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Género, minorías y elecciones 75 materiales

Título	Descripción
Persisten obstáculos para garantizar comicios con equidad de género en América Latina,NotieSe (2010)	Artículo que describe la realidad actual de las cuotas de género en América Latina
Les femmes au parlement : au-delà du nombre	Le manuel Les Femmes au parlement – Au-delà du nombre est une contribution de International IDEA au renforcement de la particiption des femmes à la vie politique. Il se veut un outil pratique. Des universitaires, des militantes et des personnalités politiques proposent des analyses du statut des femmes qui participent au pouvoir en Afrique francophone et dans d’autres régions ainsi que des facteurs qui déterminent ce statut. Ce manuel présente divers aspects tels que les systèmes électoraux, les quotas et les mécanismes auxquels les femmes peuvent avoir recours pour influencer le processus politique. Des études nationales décrivent les expériences de femmes qui ont participé aux législatures de divers pays du monde, notamment francophones.
Women in Parliament and Politics in the UAE: A Study of the First Federal National Council Elections, Dubai School of Government (2009)	This study shows that the growth of women’s participation in parliaments worldwide is still notably low and, in response, the majority of governments have introduced policy measures to redress the gender imbalance. In the United Arab Emirates, a country that recently initiated an electoral parliamentary process, elections were held in 2006 and included women as both voters and candidates for the first time. This historical juncture provides a timely opportunity for analyzing the entry of women into parliamentary life in the UAE, and to contribute to the global debate on closing the political gender gap. Based on interviews with members of the Federal National Council, surveys of the opinions of male and female candidates who participated in the UAE elections, and archival material from the election campaigns, this study investigates key themes in the nature of women’s roles in the political process. The findings of this study demonstrate commonalities between the experiences of both male and female politicians, as well as critical gender-specific challenges. Key recommendations based on the findings include continued support of government for a more inclusive political process, quality training for candidates and parliamentarians, closing the gender gap in citizenship status, and strengthening the role of the Federal National Council.
التجربة البرلمانية للمرأة الإماراتية: دراسة حول أولى انتخابات المجلس الوطني الاتحادي ، كلية دبي للادارة الحكومية (2009)	لايزال نمو مشاركة المرأة في البرلمانات في العالم منخفضا وفي مقابل ذلك ؛ أتخذت غالبية الحكومات تدابير في سياساتها لمعالجة عدم التكافؤ بين الجنسين. موضوع هذه الدراسة هو طبيعة دور المرأة في العملية السياسية ، استنادا الى مقابلات مع أعضاء المجلس الوطني الاتحادي ، والدراسات الاستقصائية لآراء المرشحين من الذكور والإناث الذين شاركوا في الانتخابات الإمارات العربية المتحدة ، والمواد الأرشيفية من الحملات الانتخابية . تظهر نتائج هذه الدراسة القواسم المشتركة بين تجارب كل من السياسيين الذكور والإناث ، فضلا عن التحديات الهامة المتعلقة بنوع الجنس . تستند التوصيات الرئيسية إلى نتائج تشمل الدعم المستمر من الحكومة لمزيد من العملية السياسية الشاملة ، والتدريب الجيد للمرشحين والبرلمانيين ، وسد الفجوة بين الجنسين في المواطنة ، وتعزيز دور المجلس الوطني الاتحادي.
Women in Politics: Quotas, Voter Attitudes and Female Leadership, Dubai School of Government (2009)	This policy brief is about gender quotas which are increasingly being used throughout the world as a policy tool to improve women’s participation in politics. While in many cases these policies have succeeded in increasing the number of women politicians, there is a lack of evidence on how exposure to women leaders impacts the beliefs of the average voter. In order to determine the causal effect of affirmative action policies on voter attitudes and electoral outcomes, a study in West Bengal uses a novel approach to look at the effect of mandated reservation in Indian village councils. The study takes advantage of the fact that villages were randomly assigned the reservation policy, and uses speeches and vignettes experiments as well as Implicit Association Tests (IATs) to analyze this issue. The results suggest that repeated exposure to women leaders reduces voter bias against them, and that repeated reservation significantly improves electoral outcomes in the medium term.
