Info

Egypt

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Boundary Delimitation

BD001

Delimitation of constituencies

Question:	Are constituencies delimited for election purposes?
Answer:	a. Yes
Comments:	Egypt is delimited into 222 constituencies for the People’s Assembly elections and into 88 constituencies for the Shura Council elections. For both elections, two members are elected for each constituency, one of whom is either worker or farmer.
Source:	Law 38 of 1972 Articles 1 & 3 and the Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Part 7, Chapter 1, Article 197 Updated January 2007
Verified:	2007/01/30

BD003

Criteria for drawing boundaries

Question:	On what criteria are the boundaries drawn?
Answer(s):	d. Conformity with local jurisdiction boundaries
Comments:	For the People’s Assembly, the Arab Republic of Egypt shall be divided into constituencies. These constituencies shall be determined according to the relevant law. Two members shall be elected for each constituency, of whom one at least shall be a worker or a farmer. For Shura Council elections, Egypt is divided into eighty-eight constituencies. The boundaries of each constituency are determined according to a table included in the law.
Source:	Law 38 of 1972, Article 3 and Law 120 of 980, Chapter 1, Article 2 Updated January 2007
Verified:	2007/01/30

BD005

Body responsible for drawing boundaries

Question:	The body responsible for drawing the boundaries is:
Answer(s):	e. Electoral Management Body (EMB)
Comments:	In practice this is done by the Ministry of Interior, but this responsibility is not defined in law..
Source:	Updated January 2007
Verified:	2007/01/30

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Electoral Systems

ES001

Head of State

Question:	How is the Head of State selected?
Answer(s):	c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
Comments:	“The President of the State shall be elected via a secret, direct, and general ballot.”
Source:	Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Article 76. Updated May 6, 2008
Verified:	2008/05/12

ES002

Head of Government

Question:	How is the Head of Government selected?
Answer:	e. Appointed
Comments:	“The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister, other ministers and their deputies and relieve them of the posts.”
Source:	Source: Constitution, Part 5, Chapter 3, Article 141. Updated May 12, 2008
Verified:	2008/05/12

ES003

President

Question:	Does the country have a president?
Answer:	a. Yes
Comments:	"The Head of State is the President of the Republic."
Source:	Constitution, part 5, chapter 1, article 73. Updated May 12, 2008
Verified:	2008/05/12

ES004

Number of Chambers

Question:	The national legislature consists of (one/two chambers):
Answer:	b. Two chambers
Comments:	The bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly (Majlis al-Sha'b) with legislative powers and the Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura), which functions only in a consultative role.
Source:	Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Article 86 & 194 Updated May 12, 2008
Verified:	2008/05/12

ES005

Electoral System (Chamber 1)

Question:	What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?
Answer(s):	d. Two-Round System j. Other
Comments:	Two People’s Assembly members are elected by absolute majority of the number of valid votes in each of 222 constituencies in Egypt. At least one member from each constituency should be a worker or farmer. A run off election is held when the necessary majority is not secured in the first round. Ten members of the People’s Assembly are appointed by the president.
Source:	No. 38 of 1972, Article 15 Updated May 12, 2008
Verified:	2008/05/12

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Legislative Framework

LF001

Status of Electoral Law

Question:	What is the status of the electoral law governing national elections?
Answer(s):	a. Part of Constitution b. Separate legislation
Comments:	The laws governing national elections in Egypt are defined in a number of different laws : • Egyptian Constitution (amended 2005) • Law 73 of 1956 on Exercising Political Rights (amended in 2005) • Law 38 of 1972 on the People’s Assembly (amended 2005) • Law 40 of 1977 on the Political Parties System (amended 2005) • Law 120 of 1980 on the Shura Council (amended 2005) • Law 174 of 2005 on Regulating Presidential Elections
Source:	Updated May 12, 2008
Verified:	2008/05/12

