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Direct Democracy

Aggregate Results
DD02

Which forms of direct democracy, if any, are currently possible at the national level? Please check the glossary for the definition of the following terms:

a. Mandatory referendum 82 countries (59%): Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Croatia, Cuba, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Iraq, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Panama, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, United Republic of, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
b. Optional referendum 74 countries (53%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malta, Moldova, Republic of, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Norway, Palestine, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen,
c. Citizens' initiative 36 countries (26%): Albania, Belarus, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Georgia, Guatemala, Hungary, Iraq, Italy, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malta, Niger, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, San Marino, Slovakia, Switzerland, Taiwan, Togo, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela,
d. Agenda initiative 20 countries (14%): Albania, Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Peru, San Marino, Spain, Togo, Uruguay,
e. Recall 18 countries (13%): Belarus, Benin, Colombia, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Niger, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Slovakia, Taiwan, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela,
f. None 20 countries (14%): Anguilla, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Germany, Indonesia, Jamaica, Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Mauritius, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates,
DD03

What is the legal basis for mandatory referendums at the national level?

a. Constitutional 59 countries (64%): Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,
b. Specific laws/legislation 23 countries (25%): Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Benin, Botswana, Croatia, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Peru, Russian Federation, Somalia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Zambia,
c. Regulations 5 countries (5%): Liberia, Malawi, Russian Federation, Switzerland, Uruguay,
d. Other 1 countries (1%): Russian Federation,
e. Not applicable 30 countries (32%): Albania, Anguilla, Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Portugal, South Africa, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
DD04

What is the legal basis for optional referendums at the national level?

a. Constitutional 57 countries (64%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, Colombia, Congo (Brazzaville), Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Palestine, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela,
b. Specific laws/legislation 33 countries (37%): Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, Peru, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela,
c. Regulations 4 countries (4%): Russian Federation, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
d. Other 3 countries (3%): Denmark, Ecuador, Russian Federation,
e. Not applicable 24 countries (26%): Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Botswana, Cambodia, Comoros, Eritrea, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Poland, Somalia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Zambia,
DD05

What is the legal basis for citizens' initiatives at the national level?

a. Constitutional 24 countries (27%): Albania, Belarus, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Colombia, Ecuador, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Philippines, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Switzerland, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela,
b. Specific laws/legislation 17 countries (19%): Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Eritrea, Georgia, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malta, Niger, Poland, Russian Federation, Switzerland, Ukraine,
c. Regulations 6 countries (6%): Liberia, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Switzerland, Uruguay,
d. Other 4 countries (4%): Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Russian Federation,
e. Not applicable 54 countries (61%): Algeria, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Comoros, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen, Zambia,
DD06

What is the legal basis for agenda initiatives at the national level?

a. Constitutional 17 countries (20%): Albania, Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ecuador, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Peru, Spain, Togo,
b. Specific laws/legislation 12 countries (14%): Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Colombia, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Peru, Spain,
c. Regulations 3 countries (3%): Liberia, Niger, Senegal,
d. Other 2 countries (2%): Côte d'Ivoire, Niger,
e. Not applicable 61 countries (72%): Algeria, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Comoros, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,
DD07

What is the legal basis for recalls at the national level?

a. Constitutional 17 countries (19%): Albania, Belarus, Benin, Colombia, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Mali, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Senegal, Uganda, Venezuela,
b. Specific laws/legislation 8 countries (9%): Belarus, Colombia, Croatia, Liechtenstein, Peru, Slovakia, Togo, Ukraine,
c. Regulations 0 countries (0%):
d. Other 1 countries (1%): Gambia,
e. Not applicable 65 countries (75%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Comoros, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Malta, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Yemen, Zambia,
DD08

What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for mandatory referendums at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

a. Constitutional 35 countries (47%): Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Poland, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,
b. Specific laws/legislation 29 countries (39%): Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Philippines, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Somalia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Yemen, Zambia,
c. Regulations 6 countries (8%): Estonia, Liberia, Malawi, Switzerland, Uganda, Uruguay,
d. Other 1 countries (1%): Colombia,
e. Not applicable 24 countries (32%): Albania, Anguilla, Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Palestine, Portugal, South Africa, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
DD09