النساء في عالم السياسة: الحصص وأتجاهات الناخبين والقيادة النسائية ، كلية دبي للادارة الحكومية (2009)	تتزايد نسبة حصص الجنسين (الكوتا ) المستخدمة في جميع أنحاء العالم كأداة للسياسة العامة لتحسين مشاركة المرأة في السياسة . في الوقت الذي نجحت فيه هذه السياسات في زيادة عدد النساء السياسيات ، فهناك قلة في الأدلة حول كيفية تأثير تعرض للقيادات النسائية لآراء الناخب العادي . من أجل تحديد التأثير الناجم لسياسات العمل الإيجابية على مواقف الناخبين ونتائج الانتخابات ، تستخدم هذه الدراسة ولاية البنغال الغربية نهجا جديدا للنظر في أثر التحفظ في مجالس القرى الهندية . تشير النتائج الى ان التطرق الى النساء السياسيات بشكل مستمر يقلل من انحياز الناخب ضدهن وان تكرار التحفظ يحسن الى حد ملحوظ المحصلات الانتخابية على المدى المتوسط .
Montenegro: Regional Conference on Good Governance, Ethics and Transparency at Local Level (OSCE, 2010)	Recommendations on strengthening the quality of local governance
Montenegro: 10th Cetinje Parliamentary Forum (OSCE, 2010)	Joint statement of the participants of 10th Cetinje Parliamentary forum "Women, Peace and Security - ten years anniversary from the adoption of the UN Security Council Resolution 1325"
A Catalogue of Remedies and Assistance for Community Members (OSCE, 2010)	The catalogue provides communities members in Kosovo with information on what they can do to address concerns relating to the upholding of their fundamental rights, whom to approach and how to make a complaint if they feel that their rights have been violated. It covers as many different areas of concern as possible, from how to tackle discrimination based on sex and gender, through the police harassment based on ones community identity, to how to ensure that the name of a village is properly spelled in all languages on a road sign.
Canada: The Electoral Participation of Aboriginal People	This concept paper was written for Elections Canada and reviews and analyzes Aboriginal voter participation.
Canada: The Electoral Participation of Ethnocultural Communities	Immigrants and ethnocultural minorities are likely to constitute increasingly larger segments of the electorate in the 21st century. Many studies from Western European countries have shown that naturalized citizens vote at lower rates than the native-born and that eligible voters from some non-European cultural groups are less likely to vote than members of the majority cultural group. This study examines whether Canada’s foreign-born and non-European voters also experienced the same participation disadvantage in the 2000 and 2004 federal elections.
Iraq: Increasing Women’s Representation in Iraq - What strategies would work best?	This paper by Pippa Norris (Harvard University, prepared for the National Endowment for Democracy) examines possible strategies for increasing women’s representation in Iraq (February 2004)
Iraq: Women Quotas in Iraq	A brief document from the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) examining the quota system adopted for the 2005 National Assembly elections in Iraq.
Kuwait: IPU Press release on womens participation in election (2006)	An IPU Press release congratulating Kuwaiti women on their participation in the July 2006 election and highlighting future steps needed to achieve equality, and actions that were being taken to get there.
Yemen: Voter Education Sticker for Women	A copy of a voter information sticker developed by the Electoral Support Team of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to promote female participation in the 2003 Parliamentary elections in Yemen.
Yemen: Voter Education Sticker for Women (2)	A copy of a voter information sticker developed by the Electoral Support Team of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to promote female participation in the voter registration process for the 2003 Parliamentary elections in Yemen.
Guidelines to Assist National Minority Participation in the Electoral Process	Published by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR). Report elaborates on recommendations from the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Public Life (called the “Lund Recommendations”); the argument is made in pages 40-43 of this document that geographic boundaries of electoral districts should facilitate the equitable representation of national minorities.
Enhancing Women’s Participation in Electoral Processes in Post-conflict Countries	The report "Enhancing Women’s Participation in Electoral Processes in Post-conflict Countries" by the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, Department of Political Affairs, 20 February 2004, EGM/ELEC/2004/ REPORT
Enhancing women's participation in electoral processes (2004)	Opening Statement by Angela King, Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women at the Commission on the Status of Women Panel Discussion "Enhancing women's participation in electoral processes in post-conflict countries" held at United Nations -Headquarters, New York, 3 March 2004
Women and Elections: Guide to Promoting the Participation of Women in Elections (2005)	A comprehensive guide produced by the United Nations as part of its efforts to enhance women's participation in electoral processes in post-conflict countries.
Designing for Equality (2007)	This publication looks into the best-fit, medium-fit and non-favourable combinations of electoral systems and gender quotas.