LF003

Electoral Law covers

Question:	The national electoral law covers:
Answer(s):	a. National elections c. Local elections d. Referendums
Comments:	The laws governing national elections in Egypt are defined in a number of different laws : • Egyptian Constitution (amended 2005) • Law 73 of 1956 on Exercising Political Rights (amended in 2005) • Law 38 of 1972 on the People’s Assembly (amended 2005) • Law 40 of 1977 on the Political Parties System (amended 2005) • Law 120 of 1980 on the Shura Council (amended 2005) • Law 174 of 2005 on Regulating Presidential Elections
Source:	Updated May 12, 2008
Verified:	2008/05/12

LF004

Compulsory/voluntary voting

Question:	Is voting on the national level voluntary or compulsory?
Answer(s):	b. Voting is compulsory and regulated in the electoral law
Comments:	Article 4 of Law 73 states that “Anyone, male or female, who has the right to exercise political rights must be registered in Electoral Lists. Nevertheless, those who attained Egyptian nationality by naturalization shall not be registered before five years after naturalization”. Article 62 of the Constitution states that “Citizens shall have the right to vote, nominate and express their opinions in referenda according to the provisions of the law. Their participation in public life is a national duty.” Furthermore, Article 40 of Law 73 states that “A registered voter who missed casting his/her vote in an election or a referendum without accepted reason, shall pay a fine of no more than LE 20.” In practice the fine for not voting is rarely applied.
Source:	Law No. 73 of 1956 on Exercising Political Rights and the Egyptian Constitution. Updated March 2007
Verified:	2008/05/12

LF007

Electoral Disputes Agency(ies)

Question:	What are the agency(ies) responsible for the first level of formal electoral disputes?
Answer(s):	a. Judiciary b. EMB d. Other
Comments:	The complaints procedures are different for Presidential Election than they are for other elections. Complaints arising from the Presidential Election process are referred to the Presidential Election Commission. Article 76 of the Constitution states that the Presidential Election Commission “shall be uniquely responsible for . . . 4) Rendering judgements in all complaints and contestations which arise regarding matters relating to its jurisdiction, including contestations of jurisdiction”. Furthermore, “It’s rulings are final and self-effecting, and may not be contested in any manner or before any body.” There are no special provisions for processing complaints with respect to other elections and therefore complaints about these electoral processes are dealt with by the Administrative Courts, as any other civil legal proceedings. However, the powers of these courts to effect judgements about elected members is limited. Members of the Shura Council and the People’s Assembly have parliamentary immunity from prosecution and decisions concerning the validity of membership can only be taken by the Council or Assembly itself. Article 93 of the Constitution states that ; “The People's Assembly shall be the only authority competent to decide upon the validity of its members. A Court of Causation shall be competent to investigate the validity of contestation presented to the Assembly, on being referred to it by the President of the Assembly. The contestation shall be referred to the Court of Cassation within fifteen days as from the date on which the Assembly was informed of it, while the investigation shall be completed within ninety days from the date on which the contestation is referred to the Court of Cassation. The result of the investigation and the decision reached by the Court shall be submitted to the Assembly to decide upon the validity of the contestation within sixty days from the date of submission of the result of the investigation to the Assembly. The membership will not be deemed invalid except by a decision taken by a majority of two-thirds of the Assembly members.” Article 22 of the Shura Council indicates that the same procedures are to be applied concerning complaints relating to membership; “The Statute of the Council shall regulate the procedures to be followed in deciding on the validity of appeals, and in verifying the validity of membership. This shall all be according to article 93 of the Constitution.”
Source:	Egyptian Constitution, article 93. Law No. 120 of 1980 on the Shura Council. Updated March 2007
Verified:	2008/05/12

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Electoral Management

EM001

Please provide the following contact information for the national electoral management body:

Name of Institution: Ministry of Interior
Website Address: N/A

Source

No Source

Verified

2009/11/03

(Found a mistake? Please let us know.)

