to 120 of the Federal Constitution) b.Separate legislation/Election law (Organic Act) c.Election Regulations and administrative rules
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 07:46:23 UTC
LF03 The national electoral law covers:
a. National elections
b. Regional elections
c. Local elections
e. Other
Comments: a. Parliamentary elections b. State Legislative Assembly elections c. Local government elections (The Act had since 1969 been suspended)
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 07:46:23 UTC
LF04 Is voting on the national level voluntary or compulsory?
a. Voting is voluntary
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 12:39:08 UTC
Media and Elections
ME01 Please provide information about the person completing the questionnaire.
a. Name and Title: Suhaila Norsham
b. Job Title: Secretary of International Relation Committee
c. Organisation: Election Commission of Malaysia
d. Contact Address: Aras 4 & 5, Block C7, Parcel C, Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, 62690 PUTRAJAYA.
e. Telephone: 00 60 3 8885 6500
f. Facsimile: 00 60 3 8888 9117
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME02 Which of the following types of radio stations are present at a national level in your country?
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME03 Which of the following types of television stations are present at a national level in your country?
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
Comments: The dominant party of the ruling coalition, UMNO, and the opposition party PAS have started their own TV network which can be accessed through their website.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME04 Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers are present at a national level in your country?
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME05 Which of the following do you believe best describes the print media situation at the national level in your country?
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
Comments: Most of the major print media are controlled by government political parties through equity participation. Most political parties however publish their own party newspapers.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME06 What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of private radio stations?
a. Over 60%
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME08 What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of private television stations?
a. Over 60%
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME11 What laws, if any, guarantee freedom of access to public information for representatives of the media?
a. P
Comments: Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984 Communications & Multimedia Act 1988
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME13 What are the laws, if any, which govern the operations of the public broadcaster?
Specify the date of the latest version (including latest amendments)
a. P
Comments: Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984 Communications & Multimedia Act 1988
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME14 What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of the public television stations?
a. Over 60%
Comments: There is no problem in terms of transmission and telecommunication accessibility
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME15 What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of the national level programming of the public radio stations?
a. Over 60 %
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME16 In your opinion, upon which types of media at national level in your country do citizens most rely as a source of information? Mark the most important source with 1, and the second most important source with 2:
a. Public radio
b. Government radio
c. Private radio
d. Public television
f. Private television
g. Print media
Comments: 1 - a. 2 - d. 3 - g. 4 - c. 5 - f. 6 - b.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME17 In your opinion, which of the following types of media in your country have a public reputation for being independent?
e. Print media
Comments: Most major political parties have their own party newspapers, including the opposition.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME18 What are the laws, if any, that provide for the safeguards for editorial autonomy in relation to the public broadcaster(s)?
a. P
Comments: Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984 Communications & Multimedia Act 1988
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME19 What are the laws, if any, which govern the granting of broadcasting licenses/frequencies to private broadcasters?
a. P
Comments: Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984 Communications & Multimedia Act 1988
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME20 Who grants licenses/frequencies to private broadcasters?
a. Government
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME21 Who is allowed to hold broadcasting licenses?
a. Political parties
b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
e. Government departments
f. State owned companies
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME22 What are the legal conditions, if any, under which the activities of a media outlet may be suspended?
a. A
Comments: All conditions as stipulated in the Printing Press & Publications Act 1984 and Communications and Multimedia Act 1988
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME23 Are any journalists currently imprisoned or facing criminal charges for exercising their profession?
b. No
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:16:07 UTC
ME24 What legal instruments are used to regulate media coverage of elections?
c. Voluntary agreement or self-regulation
Comments: The EMB has a Code of Ethics which covers the responsibilities of the media.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:19:56 UTC
ME25 Which of the following bodies or agencies has a responsibility in the regulation of media coverage of elections?
h. EMB by custom and practise
Comments: There is no provision in the election laws regulating or controlling the media during election. The media bodies are free to publish and even take sides which leads to all the mainstream media favoring the party in power.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:19:56 UTC
ME26 What form does the responsibility, if any, of the EMB to regulate media coverage of elections take?