United States: Election 2004, the Latino and Asian Vote	The paper "Election 2004, the Latino and Asian Vote" written by Jeffrey S. Passel, Urban Institute Immigration Studies Program (2004)
The Electoral Rights of Conflict Forced Migrants (IOM)	The paper "Electoral Rights of Conflict Forced Migrants: A Review of Relevant Legal Norms and Instruments" by Jeremy Grace (June 2003) is part of the Participatory Elections Project (PEP) of the International Organization for Migrations (IOM)
Guidelines to Assist National Minority Participation in the Electoral Process (ODIHR IDEA)	The "Guidelines to Assist National Minority Participation in the Electoral Process" by the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) in conjunction with the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) and the OSCE oofice of the High Commissioner on National Minorities.
United States: Voter Turnout Among Young Women and Men CIRCLE (2005)	This fact sheet presents information on one measure of civic engagement, voter turnout, across women and men. It also highlights some of the similarities and differences between young women and young men in their attitudes towards voting in The United States
United Kingdom: Gender and political participation (2004)	This paper presents the findings of a research study, funded by The Electoral Commission, looking at the extent and nature of men and women’s political participation in the UK and examining the existence of any political activism ‘gap’ by gender.
DPKO/DFS–DPA Joint Guidelines on Enhancing the Role of Women in Post-conflict Electoral Processes (2007)	The main objective of these guidelines is to provide advice on measures that could be implemented in future electoral processes in post-conflict environments to increase the participation of women as voters, candidates and electoral officials and to ensure that electoral processes have an equal impact on women and men.
Designing for Equality: Best-fit, medium-fit and non-favourable combinations of electoral systems and gender quotas (2007)	This 2007 International IDEA publication provides an overview of the fit of various electoral systems with different kinds of quotas. It assesses how increased women's representation can be achieved under different combinations of electoral systems and quotas, serving as a reference tool for all those who work to increase women's representation in politics.
Designing for Equality: Interactive table showing combinations of electoral systems and gender quotas (2007)	This poster was developed for the International IDEA publication "Designing for Equality: Best-fit, medium-fit and non-favourable combinations of electoral systems and gender quotas" and provides an overview of the institutional design measures that can be taken to improve the representation of women in elected assemblies.
South Africa: Promoting Gender Equality in and through Media (2002)	This is the case study presented at the United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW) Expert Group Meeting on “Participation and access of women to the media, and the impact of media on, and its use as an instrument for the advancement and empowerment of women”, Beirut, Lebanon, 2002.
Brasil: Quotas for Women in the Legislative System	Case Study by Clara Araujo in "The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences".
Poland: Gender Party Quotas	Case Study by Renata Siemienska in "The Implementation of Quotas: European Experiences"
Rwanda: Quotas in Practice - The Challange of Quota Implementation and Enforcement	Case Study on Legislated Quota System for Women in Rwanda
Serbia and Montenegro: Implementing Quotas - Legal Reform and Enforcement	Case Study of European Experiences with Legislated Quotas for Women
Comparative Studies of Electoral Gender Quotas (2003)	Paper by Drude Dahlerup presented at the International IDEA workshop "The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences", Lima, Peru 23-24 February 2003.
Common Arguments For and Against Quotas	A comparative table describing advantages and disadvantages in the use of quotas.
United Kingdom: Voting Access for the Disabled (1992)	A discussion of improving access to the vote for disabled voters. Suggestions include alternative voting mechanisms such as postal voting as well as making polling station layout more user friendly for disabled voters
Lebanon: Taif Agreement (1989)	This document is and English version of the Taif Agreement. The treaty, negotiated in Taif, Saudi Arabia, ended the civil war and reestablished Lebanese sovereignty over its territory. This agreement is the basic law creating the political institutions of the Lebanese state.
Liban: Accord de Taef (1989)	Ce document est la version française de l'Accord de Taef mettant fin à la guerre civile au Liban. Le texte rétabli la souveraineté du gouvernement Libanais sur son territoire et établi la base des structures de l'État du Liban.
Lebanon: Lebanon’s Sunni Islamists: A Growing Force (2008)
France: Loi n° 2000-493 du 6 juin 2000 tendant à favoriser l’égal accès des femmes et des hommes aux mandats électoraux et fonctions électives, Version initiale (2000)	Cette version initiale de le Loi n° 2000-493 vise à favoriser l’accès égal des citoyens et citoyennes français à la candidature aux élections pour les mandats dans les institutions de la République française ou des territoires d'outre-mer. Certains articles de la loi initiale ont été considérés comme non conformes à la constitution par la Décision 2000-429 DC du Conseil Constitutionnel.