EM002

Responsibility of national EMB

Question:	Does the national electoral body have the responsibility for elections at:
Answer(s):	a. National level b. Regional level c. Local level
Comments:	The Higher Election Commission has the responsibility for conducting all but the Presidential Elections, which are under the responsibility of the Presidential Election Commission.
Source:	Updated March 2007
Verified:	2007/03/11

EM004

EMB budget determined by

Question:	The budget of the national electoral management body is determined by:
Answer(s):	c. The legislature
Comments:	"The People's Assembly shall exercise the legislative power and approve the general policy of the State, the general plan of economic and social development and the general budget of the State."
Source:	Egyptian Constitution, article 86. Updated March 2007
Verified:	2007/03/11

EM005

EMB expenditures controlled by

Question:	The expenditures of the national electoral management body are controlled by:
Answer(s):	g. Other
Comments:	It is not clear from the relevant laws where bidgetary oversight for either of the Election Commissions lies.
Source:	Updated March 2007
Verified:	2007/03/11

EM006

Term of EMB members

Question:	The term of the members of the national electoral management body is:
Answer:	b. For a specified number of years
Comments:	For the Higher Election Commission, article 3(bis) of Law 73 states: "A Higher Elections Commission shall be set up under the chairmanship of the Minister of Justice and the membership of: - three serving members of the judiciary ranked deputy heads of the Court of Cassation or equivalent, in addition to another three similarly ranked acting as reserve. All shall be elected by the Supreme Judiciary Council; - six public figures not affiliated with any political parties, the People’s Assembly shall select four of them with at least two being former members of the judiciary. The Shura Council shall select two of them, at least one of them shall also be a former member of the judiciary, all for a six-year term. Both chambers shall also select an equal member of both categories as reserve members. Should a hindering circumstances arise to any of the Commission members, he shall be replaced by a reserve member, in the same order of their respective selection- representative of the Ministry of Interior. The President of the Republic shall issue a decree forming HEC." For the Presidential Election Committee, Article 5 of Law 174 states: "The Presidential Elections Committee (PEC), referred to in Article 76 of the Constitution shall be composed of the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court as chairmanship with the following as members: * the head of the Cairo Court of Appeal; * the most senior deputy head of the Supreme Constitutional Court; * the most senior deputy head of the Court of Cassation; * The most senior deputy head of the State Council; and five public figures, five public figures, recognized for their impartiality. Three of the fore-mentioned public figures shall be selected for a period of five years by the People's Assembly and the other two by the Shura Council upon a recommendation of the bureaus of both chambers."
Source:	Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, Article 3(bis); Law 174 of 2005 on Presidential Elections. Updated March 2007
Verified:	2007/03/11

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Voter Education

VE001

Information campaigns performed by

Question:	Who conducts information campaigns for national elections (informing where, when and how to register and/or vote)?
Answer(s):	d. National Government h. Political parties/ candidates
Comments:	For the 2005 Parliamentary Elections the State Information Services issued an information booklet encouraging people to vote, telling them how to vote and explaining how they could register for future elections.
Source:	State Information Services 2005 Parliamentary Election Handbook. Updated March 2007
Verified:	2007/03/11

VE002

Frequency of voter education programs

Question:	At the national level, how often are voter education programs conducted?
Answer:	b. Election time only
Comments:
Source:	Updated March 2007
Verified:	2007/03/11

VE003

National civic education

Question:	Is there a national civic education campaign (rights and responsibilities of citizens)?
Answer(s):	e. Yes, conducted by the Government h. Yes, conducted by NGOs/ Civic Organizations
Comments:	Since 2005 a network of NGOs under the banner Aswatna has begun to engage in voter education campaigns to inform citizens of their rights to participate in the electoral process and to encourage them to do so.
Source:	See the website - www.aswatna.net Updated March 2007
Verified:	2007/03/11

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Voter Registration

VR001

Voting age

Question:	What is the legal voting age in the national elections?
Answer:	c. 18
Comments:	Any Egyptian, male or female, on attaining the age of eighteen solar years has the right to vote.
Source:	Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights, article 1. Updated February 2007
Verified:	2007/02/21

VR002

Other voting requirements

Question:	Beyond age, what other qualifications exist for registering to vote and voting in the national elections?
Answer(s):	a. Citizenship d. Naturalization e. Other
Comments:	Article 4 of Law No. 73 limits the right to register, and vote in the following way, “Anyone, male or female, who has the right to exercise their political rights, must be registered in the Electoral lists. Nevertheless, those who attained the Egyptian nationality by naturalization shall not be registered before five years after their naturalization date.”
Source:	Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights. Updated February 2007.
Verified:	2007/02/21