What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for optional referendums at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

a. Constitutional 30 countries (41%): Albania, Algeria, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Estonia, Georgia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Yemen,
b. Specific laws/legislation 36 countries (50%): Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela, Yemen,
c. Regulations 5 countries (6%): Estonia, Peru, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
d. Other 1 countries (1%): Colombia,
e. Not applicable 23 countries (31%): Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Cambodia, Eritrea, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Poland, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Zambia,
DD10

What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for citizens' initiatives at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

a. Constitutional 14 countries (18%): Albania, Ecuador, Georgia, Ghana, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay,
b. Specific laws/legislation 21 countries (27%): Albania, Belarus, Benin, Colombia, Croatia, Eritrea, Georgia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Venezuela,
c. Regulations 4 countries (5%): Niger, Senegal, Switzerland, Uruguay,
d. Other 1 countries (1%): Liberia,
e. Not applicable 49 countries (63%): Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen, Zambia,
DD100

What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for an agenda initiative?

a. Ban on paid signature collectors 4 countries (8%): Argentina, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Niger,
b. Ban on payment per signature 9 countries (19%): Albania, Argentina, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Senegal,
c. Requirement for signature collectors to be registered electors 3 countries (6%): Burkina Faso, Niger, Uganda,
d. Requirement for signature collectors to identify if they are paid or volunteers 1 countries (2%): Liberia,
e. Other (specify) 1 countries (2%): Belarus,
f. Not applicable 35 countries (76%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,
DD101

What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for a recall?

a. Ban on paid signature collectors 1 countries (2%): Liberia,
b. Ban on payment per signature 1 countries (2%): Liberia,
c. Requirement for signature collectors to be registered electors 3 countries (6%): Belarus, Uganda, Ukraine,
d. Requirement for signature collectors to identify if they are paid or volunteers 1 countries (2%): Liberia,
e. Other (specify) 2 countries (4%): Belarus, Ukraine,
f. Not applicable 44 countries (91%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Palestine, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Yemen,
DD102

What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a referendum?

a. All signatures checked 12 countries (26%): Benin, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Georgia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mali, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Togo, Uganda,
b. Sample of signatures checked 7 countries (15%): Belarus, Latvia, Liberia, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Switzerland,
c. Other (specify) 3 countries (6%): Albania, Netherlands, Ukraine,
d. Not applicable 24 countries (52%): Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Djibouti, Estonia, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Niger, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Yemen,
DD103

What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a citizens' initiative?

DD104

What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a recall?

DD105

Who is responsible for checking the signatures?

a. Agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms 16 countries (34%): Albania, Belarus, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine,
b. Another government department (specify) 3 countries (6%): Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal,
c. Local authorities 4 countries (8%): Austria, Croatia, Finland, Switzerland,
d. Other (specify) 10 countries (21%): Argentina, Benin, Burkina Faso, Georgia, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Togo,
e. Not applicable 17 countries (36%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Morocco, Palestine, Romania, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Yemen,
DD106

Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in a referendum?

a. Agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms 32 countries (62%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Eritrea, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Peru, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,
b. Other government department 3 countries (5%): Chile, Netherlands, Togo,
f. Other (specify) 11 countries (21%): Benin, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sierra Leone, Sweden, Togo, Uruguay,
g. Not applicable 9 countries (17%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Lithuania, Tunisia,
DD107

Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in an initiative?

a. Agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms 16 countries (32%): Albania, Belarus, Eritrea, Gambia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Peru, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Switzerland, Ukraine,
e. Registered electors 2 countries (4%): Benin, Togo,
f. Other (specify) 9 countries (18%): Argentina, Benin, Croatia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Togo, Uruguay,
g. Not applicable 25 countries (51%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Lesotho, Lithuania, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,
DD108

Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in a recall?

