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Media and Elections Index
- me Media and Elections
- me10 Overview
- me20 Guiding Principles
- me30 Administrative Considerations
- me40 Cost Considerations
- me50 Social and Political Context
- me60 Historical Review
- me90 Additional Resources
- mea Legal Principles
- mea01 International Law
- mea01a Media and Democracy
- mea01b Obligation of Pluralism
- mea01c Freedom of Political Debate
- mea01d Right of Access to Government Media
- mea01e Publishing Opposition Views
- mea01f Right of Reply
- mea01g Limits to Liability
- mea01h Restrictions on Political Speech
- mea01i Criticism of Politicians and Government
- mea01j Protection of Political Opinions
- mea01k Right to an Effective Remedy
- mea01l Protecting the Safety of the Media
- meb Media Environment
- meb01 Where do People Get their Information?
- meb02 History of Respect for Media Freedom?
- meb03 Relative Importance of Different Media
- meb03a Structure of Media Ownership
- meb03a01 Public/State Media
- meb03a02 Private Broadcasters
- meb03a03 Print Media
- meb03a04 Community Media
- meb03a05 Party Media
- meb03b 'New' Media - the Internet
- meb04 Level of Professionalism
- meb04a Journalism Training
- meb05 Legal Framework for Media
- meb05a Constitutional Protection for Media Freedom
- meb05b Statutes Affecting the Media
- meb05c Other Statutory Instruments Affecting the Media
- meb05d Case Law Affecting the Media
- meb06 Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks
- meb06a Broadcasting Regulator
- meb06b Voluntary Media Council
- meb06c Statutory or Constitutional Regulators
- mec Law or Regulations on Media during Elections
- mec01 Who Should Be Involved in the Drafting Process?
- mec02 A Specified Campaign Period?
- mec03 Different Obligations of Public and Private Media
- mec03a Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media
- mec03a01 Implementation Mechanism for Media and Election Regulations
- mec03a02 Implementation Mechanism: Existing Media Regulatory Body
- mec03a03 Implementation Mechanism: Media Self-Regulation
- mec03a04 Implementation Mechanism: Electoral Commission
- mec03a05 Implementation Mechanism: Specialist Body
- mec03a06 Implementation Mechanism: Judiciary
- mec03a07 Complaints Procedure
- mec03b News Blackouts
- mec03c Opinion Polls
- mec03d Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation
- mec03d01 International and Comparative Law on Hate Speech
- mec03d02 Media Liability for Reports of Unlawful Statements
- mec03d03 Hate Speech - Operations of the Regulator
- mec03d04 Right of Reply to Criticism or Adverse Statements
- mec03e Journalists' Right of Access to Election Events
- mec03f Accreditation
- mec03f01 Foreign Media
- mec03g Measures to Protect Journalists
- mec04 Provisions for Public Media
- mec04a Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties
- mec04a01 Equal or Equitable Direct Access Coverage?
- mec04a02 Equal Access for All Parties?
- mec04a03 Equitable (or Fair) Access for Political Parties?
- mec04a04 Criteria for Allocation of Direct Access Time
- mec04a05 Timing and Length of Direct Access Slots
- mec04a06 Who Pays for Direct Access Broadcasts?
- mec04a07 Who Produces Direct Access Broadcasts?
- mec04a08 Direct Access in Referenda
- mec04b Paid Political Advertising
- mec04b01 Countries that Allow Paid Political Advertising
- mec04b02 A Mixed System of Advertising and Free Access
- mec04b03 Political Advertising and Campaign Spending Limits
- mec04c Regulation of Content of Direct Access Material?