VR004

Body responsible for voter registration

Question:	Which is the authority responsible for the registration of voters for national elections?
Answer:	a. Central Government Department (specify)
Comments:	Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights covers the registration of voters for elections and referenda. It does not specifically say that this registration is conducted by the Ministry of Interior, rather that, “Regulations . . . shall also mention how electoral lists will be prepared, their content, revision, amendment, posting, the areas where lists will be kept, the formation of the committees which will be charged with registration, and other details mentioned in this law.” However, the role of the Ministry of Interior in managing these voter lists is implicit in the Law No. 73, with the Ministry of Interior being informed of decisions to deprive or suspend someone’s right to vote (article 7), requests for changes being made to the Security Directorate (article15), the Security Directorate being represented on the committee which deals with applications to change registration data (article 16), and the results of appeals to the decisions of this committee being sent to the Security Directorate (article 20). In fact, the management of the voter lists is conducted entirely by the Ministry of Interior. This is made more explicit in the State Information Service’s “Handbook to the 2005 People’s Assembly Election”. This states that “Voter registration is undertaken by committees established by the Ministry of Interior, under guidelines established by the High Election Commission”, and that “In order to register, voters must visit the local police station with which they are listed”.
Source:	Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights, State Information Service’s “Handbook to the 2005 People’s Assembly Election”. Updated February 2007.
Verified:	2007/02/21

VR008

Compulsory voter registration

Question:	Is it compulsory to be on the voters register?
Answer:	a. Yes
Comments:	Article 4 of Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights states that, “Anyone, male or female, who has the right to exercise political rights must be registered in the electoral lists . . .”
Source:	Law No. 73 on Exercising Political Rights. Updated February 2007.
Verified:	2007/02/21

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Voting Operations

VO003

Electors vote at

Question:	Where can electors vote?
Answer(s):	a. At a specified polling station in the locality where they are registered at national elections
Comments:	“The Minister of Interior shall decide the number and location of general and sub-polling stations where elections and referendums will be held. Each station will have a head and no less than two members. Each station will have a secretary.”
Source:	Law 73 of 1956, chapter 3, Article 24 Updated January 2007
Verified:	2007/01/30

VO004

Voting outside the country is permitted for

Question:	Who can vote from outside the country?
Answer(s):	a. Outside the country voting is not permitted
Comments:
Source:	73 of 1956, Article 12 Updated January 2007
Verified:	2007/01/30

VO005

Locations for voting outside of the country

Question:	If voting outside the country is permitted, at what places?
Answer(s):	g. No information available
Comments:
Source:	Updated Janaury 2007
Verified:	2007/01/30

VO011

Voting method

Question:	How do electors cast their votes?
Answer(s):	a. Manually marking of ballots
Comments:	“Voting in elections or referendums shall be implemented by ticking on a balloting card prepared especially for this purpose. The head of the polling station shall give each voter an unfolded balloting card, sealed in its back by the committee, carrying the date of the election or the referendum.”
Source:	Law 73 of 1956, chapter 3, Article 29 Updated January 2007
Verified:	2007/01/30

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Parties and Candidates

PC001

Registration requirements for parties (Chamber 1)

Question:	What are the registration requirements for political parties running for national elections (Chamber 1)?
Answer(s):	a. Signature requirement (specify requirement) b. Deposit requirement (specify amount) f. Other
Comments:	The registration requirements for national elections apply to individual candidates and not political parties. The procedures are as follows: “The request for nomination to the membership of the People’s Assembly shall be submitted in writing to the Security Directorate in the governorate where the candidate desires to be nominated for one of its constituencies, during the period to be determined by the decree of the Minister of Interior, provided this period shall not be less than five days from the date the nomination period begins. The request for nomination shall be accompanied by a receipt issued against depositing one thousand pounds in the treasury of the concerned governorate’s Security Directorate, and by the documents to be determined by a decree of the Minister of Interior, to establish the fulfillment of the conditions the law requires for nomination. The status of the worker or farmer shall be established by virtue of a declaration to be submitted by the candidate coupled with the relevant supporting documents. The papers and documents submitted by the candidate shall be considered official papers in applying the provisions of the Penal Code”
Source:	Law 38 of 1972 on the People's Assembly, Article 6. Updated February 2007
Verified:	2007/02/21