a. Placing limits on what the media may report about an election
b. Requiring balance in media news coverage of an election
c. Placing limits on when the media may report about an election
d. Other (specify)
Comments: d) The media was asked to abide by the Code of Ethics drawn up by the EMB
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:19:56 UTC
ME27 Does the EMB monitor media coverage of elections?
a. Yes
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:19:56 UTC
ME28 What form does the authority, if any, of the EMB to enforce remedies or sanctions against the media in case of breach of the rules on media coverage of elections take
d. Not applicable
Comments: The absence of proper legislation led to zero enforcement by EMB
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:19:56 UTC
ME29 Do political parties or candidates have a right to have their replies to inaccurate or misleading media coverage published promptly and free of charge?
a. Yes
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:19:56 UTC
ME30 What is the legal liability of the media if they report unlawful statements by candidates during election campaigns (e.g. defamatory or inflammatory speeches)?
c. Other (specify)
Comments: c) Action may be taken by the relevant authority under the relevant laws
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:19:56 UTC
ME31 Have the media or journalists' organisations adopted a code of ethics specific to elections?
Please send us a copy.
b. No
Comments: The Code of Ethics drawn up by the EMB is not legally binding ; therefore not seriously respected by the media.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:19:56 UTC
ME32 If so, how well do you perceive this code of ethics to be respected?
c. Seldom respected
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:19:56 UTC
ME34 Which of the following types of radio stations provide political parties with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?
d. Owned by political parties
Comments: No media provide free broadcast time or printed advertisement space to political parties for national election campaigns
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME35 Which of the following types of television stations provide political parties with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?
d. Owned by political parties
Comments: No media provide free broadcast time or printed advertisement space to political parties for national election campaigns
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME36 Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers provide political parties with free printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?
d. Owned by political parties
Comments: No media provide free broadcast time or printed advertisement space to political parties for national election campaigns
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME37 What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to political parties?
h. Not applicable
Comments: No free broadcast time/free printed advertisement is allocated to political parties.
Source: International IDEA (2003) "Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns".
Last updated: 2006-12-11 16:05:24 UTC
ME38 What, if any, is the maximum amount that a political party is permitted to spend on paid advertising during a campaign period?
b. The law does not specify any limits on paid advertising X
Comments: The law does not specify any limits on paid advertising
Source: International IDEA Political Finance Database http://www.idea.int/parties/finance/db/country_print.cfm?CountryCode=MY
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME39 Which of the following types of radio stations provide individual candidates (legislative) with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?
d. Owned by political parties
Comments: No media provide free broadcast time or printed advertisement space for individual candidates during national election campaigns.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME40 Which of the following types of television stations provide individual candidates (legislative) with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?
d. Owned by political parties
Comments: No media provide free broadcast time or printed advertisement space for individual candidates during national election campaigns.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME41 Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspaper provide individual candidates (legislative) with free printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?
d. Owned by political parties
Comments: No media provide free broadcast time or printed advertisement space for individual candidates during national election campaigns.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME42 What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to individual candidates (legislative)?
h. Not applicable
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME46 What are the criteria for allocating paid broadcast time and/or paid printed advertisement space to individual candidates (legislative)?
h. Other (specify)
Comments: h) Depends entirely on owner of media
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME50 What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to presidential candidates?
h. Not applicable
Comments: Not applicable - no direct presidential elections.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME55 What, if any, is the maximum amount that a presidential candidate is permitted to spend on paid advertising?
Comments: Not applicable - no direct presidential elections.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME56 What are the laws, if any, which govern the disclosure of campaign advertising expenditures by political parties and candidates?
a. ....... Elections Offences Act 1954
Comments: Elections Offences Act 1954
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME57 What, if any, is the maximum amount that a media outlet can charge parties/candidates for advertising during the campaign?
b. The law does not specify any limits X
Comments: b) Depends on media.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME58 How does this maximum amount (identified in question C.15.1) affect the political participation of smaller or newly formed parties?
Comments: Smaller parties are disadvantaged – resort to the use of booklets, flyers, meet-the-people sessions
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME59 Are televised debates between candidates or party representatives normally conducted?
c. No
Comments: Recently, as in the run-up to the 2004 election, there were a few televised debates. But they are not regular.
Source: http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=14593; Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME60 What legal requirements, if any, regulate the participation of candidates or party representatives in media debates?