DD109

What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for a referendum?

a. Information booklets 31 countries (58%): Albania, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
b. Leaflets and pamphlets 22 countries (41%): Albania, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Croatia, Eritrea, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sweden, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
c. Radio broadcasts 33 countries (62%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen,
d. TV broadcasts 33 countries (62%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen,
e. Press advertisements 31 countries (58%): Armenia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen,
f. Website 21 countries (39%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Portugal, Senegal, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland,
g. Other(specify) 10 countries (18%): Armenia, Botswana, Gambia, Poland, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay,
h. None 5 countries (9%): Benin, Lithuania, Peru, Romania, Sudan,
i. Not applicable 8 countries (15%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Cambodia, Egypt, Latvia, Palestine, Tunisia,
DD11

What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for agenda initiatives at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

a. Constitutional 8 countries (10%): Albania, Argentina, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Togo, Uruguay,
b. Specific laws/legislation 11 countries (14%): Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Colombia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Peru,
c. Regulations 2 countries (2%): Niger, Senegal,
d. Other 2 countries (2%): Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia,
e. Not applicable 56 countries (75%): Algeria, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,
DD110

What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for an initiative?

a. Information booklets 14 countries (28%): Albania, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Switzerland, Togo,
b. Leaflets and pamphlets 8 countries (16%): Albania, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Somalia, Togo,
c. Radio broadcasts 13 countries (26%): Albania, Belarus, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Togo,
d. TV broadcasts 13 countries (26%): Albania, Belarus, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Togo,
e. Press advertisements 12 countries (24%): Belarus, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Togo,
f. Website 11 countries (22%): Albania, Belarus, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Switzerland, Togo,
g. Other(specify) 4 countries (8%): Gambia, Poland, Ukraine, Uruguay,
h. None 6 countries (12%): Argentina, Benin, Lithuania, Peru, Romania, Sudan,
i. Not applicable 26 countries (52%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Latvia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,
DD111

What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for a recall?

a. Information booklets 6 countries (12%): Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Niger, Peru,
b. Leaflets and pamphlets 4 countries (8%): Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Peru,
c. Radio broadcasts 5 countries (10%): Belarus, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru,
d. TV broadcasts 6 countries (12%): Belarus, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru,
e. Press advertisements 5 countries (10%): Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru,
f. Website 6 countries (12%): Belarus, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru,
g. Other(specify) 1 countries (2%): Gambia,
h. None 4 countries (8%): Lithuania, Romania, Sudan, Ukraine,
i. Not applicable 39 countries (78%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Latvia, Lesotho, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Yemen,
DD112

Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in a referendum?

a. Compulsory registration of campaigners and campaign groups 13 countries (25%): Armenia, Belarus, Eritrea, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Portugal, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
b. Expenditure limits 8 countries (15%): Armenia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Portugal, Russian Federation, Somalia, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
c. Contribution limits 6 countries (11%): Armenia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
d. Restrictions on the sources of contributions 11 countries (21%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Estonia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
e. Disclosure requirements 17 countries (33%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Estonia, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Togo, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
f. Other (please specify) 2 countries (3%): Albania, Russian Federation,
g. None 21 countries (41%): Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Ukraine, Uruguay, Yemen,
h. Not applicable 10 countries (19%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Liechtenstein, Palestine, Tunisia,
DD113

Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in an initiative?

a. Compulsory registration of campaigners and campaign groups 8 countries (16%): Belarus, Eritrea, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia,
b. Expenditure limits 5 countries (10%): Argentina, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Russian Federation, Somalia,
c. Contribution limits 4 countries (8%): Argentina, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Russian Federation,
d. Restrictions on the sources of contributions 7 countries (14%): Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Russian Federation, Somalia,
e. Disclosure requirements 11 countries (22%): Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Togo,
f. Other (please specify) 3 countries (6%): Albania, Russian Federation, Togo,
g. None 9 countries (18%): Benin, Croatia, Finland, Lithuania, Peru, Poland, Sudan, Ukraine, Uruguay,
h. Not applicable 26 countries (54%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Seychelles, South Africa, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,
DD114

Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in a recall?

a. Compulsory registration of campaigners and campaign groups 2 countries (4%): Belarus, Niger,
c. Contribution limits 1 countries (2%): Niger,
d. Restrictions on the sources of contributions 1 countries (2%): Niger,
e. Disclosure requirements 3 countries (6%): Gambia, Mali, Niger,
g. None 5 countries (10%): Croatia, Peru, Romania, Sudan, Ukraine,
h. Not applicable 38 countries (80%): Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Yemen,
DD115

What is the period during which these controls apply for a referendum?