PC003

Registration requirements for candidates (Chamber 1)

Question:	What are the legal qualifications to become a candidate at legislative elections (Chamber 1)?
Answer(s):	a. Age b. Citizenship e. Citizenship of parents f. Registration h. Minimum level of education i. Minimum level of literacy j. Other
Comments:	Article 5 of Law 38 on the People's Assembly states that: "Subject to the provisions prescribed in the law regulating the exercise of political rights, whoever is nominated for membership to the People’s Assembly shall fulfill the following requirements: 1. He shall be of Egyptian nationality and born of an Egyptian father 2. His name shall be listed in one of the electoral lists, and no reason is given for the removal of his name. 3. He shall be at least thirty years of age on the day of election. 4. He shall be holder of at least the elementary education certificate or its equivalent. Regarding those born before 1 January, 1970, reading and writing well shall be at a satisfactory level. 5. He shall have fulfilled the obligatory military service, or have been exempted from it according to the law. 6. He shall not have been deprived of his membership by a decision of the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council due to the loss of trust or repute, or breach of the duties of his membership, according to the provisions of Article 96 of the Constitution. "
Source:	Law 38 on the People's Assembly. Updated February 2007.
Verified:	2007/02/21

PC008

Independent candidates

Question:	Can independent candidates compete in presidential or legislative elections?
Answer(s):	e. In both presidential and legislative elections
Comments:	There is no requirement for candidates to the Shura Council or the People's Assembly to have any political party affiliation. Article 2 of Law 174 Regulating Presidential Elections details the requirements for an independent to stand as a Presidential candidate.
Source:	Law 174 Regulating Presidential Elections. Updated February 2007.
Verified:	2007/02/21

PC012

Public funding of parties

Question:	Do political parties receive direct/indirect public funding?
Answer(s):	b. Direct
Comments:	Article 18 of Law 40 on the Political Party System states : " The state shall provide annual financial support to the political parties, the appropriations of which shall be included in the budget of the Shura Council.The Political Parties Affairs Committee shall assume its distribution as follows: 1. One hundred thousand pounds annually to each party for a period of ten years. For entitlement to this support after that period, the party shall conditionally have at least one seat won by one of its candidates in the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council elections. 2. Five thousand pounds for each seat won by the party candidate in the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council elections, with a maximum of five hundred thousand pounds for each party. "
Source:	Law 40 on the Political Party System. Updated February 2007.
Verified:	2007/02/21

PC015

Basis of public funding

Question:	What is the basis of the public funding?
Answer(s):	b. Based on result of previous election
Comments:	Article 18 of Law 40 on the Political Party System states : " The state shall provide annual financial support to the political parties, the appropriations of which shall be included in the budget of the Shura Council.The Political Parties Affairs Committee shall assume its distribution as follows: 1. One hundred thousand pounds annually to each party for a period of ten years. For entitlement to this support after that period, the party shall conditionally have at least one seat won by one of its candidates in the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council elections. 2. Five thousand pounds for each seat won by the party candidate in the People’s Assembly or the Shura Council elections, with a maximum of five hundred thousand pounds for each party. "
Source:	Law 40 on the Political Party System. Updated February 2007.
Verified:	2007/02/21

