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"Media and Elections Index" on one page

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Media and Elections Media and Elections Index Media and Elections Overview Guiding Principles Administrative Considerations Cost Considerations Social and Political Context Historical Review Additional Resources Legal Principles International Law Media and Democracy Obligation of Pluralism Freedom of Political Debate Right of Access to Government Media Publishing Opposition Views Right of Reply Limits to Liability Restrictions on Political Speech Criticism of Politicians and Government Protection of Political Opinions Right to an Effective Remedy Protecting the Safety of the Media Media Environment Where do People Get their Information? History of Respect for Media Freedom? Relative Importance of Different Media Structure of Media Ownership Public/State Media Private Broadcasters Print Media Community Media Party Media 'New' Media - the Internet Level of Professionalism Journalism Training Legal Framework for Media Constitutional Protection for Media Freedom Statutes Affecting the Media Other Statutory Instruments Affecting the Media Case Law Affecting the Media Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks Broadcasting Regulator Voluntary Media Council Statutory or Constitutional Regulators Law or Regulations on Media during Elections Who Should Be Involved in the Drafting Process? A Specified Campaign Period? Different Obligations of Public and Private Media Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media Implementation Mechanism for Media and Election Regulations Implementation Mechanism: Existing Media Regulatory Body Implementation Mechanism: Media Self-Regulation Implementation Mechanism: Electoral Commission Implementation Mechanism: Specialist Body Implementation Mechanism: Judiciary Complaints Procedure News Blackouts Opinion Polls Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation International and Comparative Law on Hate Speech Media Liability for Reports of Unlawful Statements Hate Speech - Operations of the Regulator Right of Reply to Criticism or Adverse Statements Journalists' Right of Access to Election Events Accreditation Foreign Media Measures to Protect Journalists Provisions for Public Media Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties Equal or Equitable Direct Access Coverage? Equal Access for All Parties? Equitable (or Fair) Access for Political Parties? Criteria for Allocation of Direct Access Time Timing and Length of Direct Access Slots Who Pays for Direct Access Broadcasts? Who Produces Direct Access Broadcasts? Direct Access in Referenda Paid Political Advertising Countries that Allow Paid Political Advertising A Mixed System of Advertising and Free Access Political Advertising and Campaign Spending Limits Regulation of Content of Direct Access Material? Government's Duty to Inform - Voter Information Balanced News Coverage Provisions for the Private Media Managing Media Relations Pre-Campaign Issues Campaign Issues The Role of the Regulatory Body - Monitoring the Process The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Media Monitoring Media Monitoring Methodology Professional Associations and Trade Unions Keeping the Media Informed Journalist Training Press Releases Media Briefings or Press Conferences Briefing Packs Media Centre Internet Voter Information Protection of Journalists' Safety Promoting Professional Coverage Coverage of Opinion Polls Questions to Ask About Opinion Polling Special Information Programming Debate Formats Government Activities and Campaigning News Blackouts/"Reflection Period" Election Day Reporting Media Access to Polling Stations Reporting the Vote Promoting Professional Coverage of Results Exit Polls Quick Counts Post-Election Reporting Sample Materials Index ARTICLE19 Election Reporting Guidelines ARTICLE 19: Media Monitoring Manual Australia - Broadcasting Services Act 1992 Barbados: law on election broadcasting Bosnia: media monitoring methodology Bosnia: summary of complaints investigated Brazil: law on election broadcasting Cambodia: Guidelines of UN Transitional Authority on Media and Elections Indonesia: sample press materials from election authority International Federation of Journalists: Election Reporting Handbook Malawi: Election Reporting Guidelines - Election Commission 1994 Montenegro: law on state election broadcasting Poland: laws and regulations on election broadcasting Russia: EIM Report 2000 South Africa: Independent Broadcasting Authority monitoring report on 1999 elections South Africa: IBA Guidelines on election coverage South Africa: IBA Guidelines for broadcast licensees South Africa: IBA Formula for allocating party broadcasting Tanzania: Media Code of Conduct Tanzania: Media Monitoring Report, 2000 United Kingdom: BBC guidelines on election coverage United Kingdom: Decision of Broadcasting Standards Commission (1) United Kingdom: Decision of Broadcasting Standards Commission (2) UN Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression: Report 1999 International Treaties on media and elections United States: guidelines on opinion poll reporting Zimbabwe: Media Monitoring Report, 2000 Zimbabwe media monitoring form Zimbabwe: Code of Conduct and Reporting Handbook Case Studies Index Where Do People Get Their Election Information? - Ukraine An Existing Regulatory Body - Italy Self-Regulation - United Kingdom Electoral Commission as Media Regulator - Malawi Specialist Media and Elections Regulator - Bosnia Complaints Procedure - Russia Hate Speech - Rwanda The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech - Bosnia The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech - United Kingdom The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech - Zimbabwe A Formula for Allocating Direct Access Slots - South Africa Paid Political Advertising - Canada Media Monitoring - Malawi Media Monitoring - Bosnia Government Activities and Campaign Reporting - Malawi Voluntary Guidelines on Reporting Opinion Polls - United Kingdom Code of Conduct - Zimbabwe Reporting Exit Poll Findings - United States An Internet Election - Romania Media and Elections Endnotes Bibliography