Comments: Not applicable
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME62 What is the blackout period, if any, during which results of pre-election opinion polls may not be released to the public?
g. Not applicable
Comments: Not applicable – no opinion polls
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME63 Where, if at all, may exit polls be carried out?
d. No exit polls conducted to date
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME64 If exit polls are permitted, when can the results be disseminated via the media?
e. Not applicable
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME66 Are the media allowed to project/predict winners before the final results are available?
a. Yes
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:30:03 UTC
ME67 What resources does the EMB have for its work with the media?
e. Other (specify)
Comments: e) Public Affairs Section and a Public Relations Officer
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME68 Have staff responsible for media relations received training for this work?
a. Yes
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME69 Which of the following has the EMB produced or organised?
a. Media packs/press kits
b. Press releases
c. Press conferences/briefings
d. Pre-recorded radio or TV slots
e. Web site
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME70 Has the EMB provided or facilitated training for journalists in how the electoral process works?
a. Yes
Comments: EMB conducts briefings on election procedures for the media
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME71 Which of the following types of radio stations, provide free broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?
a. Publicly owned
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME72 Which of the following television stations provide free broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?
a. Publicly owned
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME73 Which of the following daily and weekly newspapers provide free print space to the EMB for voter information campaigns?
a. Publicly owned
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME74 Which of the following types of radio stations provide paid broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?
e. None
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME75 Which of the following types of television stations provide paid broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?
e. None
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME76 Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers provide paid broadcast time or print space to the EMB for voter information campaigns?
e. None
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME77 What steps does the EMB take to make sure that it is communicating its message to the media?
d. It monitors the media coverage of its own activities.
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
ME78 Which of the following do you judge to be significant barriers to the EMB in communicating its message to the media?
a. Insufficient staff with responsibility for media relations
Source: Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
Last updated: 2007-01-21 14:32:52 UTC
Parties and Candidates
PC01 What are the registration requirements for political parties running for national elections (Chamber 1)?
f. Other
Comments: a.A party must be registered with the Registrar of Societies b.A Party must register a symbol, in order to use the party symbol, with Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-20 10:08:41 UTC
PC02 What are the registration requirements for political parties running for national elections (Chamber 2)?
g. Not applicable
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 13:35:04 UTC
PC03 What are the legal qualifications to become a candidate at legislative elections (Chamber 1)?
a. Age
b. Citizenship
d. Residence
j. Other
Comments: a.Malaysian citizen and resident in Malaysia b.Minimum age of 21 years old on nomination day c.Not being disqualified by law (bankruptcy, convicted by court (imprisonment), etc)
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-20 10:08:41 UTC
PC04 What are the legal qualifications to become a candidate at legislative elections (Chamber 2)?
k. Not applicable
Comments: k) Members of the Senate are appointed.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 13:37:50 UTC
PC08 Can independent candidates compete in presidential or legislative elections?
c. In legislative elections (Chamber 1)
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 13:41:04 UTC
PC12 Do political parties receive direct/indirect public funding?
c. Indirect
Source: International IDEA (2003) "Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns"
Last updated: 2006-11-20 14:04:16 UTC
PC15 What is the basis of the public funding?
f. Not applicable
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-20 10:08:41 UTC
Vote Counting
VC01 What are the characteristics of ballots used at national legislative elections (Chamber 1)?
d. Categorical (only one mark allowed)
f. Same ballot papers used nationwide
i. Party symbols in black and white
l. No photos or logos, only party and/or candidate names
o. Ballots signed or otherwise authenticated by polling station official
Comments: l) The symbol of the party also allowed. o) Perforated.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-10-02 09:30:12 UTC
VC02 What are the characteristics of ballots used at national legislative elections (Chamber 2)?
s. Not applicable
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 14:01:50 UTC
VC03 What are the characteristics of ballots used at presidential elections?
s. Not Applicable
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 14:06:00 UTC
VC04 Following the close of the voting, where are the votes first sorted and counted?
a. At the polling stations
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 14:06:31 UTC
VC05 What procedures are used in the initial count?
