General and international agreements
African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (Organization of African Unity, 1981, entered into force 1986)
American Convention on Human Rights (Organization of American States, 1969, entered into force 1978)
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (United Nations, 28 July 1951, entered into force April 1954) and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (United Nations, 16 December 1966, entered into force October 1967)
European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers (Council of Europe, 1977, entered into force May 1983)
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, UN Document A/RES/45/158, 18 December 1990 (entered into force July 2003)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, UN document A/6316, 16 December 1966 (entered into force 1976)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Secondary literature
ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, ‘Focus on E-Voting’, <http://aceproject.org/ace-en/focus/e-voting>
Alvarez, R. Michael and Hall, Thad E., Point, Click and Vote: The Future of Internet Voting (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004)
Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise, The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law, ed. and transl.by Laura Brav (Boulder, Colo., New York, Oxford and Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002)
Buchsbaum, Thomas, ‘E-Voting: Lessons Learnt from Recent Pilots’, Presentation at the International Conference on Electronic Voting and Electronic Democracy: Present and the Future, Seoul, March 2005, <http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~icat/e-voting2005/korean/81ppt/buchsbaum.doc>
Caarls, Susanne, ‘Remote e-Voting in the Netherlands’, Presentation at the 2nd Vienna Election Seminar, December 2004, <https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=778189&Lang=en>
Dahl, Robert A., On Democracy (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998)
Dundas, Carl W., Organising Free and Fair Elections at Cost-Effective Levels (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, June 1993)
Gallagher, Dennis and Schowengerdt, Anna, ‘Refugees in Elections: A Separate Peace’, Refugee Policy Group, October 1997
Gallagher, Dennis and Schowengerdt, Anna, ‘Participation of Refugees in Postconflict Elections’, in Krishna Kumar (ed.), Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998)
Grace, Jeremy, ‘Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration’, in IFES, Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration, 2007, pp. 35–58, <http://www.ifes.org/electionstandards.html>
— ‘The Electoral Rights of Conflict Forced Migrants: A Review of Relevant Legal Norms and Instruments’, International Organization for Migration, Participatory Elections Project, Discussion Paper no. 1, 2003, <http://www.geneseo.edu/~iompress/Archive/Outputs/Review%20of%20Legal_Final.pdf>
— and Fischer, Jeff, ‘Enfranchising Conflict Forced Migrants: Issues, Standards, and Best Practices’, Discussion Paper no. 2, International Organization for Migration, Participatory Elections Project, September 2003, <http://www.geneseo.edu/~iompress/Archive/Outputs/Standards_Final.pdf>
Gritzalis, Dimitris A. (ed.), Secure Electronic Voting (Boston, Dordrecht and London: Kluwer, 2003)
Hupkes, Sebastiaan, ‘Remote E-voting in the Netherlands’, Presentation at the International Conference on Electronic Voting and Electronic Democracy: Present and the Future, Seoul, March 2005, <http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~icat/e-voting2005/81ppt/Sebastiaan%20Hupkes.doc>
Independent Commission on Alternative Voting Methods, Elections in the 21st Century: From Paper Ballot to E-voting (London: Electoral Reform Society, January 2002)
International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES) et al. (eds), ‘Conferencia Trilateral: Canadá, Estados Unidos, Mexico. Sobre el voto en extranjero’ [Trilateral conference: Canada, United States, Mexico. On external voting], Mexico, Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación, 1998
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) et al. (eds), ‘Seminario International sobre el voto en el extranjero’ [International seminar on voting from abroad], Mexico, Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación, 1998
International Labour Organization, ‘General Study on Migrant Workers’, 1999