ُEgypt: The road to Parliament, Al-Ahram Weekly (2010)	In this collection of analysis and articles, Al-Ahram Weekly offers a comprehensive guide to the elections, mapping the political landscape, profiling parties and their candidates, providing views and assessments including a brief history of parliament and the Higher Elections Committee, coverage of what are expected to be the most closely fought constituency battles, concerns over human rights violations and the challenges facing civil and international monitors alongside opinion articles by leading political commentators.
Women and Elections: Guide to Promoting the Participation of Women in Elections, The United Nations (2005)	A guide designed to assist organizations in encouraging women to participate in electoral processes. The handbook addresses each stage of the electoral process individually an how to increase the involvement of women in every part of the cycle.
Election Resources, The Communication Initiative Network	Links to resources available through the Communication Initiative Network. Menus allow you to filter publications by topic area.
Democratic Republic of the Congo: DRC Elections 2006 - Women in Politics, International IDEA (2006)	This document, published by International IDEA, gives information and links on issues related to gender equality and elections in the RDC.
Democratic Republic of the Congo: What Elections Mean: Identities, Return and Reintegration in the DRC, International IDEA (2006)	This document is and extract from ‘Democracy in War -torn Societies’, International IDEA (2006) Democracy, Conflict and Human Security: Pursuing Peace in the 21st Century, pp. 183 -184.
France: Décision du Conseil constitutionnel n° 2000-429 DC du 30 mai, Loi tendant à favoriser l'égal accès des femmes et des hommes aux mandats électoraux et fonctions électives (2000)	Cette décision du Conseil constitutionnel déclare l'inconstitutionnalité de certains articles de la Loi tendant à favoriser l'égal accès des femmes et des hommes aux mandats électoraux et fonctions électives.
Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. A Revised Edition.	This updated edition of Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers Handbook covers the ground of women’s access to the legislature in three steps: It looks into the obstacles women confront when entering Parliament – be they political, socio-economic or ideological and psychological. It presents solutions to overcome these obstacles, such as changing electoral systems and introducing quotas, and it details strategies for women to influence politics once they are elected to parliament, an institution which is traditionally male dominated.
Tunisie: Arrêté fixant les mesures facilitant à l'électeur handicapé l'exercice de son droit de vote (2011)	Ce document est une traduction officielle publiée par l’Instance Supérieure Indépendante pour les Élections de la Tunisie.
الانتخابات البرلمانية العراقية 2010 ، أذاعة العراق الحر (2010)	مخطط يبين توزيع المقاعد النيابية لمجلس النواب العراقي (البرلمان) وخرائط توضح التحالفت بين الكتل النيابية و نسب المشاركة من الجنسين في مختلف المحافظات اضافة الى نسبة المشاركة في الخارح وحسب الدول .
United States of America: Final Report, Cherokee Nation Elections, The Carter Center (1999)
Cook Islands: National Policy on Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment and Strategic Plan of Action 2011-2016 (2011)	This document was produced by the Cook Islands government. The paper explains and outlines the diferent governmental strategies and actions undertaken in order to empower women and improve gender equality in the Cook Islands.
Croatia: Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia (2002)	This act establishes the legal framework for the recognition of national minorities' rights in Croatia. The text has provisions regarding the representation of minorities in the parliamentary institutions.
A Campaign Manual for Women Candidates in the Sierra Leone Local Government Elections (2008)	A training manual from the National Democratic Institute (NDI), designed specifically to assist women in the unique challenges they face when running in local elections. The manual discusses local government, public speaking, campaign planning and fundraising. It includes worksheets for planning and organizing election campaigns.
The United States of America: Final Report, Cherokee Nation Elections, The Carter Center (1999)	The report by the first comprehensive election observation mission, sent by The Carter Center, in the United States in May, 1999. The mission's monitors observed voting within the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma for the positions of principal chief, deputy chief, and all 15 Tribal Council seats.
Democratic Republic of the Congo: Determining How Districts Might be Delimited in a Post-Conflict Society
New Zealand: Outreach A4 Booklet (2011)	This booklet is addressed to voters with disabilities. It gives information on how they can get help in the voting poll, find their poll and cast their vote before and on elections day.
Tuvalu: Report 5 Advancing Women's Representation in Tuvalu	This report explains the current situation regarding the political representation of women in Tuvalu. The paper makes recommendations aiming to increase women's participation and representation.
iKnowPolitics - Gender Quotas, Women In Politics, Parity	Gender Quotas, Women In Politics, Parity The International Knowledge Network of Women in Politics (iKNOW Politics) is an online workspace designed to serve the needs of elected officials, candidates, political party leaders and members, researchers, students and other practitioners interested in advancing women in politics. It is a joint project of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI), the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA).