DD116

What is the period during which these controls apply for an initiative?

DD117

What is the period during which these controls apply for a recall?

DD118

Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for a referendum? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. Single designated campaign organisation for each side 4 countries (8%): Mali, Niger, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
b. Selected campaign organisations 9 countries (18%): Eritrea, Finland, Lithuania, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, Uganda,
c. All campaign organisations 8 countries (16%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Turkey, Ukraine,
d. No campaign organisations 15 countries (31%): Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Yemen,
e. Other (specify) 3 countries (6%): Estonia, Ukraine, Uruguay,
f. Not applicable 12 countries (25%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Benin, Cambodia, Egypt, Gambia, Palestine, Peru, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia,
DD119

Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for an initiative? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. Single designated campaign organisation for each side 3 countries (6%): Madagascar, Mali, Niger,
b. Selected campaign organisations 7 countries (15%): Chile, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal,
c. All campaign organisations 3 countries (6%): Albania, Belarus, Ukraine,
d. No campaign organisations 6 countries (13%): Burkina Faso, Croatia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Sudan,
e. Other (specify) 2 countries (4%): Ukraine, Uruguay,
f. Not applicable 29 countries (63%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Lesotho, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,
DD12

What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for recalls at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

a. Constitutional 11 countries (13%): Benin, Colombia, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Liechtenstein, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Venezuela,
b. Specific laws/legislation 11 countries (13%): Belarus, Colombia, Croatia, Liechtenstein, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Slovakia, Togo, Ukraine,
c. Regulations 1 countries (1%): Peru,
d. Other 2 countries (2%): Gambia, Liberia,
e. Not applicable 59 countries (74%): Albania, Algeria, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Yemen, Zambia,
DD120

Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for a recall? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

b. Selected campaign organisations 1 countries (2%): Somalia,
c. All campaign organisations 2 countries (4%): Belarus, Ukraine,
d. No campaign organisations 5 countries (10%): Croatia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Romania, Sudan,
e. Other (specify) 1 countries (2%): Ukraine,
f. Not applicable 39 countries (82%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Palestine, Peru, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Yemen,
DD121

Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for a referendum? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. Financial grant 9 countries (17%): Belarus, Finland, Madagascar, Netherlands, Seychelles, Somalia, Sweden, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
b. Free media access 20 countries (38%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Chile, Eritrea, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
c. Free publication space in information document 7 countries (13%): Eritrea, Liechtenstein, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, Switzerland, Uganda,
d. Free mailshot 3 countries (5%): Eritrea, Somalia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
e. Other (specify) 3 countries (5%): Morocco, Portugal, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
f. None 12 countries (23%): Botswana, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lesotho, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Peru, Romania, South Africa, Sudan, Uruguay,
g. Not applicable 13 countries (25%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Palestine, Togo, Tunisia, Yemen,
DD122

Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for an initiative? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. Financial grant 3 countries (6%): Belarus, Madagascar, Somalia,
b. Free media access 12 countries (25%): Albania, Belarus, Eritrea, Gambia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Niger, Poland, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Ukraine,
c. Free publication space in information document 8 countries (17%): Eritrea, Gambia, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, Switzerland,
d. Free mailshot 2 countries (4%): Eritrea, Somalia,
f. None 9 countries (19%): Argentina, Croatia, Latvia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Peru, Sudan, Togo, Uruguay,
g. Not applicable 24 countries (51%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Lesotho, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,
DD123

Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for a recall? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. Financial grant 2 countries (4%): Belarus, Somalia,
b. Free media access 5 countries (10%): Belarus, Gambia, Niger, Somalia, Ukraine,
c. Free publication space in information docum 4 countries (8%): Gambia, Liechtenstein, Niger, Somalia,
d. Free mailshot 1 countries (2%): Somalia,
f. None 6 countries (12%): Croatia, Mali, Peru, Romania, Sudan, Uganda,
g. Not applicable 37 countries (77%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Yemen,
DD125

Is the government permitted to campaign either in favour of or against any specific outcome to a referendum, initiatives or recall vote?