International Organization for Migration (IOM), ‘Current Dynamics of International Labour Organization: Globalization and Regional Integration’, 2002
— International Migration Trends, 2005
Jefferson, David, Rubin, Aviel D., Simons, Barbara and Wagner, David, ‘A Security Analysis of the Secure Electronic Registration and Voting Experiment (SERVE)’, 2004, <http://www.servesecurityreport.org/>
Kersting, Norbert and Baldersheim, Harald (eds), Electronic Voting and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)
Kilic, Mehmet, ‘Das Wahlrecht der Auslandstürken’ [‘The electoral rights of the Turkish expatriate’], Zeitschrift für Türkeistudien, 9 (1996), pp- 207-25
Kumar, Krishna (ed.), Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998)
Navarro Fierro, Carlos, ‘El voto en el extranjero’ [External Voting], in Dieter Nohlen et al. (eds), Tratado de derecho electoral comparado de América Latina [On the comparative election law of Latin America] (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2007)
Newland, Kathleen, ‘Refugee Protection and Assistance’ in P.J. Simmons and Chantal de Jonge Oudraat (eds), Managing Global Issues: Lessons Learned (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2001)
Nohlen, Dieter (ed.), Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)
— and Kasapovic, Mirjana, Wahlsysteme und Systemwechsel in Osteuropa [Electoral systems and system change in Eastern Europe] (Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 1996)
—, Grotz, Florian and Harmann, Chrisof (eds), Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)
—, Krennerich, Michael and Thibaut, Bernhard (eds), Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999)
Pastor, Robert A., ‘The Role of Electoral Administration in Democratic Transistions: Implications for Policy and Research’, Democratization, 6/4 (winter 1999)
Pratchett, Lawrence et al., ‘The Implementation of Electronic Voting in the UK’, Local Government Association, London, 2002
Prosser, Alexander and Krimmer, Robert (eds), Electronic Voting in Europe: Technology, Law, Politics and Society, Lecture Notes in Informatics, P-47 (Bonn: Gesellschaft für Informatik, 2004)
Trechsel, Alexander H. and Mendez, Fernando (eds), The European Union and e-Voting (London/New York: Routledge, 2004)
Tumanjong, Emmanuel, ‘Fallen Empire’, Africa Today, November 1999, pp. 41-2
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2004 Global Refugee Trends
Individual Countries and references in the case studies
ACE Electoral Knowledge Network website, <http://www.aceproject.org>
Australia
Australian Electoral Commission (AEC), ‘Can I Vote via the Internet?’, <http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/What/enrolment/faq_os.htm>
<http://www.elections.act.gov.au/Elecvote.html>
Austria
Federal
Chancellery, ‘e-Government in Österreich’ [e-Government in Austria], 2003, <http://www.cio.gv.at/service/conferences/graz_2003/e-Gov_Broschuere.pdf>
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Association of Election Officials of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘Retrospective on Elections’, 2003
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Refugee Election Steering Group, ‘The Relationship between Large-scale Forced Migration and the Electoral Process: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina’, Vienna, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), June 1997
Botswana
Independent Electoral Commission (IEC), Report on the General Election (Gaborone:Government Printer, 2004)
— Report on the General Election (Gaborone: Government Printer, 1999)
Brazil
Regional Electoral Tribunal of the Federal District (TRE-DF), external voting legal resolutions for the 2006 presidential election: the Tribunal approved the implementation of electronic ballot boxes in some countries. Lei 22.155 y Resolução TRE-DF-5989, <http://www.tre-df.gov.br/eleicoes_exterior/legislacao.html>
On voting from abroad, explanation for traditional and electronic ballot boxes, <http://www.tre-df.gov.br/eleicoes2006/arquivos/cartilha_elei06_exterior.pdf>
On Brazilians voting from abroad electronically: USA, Portugal, Italy, etc., <http://www.senado.gov.br/agencia/internacional/es/not_76.aspx>
On the use of electronic ballot boxes by Brazilians residing in Ecuador: HOY-Noticias, <http://www.hoy.com.ec/NoticiaNue.asp?row_id=249295:>
On the
presidential election results, October 2006: first round (TRE-DF), <http://www.tre-df.gov.br/eleicoes2006/resultados/Comparecimento_abstencao_validos_brancos_nulos_Exterior.pdf>,