Municipal responses to displacement and returns in Kosovo (OSCE, 2010)	A study on displaced persons and returnees.
Elections and Minorities: Present Problems and Alternatives for the Future, Centre for Policy Alternatives CPA (2010)	This report briefly highlights some of the obstacles faced by minorities in voting during the Presidential Elections and problems that may arise in future elections. The report gives recommendations to the Government, political parties, donors, humanitarian agencies, civil society and others.
Perú: Ubicación de las mujeres en las listas de candidatos (2006)	Estadísticas de la ubicación de las mujeres en las listas de candidatos a nivel regional y provincial. Muestra cuadros donde se aprecia la frecuencia de ubicación de las mujeres en los distintos números de la lista.
Perú: Ubicación de los jóvenes en las listas de candidatos (2006)	Ubicación de los jóvenes en las listas de candidatos. Muestra datos donde se ubica la posición de los jóvenes en las listas de las elecciones provinciales y distritales.
Perú: Representantes de Comunidades Nativas (2006)	Informe sobre los candidatos representantes de comunidades nativas. Muestra los postulantes y aquellos candidatos que llegaron a ser elegidos en las Elecciones Municipales y Regionales 2006.
Democracy at the Local Level (2001)	In today’s globalizing world, there is growing emphasis on local democracy. More than ever, cities need new ideas for ways of managing the political challenges and opportunities that arise from increased urbanization and globalization. Governing effectively at the local level is all the more urgent as vigorous local civic engagement builds the foundation for a strong and more enduring national-level democracy. Organized in six chapters and written by experts from around the world, this International IDEA Handbook offers: Practical suggestions for designing systems of local governance Principles and policies for managing culturally diverse cities Choices for enhancing local elections and representative democracy Options for expanding citizen participation Recommendations for the international community for enhancing local democracy.
New Zealand: Report from the Representation Commission (2002)	This report was submitted by the Representation Commission to the Governor General of New Zealand and presented to the House of Representatives in 2002. The document gives recommendations regarding the definition of the electoral districts of New Zealand. A special attention is given to the representation of the Maori population.
New Zealand: Electoral Act (2010)	This document is the 1993 New Zealand Electoral Act including all the amendments made intil 2010. The lgislative text includes certain provision regarding the vote in Tokelau.
New Zealand: Electoral Iwi Organisation and Other Maori Organisation Regulations (2008)	This law recognizes legally the Iwi and other Maori organizations present throughout New Zealand. The document contains the list of the communities and organizations recognized.
New Zealand: Enrolling to vote as a New Zealand Maori	This document is a handbook giving information on how to register to the electoral list if your are a Maori New Zealand citizen. The document is both in English and Maori.
New Zealand: Electoral Regulations (SR 1996/93) (2011)	This link leads to the 1996 Electoral Regulations. The text includes provisions regarding the elections in Tokelau and contains the amendments made until 2011.
France: Loi n° 2000-493 du 6 juin 2000 tendant à favoriser l’égal accès des femmes et des hommes aux mandats électoraux et fonctions électives, Version consolidée (2011)	Cette version consolidée de le Loi n° 2000-493 vise à favoriser l’accès égal des citoyens et citoyennes français à la candidature aux élections pour les mandats dans les institutions de la République française ou des territoires d'outre-mer. Certains articles de la loi initiale ont été considérés comme non conformes à la constitution par la Décision 2000-429 DC du Conseil Constitutionnel (CC). Le document inclut l tous les amendements faits en date du 12 décembre 2011.
France: Consitutional Counsil decision n° 2000-429 DC of 30 May, Act to promote equal access of women and men to electoral mandates and elective offices (2000)	This decision of the French Constitutional Council calls certain articles of the Act to promote equal access of women and men to electoral mandates and elective offices as unconstitutional.
Afghanistan:Observation Report, Presidential Election, ANFREL (2004)	A report from the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL) on the 2004 Afghanistan presidential elections. The observation mission included the first two Afghan women to be involved in an international observation mission. The ANFREL mission focused on contributing to electoral integrity, providing accurate information and enhancing the capacity of civil society organizations.
Sudan: Darfur Peace Agreement (2006)	This document is an English version of the Darfur Peace Agreement. The text mentions the roles of electoral processes, wealth sharing and power sharing in the establishment of a durable peace between the Government of the Sudan, the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and the Justice and Equality Movement.
Indonesia: Aceh: Balloting for Peace (2006)