- mec04d Government's Duty to Inform - Voter Information
- mec04e Balanced News Coverage
- mec05 Provisions for the Private Media
- med Managing Media Relations
- med01 Pre-Campaign Issues
- med02 Campaign Issues
- med02a The Role of the Regulatory Body - Monitoring the Process
- med02b The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
- med02c Media Monitoring
- med02c01 Media Monitoring Methodology
- med02d Professional Associations and Trade Unions
- med03 Keeping the Media Informed
- med03a Journalist Training
- med03b Press Releases
- med03c Media Briefings or Press Conferences
- med03d Briefing Packs
- med03e Media Centre
- med03f Internet
- med04 Voter Information
- med05 Protection of Journalists' Safety
- med06 Promoting Professional Coverage
- med06a Coverage of Opinion Polls
- med06b Special Information Programming
- med06b01 Debate Formats
- med06c Government Activities and Campaigning
- med06d News Blackouts/'Reflection Period'
- med07 Election Day Reporting
- med07a Media Access to Polling Stations
- med07b Reporting the Vote
- med07c Promoting Professional Coverage of Results
- med07c01 Exit Polls
- med07c02 Quick Counts
- med08 Post-Election Reporting
- mex Sample Materials Index
- mex01 ARTICLE19 Election Reporting Guidelines (PDF file)
- mex02 ARTICLE 19: Media Monitoring Manual (PDF file)
- mex03 Australia - Broadcasting Services Act 1992 (PDF file)
- mex04 Barbados: law on election broadcasting (PDF file)
- mex05 Bosnia: media monitoring methodology (PDF file)
- mex06 Bosnia: summary of complaints investigated (PDF file)
- mex07 Brazil: law on election broadcasting (PDF file)
- mex08 Cambodia: Guidelines of UN Transitional Authority on Media and Elections (PDF file)
- mex11 Indonesia: sample press materials from election authority (PDF file)
- mex12 International Federation of Journalists: Election Reporting Handbook (PDF file)
- mex13 Malawi: Election Reporting Guidelines - Election Commission 1994 (PDF file)
- mex14 Montenegro: law on state election broadcasting (PDF file)
- mex15 Poland: laws and regulations on election broadcasting (PDF file)
- mex17 South Africa: Independent Broadcasting Authority monitoring report on 1999 elections (PDF file)
- mex18 South Africa: IBA Guidelines on election coverage (PDF file)
- mex19 South Africa: IBA Guidelines for broadcast licensees (PDF file)
- mex20 South Africa: IBA Formula for allocating party broadcasting (PDF file)
- mex22 Tanzania: Media Code of Conduct (PDF file)
- mex23 Tanzania: Media Monitoring Report, 2000 (PDF file)
- mex24 United Kingdom: BBC guidelines on election coverage (PDF file)
- mex25 United Kingdom: Decision of Broadcasting Standards Commission (1) (PDF file)
- mex26 United Kingdom: Decision of Broadcasting Standards Commission (2) (PDF file)
- mex27 UN Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression: Report 1999 (PDF file)
- mex28 International Treaties on media and elections (PDF file)
- mex29 United States: guidelines on opinion poll reporting (PDF file)
- mex31 Zimbabwe: Media Monitoring Report, 2000 (PDF file)
- mex32 Zimbabwe media monitoring form (PDF file)
- mex33 Zimbabwe: Code of Conduct and Reporting Handbook (PDF file)
- mey Case Studies Index
- mey01 Where Do People Get Their Election Information? - Ukraine
- mey02 An Existing Regulatory Body - Italy
- mey03 Self-Regulation - United Kingdom
- mey04 Electoral Commission as Media Regulator - Malawi
- mey05 Specialist Media and Elections Regulator - Bosnia
- mey06 Complaints Procedure - Russia
- mey07 Hate Speech - Rwanda
- mey08 The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech - Bosnia
- mey09 The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech - United Kingdom
- mey10 The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech - Zimbabwe
- mey11 A Formula for Allocating Direct Access Slots - South Africa
- mey12 Paid Political Advertising - Canada
- mey13 Media Monitoring - Malawi
- mey14 Media Monitoring - Bosnia
- mey15 Government Activities and Campaign Reporting - Malawi
- mey16 Voluntary Guidelines on Reporting Opinion Polls - United Kingdom
- mey17 Code of Conduct - Zimbabwe
- mey18 Reporting Exit Poll Findings - United States
- mey19 An Internet Election - Romania
- mez_001 Media and Elections Endnotes
- mez_002 Bibliography