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Media and Elections Index

me Media and Elections

mea Legal Principles

mea01 International Law

mea01a Media and Democracy
mea01b Obligation of Pluralism
mea01c Freedom of Political Debate
mea01d Right of Access to Government Media
mea01e Publishing Opposition Views
mea01f Right of Reply
mea01g Limits to Liability
mea01h Restrictions on Political Speech
mea01i Criticism of Politicians and Government
mea01j Protection of Political Opinions
mea01k Right to an Effective Remedy
mea01l Protecting the Safety of the Media

meb Media Environment

meb01 Where do People Get their Information?
meb02 History of Respect for Media Freedom?
meb03 Relative Importance of Different Media

meb03a Structure of Media Ownership

meb03a01 Public/State Media
meb03a02 Private Broadcasters
meb03a03 Print Media
meb03a04 Community Media
meb03a05 Party Media

meb03b 'New' Media - the Internet

meb04 Level of Professionalism

meb04a Journalism Training

meb05 Legal Framework for Media

meb05a Constitutional Protection for Media Freedom
meb05b Statutes Affecting the Media
meb05c Other Statutory Instruments Affecting the Media
meb05d Case Law Affecting the Media

meb06 Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks

meb06a Broadcasting Regulator
meb06b Voluntary Media Council
meb06c Statutory or Constitutional Regulators

mec Law or Regulations on Media during Elections

mec01 Who Should Be Involved in the Drafting Process?
mec02 A Specified Campaign Period?
mec03 Different Obligations of Public and Private Media

mec03a Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media

mec03a01 Implementation Mechanism for Media and Election Regulations
mec03a02 Implementation Mechanism: Existing Media Regulatory Body
mec03a03 Implementation Mechanism: Media Self-Regulation
mec03a04 Implementation Mechanism: Electoral Commission
mec03a05 Implementation Mechanism: Specialist Body
mec03a06 Implementation Mechanism: Judiciary
mec03a07 Complaints Procedure

mec03b News Blackouts
mec03c Opinion Polls
mec03d Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation

mec03d01 International and Comparative Law on Hate Speech
mec03d02 Media Liability for Reports of Unlawful Statements
mec03d03 Hate Speech - Operations of the Regulator
mec03d04 Right of Reply to Criticism or Adverse Statements

mec03e Journalists' Right of Access to Election Events
mec03f Accreditation

mec03f01 Foreign Media

mec03g Measures to Protect Journalists

mec04 Provisions for Public Media

mec04a Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties

mec04a01 Equal or Equitable Direct Access Coverage?
mec04a02 Equal Access for All Parties?
mec04a03 Equitable (or Fair) Access for Political Parties?
mec04a04 Criteria for Allocation of Direct Access Time
mec04a05 Timing and Length of Direct Access Slots
mec04a06 Who Pays for Direct Access Broadcasts?
mec04a07 Who Produces Direct Access Broadcasts?
mec04a08 Direct Access in Referenda

mec04b Paid Political Advertising

mec04b01 Countries that Allow Paid Political Advertising
mec04b02 A Mixed System of Advertising and Free Access
mec04b03 Political Advertising and Campaign Spending Limits

mec04c Regulation of Content of Direct Access Material?
mec04d Government's Duty to Inform - Voter Information
mec04e Balanced News Coverage

mec05 Provisions for the Private Media

med Managing Media Relations

med01 Pre-Campaign Issues
med02 Campaign Issues

med02a The Role of the Regulatory Body - Monitoring the Process
med02b The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
med02c Media Monitoring

med02c01 Media Monitoring Methodology

med02d Professional Associations and Trade Unions

med03 Keeping the Media Informed

med03a Journalist Training
med03b Press Releases
med03c Media Briefings or Press Conferences
med03d Briefing Packs
med03e Media Centre
med03f Internet

med06a Coverage of Opinion Polls

med06a01 Questions to Ask About Opinion Polling

med06b Special Information Programming

med06b01 Debate Formats

med06c Government Activities and Campaigning
med06d News Blackouts/'Reflection Period'

med07 Election Day Reporting

med07a Media Access to Polling Stations
med07b Reporting the Vote
med07c Promoting Professional Coverage of Results

med07c01 Exit Polls
med07c02 Quick Counts

med08 Post-Election Reporting

mex Sample Materials Index

mey Case Studies Index

mey01 Where Do People Get Their Election Information? - Ukraine
mey02 An Existing Regulatory Body - Italy
mey03 Self-Regulation - United Kingdom
mey04 Electoral Commission as Media Regulator - Malawi
mey05 Specialist Media and Elections Regulator - Bosnia
mey06 Complaints Procedure - Russia
mey07 Hate Speech - Rwanda
mey08 The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech - Bosnia
mey09 The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech - United Kingdom
mey10 The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech - Zimbabwe
mey11 A Formula for Allocating Direct Access Slots - South Africa
mey12 Paid Political Advertising - Canada
mey13 Media Monitoring - Malawi
mey14 Media Monitoring - Bosnia
mey15 Government Activities and Campaign Reporting - Malawi
mey16 Voluntary Guidelines on Reporting Opinion Polls - United Kingdom
mey17 Code of Conduct - Zimbabwe
mey18 Reporting Exit Poll Findings - United States
mey19 An Internet Election - Romania

mez_001 Media and Elections Endnotes
mez_002 Bibliography

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