DD15

Who is responsible for managing the administration of direct democracy mechanisms at the national level?

a. Government (specify department) 19 countries (25%): Bulgaria, Croatia, Egypt, Finland, Greece, Italy, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Mali, Netherlands, Portugal, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zimbabwe,
b. Independent electoral commission 43 countries (58%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Ecuador, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen,
c. President 3 countries (4%): Liberia, Mali, Slovakia,
d. Legislature 7 countries (9%): Argentina, Croatia, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Spain, Uganda,
e. Other (specify who) 14 countries (18%): Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Benin, Denmark, Georgia, Malawi, Morocco, Palestine, Somalia, Switzerland, Uganda, Zambia,
f. Not applicable 6 countries (8%): Anguilla, Belgium, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Germany, Zimbabwe,
DD16

Does this agency/department also manage the administration of national elections?

a. Yes 55 countries (75%): Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen,
b. No 12 countries (16%): Bahrain, Benin, Croatia, Georgia, Malawi, Mali, Palestine, Slovakia, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
c. Not applicable 6 countries (8%): Belgium, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Colombia, Germany, Ukraine,
DD17

Are mandatory referendums currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces 31 countries (31%): Algeria, Australia, Bahrain, Bolivia, Croatia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Italy, Madagascar, Malta, Morocco, Mozambique, Panama, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,
b. Yes, in some regions/states/provinces 2 countries (2%): Mexico, Palestine,
c. No 48 countries (48%): Afghanistan, Albania, Anguilla, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Moldova, Republic of, Namibia, Niger, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Swaziland, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
d. Not applicable 19 countries (19%): Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Mali, Netherlands, Senegal, Slovakia, Togo,
DD18

Are optional referendums currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces 28 countries (28%): Algeria, Australia, Bahrain, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Madagascar, Malta, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen,
b. Yes, in some regions/states/provinces 9 countries (9%): Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Palestine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
c. No 42 countries (42%): Afghanistan, Albania, Anguilla, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Cambodia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Zambia,
d. Not applicable 20 countries (20%): Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Mali, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Slovakia, Somalia, Uruguay,
DD19

Are citizens' initiatives currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces 16 countries (16%): Colombia, Croatia, Ecuador, Eritrea, Liberia, Malta, Moldova, Republic of, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela,
b. Yes, in some regions/states/provinces 2 countries (2%): Germany, Senegal,
c. No 51 countries (53%): Afghanistan, Albania, Anguilla, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia,
d. Not applicable 27 countries (28%): Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Jordan, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Yemen,
DD20

Are agenda initiatives currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces 6 countries (6%): Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay,
b. Yes, in some regions/states/provinces 7 countries (7%): Argentina, Austria, Côte d'Ivoire, Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, Senegal,
c. No 50 countries (52%): Afghanistan, Albania, Anguilla, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Malta, Moldova, Republic of, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Panama, Portugal, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia,
d. Not applicable 33 countries (34%): Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Bahrain, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Poland, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen,
DD21

Are recalls currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces 8 countries (9%): Canada, Croatia, Ecuador, Peru, Philippines, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela,
b. Yes, in some regions/states/provinces 4 countries (4%): Argentina, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Switzerland,
c. No 49 countries (56%): Albania, Anguilla, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia,
d. Not applicable 25 countries (29%): Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Bahrain, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Eritrea, Ghana, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Yemen,
DD22

Are mandatory referendums currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all municipalities/districts/communes 21 countries (24%): Algeria, Bahrain, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Ghana, Hungary, Malta, Morocco, Palestine, Philippines, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Yemen,
b. Yes, in some municipalities/districts/communes 1 countries (1%): Denmark,
c. No 56 countries (65%): Albania, Andorra, Anguilla, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, <