PC017

Private funding of parties

Question:	Are political parties entitled to private funding?
Answer:	a. Yes
Comments:	Article 11 of Law 40 on the Political Party System states : "The resources of the party shall be formed of its members’ subscriptions, the financial support it receives from the State, and the donations of Egyptian natural persons, as well as the proceeds of investing its funds in the non-commercial aspects defined in its statute. Investing the party’s funds in issuing newspaper or in exploiting publishing or printing houses, shall not be considered a commercial aspect, in applying the present article, if its basic aim is to serve the party’s purposes. The party may not accept any donation, privilege, or benefit from an alien, a foreign or international entity, or from any juridical person even if it enjoys the Egyptian nationality. The party shall notify the Central Audit Agency for the donations it received, and of the data of the donors, at the end of the year. The value of the donations offered to the parties shall not be deducted from any taxable base."
Source:	Law 40 on the Political Party System. Updated February 2007.
Verified:	2007/02/21

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Vote Counting

VC004

Voters are sorted/counted at

Question:	Following the close of the voting, where are the votes first sorted and counted?
Answer:	c. Special counting centres
Comments:	“Ballot boxes shall be sealed. The head of the station shall hand them over to the head of the counting station’s committee. The counting station committee shall be made of the head of the general station as a chair, and two of the heads of sub stations selected by the head of the general station as members. The secretary of the general station shall be in charge of the secretariat of the counting station. Counting shall take place in the presence of the heads of sub polling stations, each on the counting of the votes of his station. The counting committee may request them to take care of the counting process under their supervision.”
Source:	Law 73 of 1956 on the Exercise of Political Rights, Article 34. Updated March 2007
Verified:	2009/11/04

VC011

Conditions for recount

Question:	Under what conditions are ballots recounted?
Answer(s):	g. No information available
Comments:
Source:	Updated March 2007
Verified:	2009/11/04

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Media and Elections

ME037

Parties receive free broadcast time based on

Question:	What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to political parties?
Answer(s):	h. No information available
Comments:
Source:	http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=SIDX&StructuredIndexCode=ID0201010102010108&LawBookID=021020012049440 And Ministry of Information
Verified:	2008/02/04

ME059

Existence of televised debates

Question:	Are televised debates between candidates or party representatives normally conducted?
Answer(s):	c. No
Comments:
Source:	Ministry of Information
Verified:	2005/06/22

ME062

Blackout period for opinion polls

Question:	What is the blackout period, if any, during which results of pre-election opinion polls may not be released to the public?
Answer:	g. No information available
Comments:
Source:	Ministry of Information
Verified:	2005/06/22

ME080

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Direct Democracy

DD002

Direct Democracy Provisions (National Level)

Question:	Are there any Legal Provisions for Direct Democracy Procedures at the national level?
Answer:	a. Yes
Comments:
Source:	Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Verified:	2005/05/17

DD003

Mandatory referendums (national level)

Question:	Are there any Legal Provisions for Mandatory Referendums at the national level?
Answer:	a. Yes
Comments:
Source:	Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Verified:	2005/05/17

DD004

Optional referendums (national level)

Question:	Are there any Legal Provisions for Optional Referendums at the national level?
Answer:	a. Yes
Comments:
Source:	Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Verified:	2005/05/17

DD005

Citizens' Initiatives (national level)

Question:	Are there any Legal Provisions for Citizen’s Initiatives at national level?
Answer:	b. No
Comments:
Source:	Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Verified:	2009/10/23

DD006

Agenda Initiatives (national level)

Question:	Are there any Legal Provisions for Agenda Initiatives at national level?
Answer:	b. No
Comments:
Source:	Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Verified:	2009/10/23

DD007

Recalls (national level)

Question:	Are there any Legal Provisions for Recalls at national level?
Answer:	b. No
Comments:
Source:	Article 62, Constitution Article 1, Political Rights Law Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Verified:	2009/10/23

DD129

Binding referenda

Question:	Are the results of referenda always binding, never binding or sometimes binding?
Answer:	d. No information available
Comments:
Source:	Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Verified:	2009/10/23

DD130

National referenda deal with

Question:	Are the types of issues to vote upon in a referendum constitutional changes only, other issues only or both constitutional and other issues?
Answer:	c. Both constitutional and other issues
Comments:
Source:	Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Verified:	2009/10/23

DD131

Direct Democracy at sub-national level

Question:	Are there any Legal Provisions for Direct Democracy at sub-national levels (regional or local)?
Answer:	b. No
Comments:
Source:	Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Verified:	2009/10/23