and <http://www.justicaeleitoral.gov.br/resultado/index.html>;
second round: <http://www.justicaeleitoral.gov.br/resultado/>
On Brazilians living abroad, <http://www.tre-df.gov.br/eleicoes_exterior/legislacao.html>
Colombia
Ley estatutaria
por la que se expide el Código Electoral y se dictan otras disposiciones agosto de 2006: <http://www.cne.gov.co/noticias/BP_30_AGOSTO_2006.htm>
On the results of the 2006 elections, presidential, legislative and primary (Liberal Party and POLO): <http://www.registraduria.gov.co/reselec2006/0312/index.htm> ;
<http://www.eluniverso.com/2006/10/03/0001/8/3F03FAE349C649F6B99C23DDF486E8A5.aspx>;
<http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur//normas/Norma1.jsp?i=21837>;
<http://www.terra.com.co/elecciones_2006/reportaje/26-05-2006/nota286007.html>;
<http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2006/05/29/internacionales/20538>;
<http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla>
Cook Islands
Commission of Political Review, Report, 1998, Appendix: Draft Constitutional Amendments
Cook Islands News and ABC News, 18 September 2002, cited at <http://www.angelfire.com/wa3/hri/cook.html> on 22 March 2005
Crocombe, R. (ed.), Cook Islands Politics: The Inside Story (Auckland: Polynesian Press,1979)
Ghai, Yash, ‘Systems of Government I’, in Y. Ghai (ed.), Law, Government and Politics in the Pacific Island States (Suva: University of the South Pacific, Institute of Pacific Studies, 1988), pp. 54–75
Hassall, G., ‘Cook Islands’, in Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz and Christof Hartmann (eds), Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)
Henry, G., The Criminal Convictions of Albert Henry: Political Bribery, Corruption, Deception and Dishonour in the Cook Islands 1978–79 (Auckland: Sovereign Pacific Publishing Company, 2003)
Dominican Republic
On IDs and
the electoral card: <http://www.ayudatotal.com/servicios_publicos/111206_ayuda_total_documentos.html>
On new possibilities for the 2008 election: <http://www.jce.do/app/do/Voto%20en%20el%20Exterior.swf>
On the results of external voting in 2004:
<http://www.jce.do/stor/boletines/2004/Boletines2004/BExterior.asp>;
<http://www.pciudadana.com/Publicaciones/download/01.pe/(2000)01.Exp_Regionales_DE.pdf>;
<http://www.upd.oas.org/lab/MOE/2004/rca_dominicana/report_first_spa.pdf>; and
<http://www.elnuevodiario.com.do/app/article.aspx?id=40565>
Estonia
Kulu, H., ‘The Estonian Diaspora’, TRAMES: A Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1/3 (1997)
National Election Committee, ‘E-voting Project’, <http://www.vvk.ee/engindex.html>
— ‘E-voting System: Overview’, Tallinn, 2005, <http://www.vvk.ee/elektr/docs/Yldkirjeldus-eng.pdf>
France
Internet Rights Forum, ‘Recommendation: What is the Future of Electronic Voting in France?’, 26 September 2003, <http://www.foruminternet.org/telechargement/documents/reco-evote-en-20030926.pdf>
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministère des Affaires Etrangères), ‘Election de l’Assemblée des Français de l’étranger, le 18 juin 2006: Votez!’ [Elections to the Assembly of French Citizens Abroad, 18 June 2006: vote!], 9 March 2006, <http://www.assemblee-afe.fr/IMG/File/Notice_generale.pdf>
— ‘Election
au Conseil Supérieur des Français de l’étranger’ [Elections to the Council of French
Citizens Abroad, results 2003], <http://www.assemblee-afe.fr/IMG/File/RESULTATS-2003.xls>
Germany
Schreiber, Wolfgang, ‘Novellierung des Bundestagswahlrechts’ [The legislative reform of the electoral law to the Bundestag], Neue Juristische Wochenschrift, 25 (1985), pp. 1433–40
Honduras
On external voting in the 2005 presidential election, ‘Hondureños en el extranjero podrán votar’ [Hondurans overseas will be able to vote], [no date], <http://www.terra.com.hn/noticias/elecciones/articulo/html/nac43121.htm>
On the failure of external voting in 2005, La Prensa, 18 December 2005, <http://www.laprensahn.com/pais_nota.php?id04962=2764&t=1134968400>; and El Heraldo, 19 December 2005, <http://www.elheraldo.hn/nota.php?nid=42759&sec=12&fecha=2005-12-19>
Iraq
International Organisation for Migration, Iraq Out-of-Country Voting Program, Final Report, March 31, 2005
Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq (IECI), Final Report to Parliament (English version)
Marshall Islands