b. Preliminary count of all ballots in ballot box
c. Tally of voters who voted
d. Number of ballots in box reconciled against number of voters
e. Number of ballots reconciled against ballots initially received (minus spoilt and unused)
j. Sorted into piles according to individual party/candidate
l. Counted by hand
s. Copies of results are provided to party agents
Comments: l) Witnessed by party/candidates' agents.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 14:09:39 UTC
VC06 Following the sorting and counting, to where are the results first transmitted for consolidation?
c. District level
Comments: c) Results counted at polling stationare tallied at the official tallying centre in each constituency.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 14:13:27 UTC
VC07 At what levels are seats allocated?
a. Sub-district level
Comments: a) State Constituencies. b) Parliamentary Constituencies.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-10-02 09:30:12 UTC
VC08 How are the initial/preliminary polling results transmitted and communicated to the different levels?
a. Physically transported
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 14:14:57 UTC
VC09 If the polling results are physically transported, what is transported?
a. Ballots
b. Unused and spoiled ballots
c. Counterfoils of used ballots
d. Voter rolls
g. Ballot boxes
h. Other
Comments: a/g) Ballots in the ballot boxes. b-d) In sealed envelopes. h) Statement of counting results at the polling station.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-10-02 09:30:12 UTC
VC10 If the polling results are physically transported, what security measures are used?
c. Signatures on sealed envelopes
e. Accompanied by election officials
f. Accompanied by party representatives
h. Accompanied by police or other security personnel
Comments: c) By election officials and party agents. e) Head of Polling Station. f) Party agents may not accompany the ballot boxes but in a different vehicle.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-10-02 09:30:12 UTC
VC11 Under what conditions are ballots recounted?
d. By request
Comments: d) Recounting can be requested at the polling station if the difference in votes between the winning candidate and the second leading candidate is 4 percent or less.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 14:21:21 UTC
VC12 If automatically recounted, what is the trigger?
e. Not applicable
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 14:21:42 UTC
VC13 If ballots are recounted by request, who can make the request?
b. An individual candidate
f. Other
Comments: At the polling centre. f) A candidate's agent.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-10-02 09:30:12 UTC
VC14 If recounted, who conducts the recount?
a. National Election Management body
Comments: a) Election Commission Malaysia (ECM).
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 14:24:13 UTC
VC15 Are preliminary results announced?
b. No
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 14:24:30 UTC
Voter Education
VE01 Who conducts voter education and information campaigns at the national elections (informing where, when and how to register and vote)?
a. National Electoral Management Body
Comments: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:37:44 UTC
VE02 At the national level, how often are voter education programs conducted?
c. Other
Comments: Quarterly
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:38:06 UTC
VE03 Is there a national civic education campaign (rights and responsibilities of citizens)?
b. Yes, conducted by the National Electoral Management Body
Comments: Yes, conducted by the Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:38:39 UTC
Voting Operations
VO03 Where can electors vote?
a. At a specified polling station in the locality where they are registered at national elections
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 13:19:15 UTC
VO04 Who can vote from outside the country?
e. Students
g. Other
Comments: e) Students and their spouses studying abroad. g) Government Officials and their spouses working abroad.
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-20 09:59:40 UTC
VO05 If voting outside the country is permitted, at what places?
e. By mail
Comments: Postal voting - voters can send back ballot papers by mail
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-20 09:59:40 UTC
VO10 Is there a maximum allowable voter capacity of a polling station for the national elections?
a. Yes, the maximum capacity is: 3,800
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:45:28 UTC
VO11 How do electors cast their votes?
a. By manually marking the ballot
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2006-09-26 13:28:44 UTC
Voter Registration
VR01 What is the legal voting age in the national elections?
e. 20
Comments: 21 years old
Source: Constitution article 119
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:43:18 UTC
VR02 Beyond age, what other qualifications exist for registering to vote and voting in the national elections?
a. Citizenship
b. Period of Residence
e. Other
Comments: a.Citizenship b.Resident in a constituency on such qualifying date c.Not otherwise disqualified d.Must be a registered voter to vote in an election
Source: Constitution article 119
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:44:22 UTC
VR04 Which is the authority responsible for the registration of voters for national elections?
d. Election Management Body (specify)
Comments: Election Commission Malaysia
Source: Election Commission Malaysia (ECM)
Last updated: 2008-02-12 08:43:53 UTC
20/05/2008 07:19