Fraenkel, Jon, ‘Strategic Registration from Metropolis to Periphery in the Republic of the Marshall Islands’, Journal of Pacific History, 37(3), 2002 Ghai, Yash, ‘Systems of Government I’, in Y. Ghai (ed.), Law, Government and Politics in the Pacific Island States (Suva: University of the South Pacific, Institute of Pacific Studies, 1988), pp. 54–75
Office of Planning and Statistics, 1999 Census of Population and Housing: Final Report (Majuro, 1999)
Netherlands
Caarls, Susanne, ‘Remote e-Voting in the Netherlands’, Presentation at the 2nd Vienna Election Seminar, December 2004, <http://www.coe.int/t/e/integrated.../Evoting/PPT%20CAARLS%20NL.ppt>
Hupkes, Sebastiaan, ‘Remote E-Voting in the Netherlands’, Presentation at the International Conference on Electronic Voting and Electronic Democracy: Present and the Future, Seoul, March 2005, <http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~icat/e-voting2005/81ppt/Sebastiaan%20Hupkes.doc>
New Zealand
Elections New Zealand, <http://www.elections.org.nz/voting/how_vote_overseas.html>
— ‘How to Enrol from Overseas’, <http://www.elections.org.nz/enrolment/how_to_enrol_overseas.html>
Portugal
Araújo, A., A revisão Constitucional de 1997 [The constitutional revision of 1997], Coimbra Editora
National Electoral Commission (Comissão Nacional de Eleições (CNE), <http://www.cne.pt>
Technical Secretariat for Electoral Processes Matters (Secretariado Técnico dos Assuntos para o Processo Eleitoral, STAPE), <http://www.stape.pt>
Switzerland
‘Botschaft des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung über die politischen Rechte der Auslandschweizer vom 3. März 1975’ [Message of the Federal Assembly on the Political Rights of Swiss abroad, 3 March 1975], Bundesblatt (BBl) 1975 I 1285ss. The Bundesblatt (the official gazette) is available at <http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/ff/index.html> (in French, German and Italian)
‘Botschaft über die Revision des Bundesgesetzes über die politischen Rechte der Auslandschweizer vom 15 August 1990’ [Message on the revision of the Federal Law on the Political Rights of Swiss abroad, 15 August 1990], Bundesblatt 1990 III 445ss
Bundesblatt 1975 I 1292ss
Bundesblatt 1990 III 448 (change of practice)
Burckhardt, Walther, Schweizerisches Bundesrecht, Frauenfeld 1930–1931 [Public law of the Swiss Confederation], 1/23; 2/388
Federal Law of 19 December 1975 (SR 161.5) on the Political Rights of Swiss Citizens Resident or Staying Abroad, <http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c161_5.html> (in French, German and Italian)
Federal Chancellery, <http://www.bk.admin.ch/themen/pore/evoting/00776>
Federal Chancellery, ‘Der Vote électronique in der Pilotphase’ [E-voting in the pilot stage], Zwischenbericht, Bern, August 2004 (in German and French), <http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/egov/ve/dokumente/Zwischenbericht.pdf>
GfS Forschungsinstitut, Internationale SchweizerInnen [Final report of the study carried out for the Organisation of the Swiss Abroad (ASO) and swissinfo/Swiss Radio International on the voting behaviour of Swiss abroad], Bern, June 2003, <http://www.aso.ch/pdf/ASO-ericht%20berdef.pdf>
Kaufmann, Bruno et al., Guidebook to Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Beyond (Amsterdam: Initiative & Referendum Institute Europe, 2005)
Linder, Wolf, Swiss Democracy: Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societies, 2nd edn (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1998)
Organisation
of the Swiss Abroad (ASO), <http://www.aso.ch>
Ukraine
Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE), Office for Democratic Institutions
and Human Rights (ODIHR), ‘Ukraine
Presidential Election 31 October, 21 November
and 26 December 2004: OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final
Report’, Warsaw,
11 May 2005, ODIHR.GAL/33/05, <http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2005/05/14224_en.pdf>
United Kingdom
British Electoral Commission, ‘The Shape of Elections to Come: A Strategic Evaluation of the 2003 Electoral Pilot Schemes’, London, 2003, <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/templates/search/document.cfm/8346>
Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames (UK), ‘Overseas Electors’, <http://www.kingston.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/elections/overseas_electors.htm>
‘Votes in the Bag’, The Economist, 9 April 2005
USA
US Embassy London, Consular Section, ‘Absentee Voting for US Citizens’,<http://www.usembassy.org.uk/cons_new/acs/scs/voting.html>
