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total countries/territories: 57
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Albania
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
Schmidt – Neke: Das politische System Albaniens, In: Ismayr: Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2. ed., 2004, pp. 836 et seq.
Lando: Albania, In. Media Ownership and its impact on Media independence and Pluralism
Freedom House
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2012/02/21
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Algeria
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://www.internews.org/arab_media_research/algeria.pdf
|
2005/05/07
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Austria
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
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2005/06/09
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Azerbaijan
|
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
As of 2019, there are 13 radios in Baku. They are mainly divided into state, private, and public domain. These are Radio Antenn, Radio Media FM, Azad Azerbaijan, Radio Space, Avto FM, Araz FM, Asan Radio, Lider Radio, Day.az, Irado.az, Autolife.audio, Sharg.airtime.pro, Love Radio and Kepez Fm.
Source:
https://medialandscapes.org/country/azerbaijan/media/radio
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2022/02/07
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Bahrain
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b. Government owned
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Freedom of speech and the press are sharply restricted. Privately-owned newspapers refrain from criticizing the regime, while radio and television are government-owned and offer only official propaganda. Bahrain's domestic radio and television stations are state-run. Some homes have access to satellite TV channels
Source:
http://www.freedomhouse.org/pfs99/reports.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/790690.stm#media
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2006/05/08
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Belarus
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a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
It is very difficult to make a difference between state owned government owned radios.
Private radios broadcast mainly from abroad, Ministry of Information tries to controll FM broadcaster even intensively.
Source:
Freedom House, von Steinsdorff, Das politische System Weißrußlands In: Ismayr: Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 457 et seq.
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2006/04/06
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Belgium
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
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2012/05/04
|
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Benin
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Website for Media in Benin (www.mediabenin.org).
Mr Theodule Nouatchi, lecturer in law at the University of Benin (Cotonou).
|
2005/06/30
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Bermuda
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c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Randy Scott, Parliamentary Registry
|
2006/12/14
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
external link (link to the BIH Communications Regulatory Agency – CRA)
|
2006/12/11
|
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Brazil
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2024/10/21
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Bulgaria
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a. Publicly owned
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/specialreport.html
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/bulgaria.html
Law on Radio and Tv. Art 7, 8
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2007/01/31
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Canada
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
Elections Canada
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2010/06/22
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Croatia
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/croatia.html, (European Journalist Centre, European Media Landscape) Decision on the promulgation of the law on telecommunications (hereinafter: Law on telecommunications)
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2005/11/14
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Cyprus
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
Law 7(I)/1998 regulating radio and television stations, Art. 16(1);
Official web site of the Broadcasting Authority of Cyprus: http://www.crta.org.cy/default.asp?id=255 (2012)
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2012/04/27
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Czech Republic
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/czech.html
http://www.ijnet.org/FE_Article/AssetShow.asp?ID=407
http://www.czech.cz/index.php?section=6&menu=138
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2006/11/30
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Djibouti
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
http://www.ifjafrique.org/english/fijenligne/040803_2.htm
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2005/05/09
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Egypt
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b. Government owned
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Source:
Country Profile: Egypt. Produced by the BBC. Available URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm
"A Quick Overview of the Egyptian press." Produced by the Cairo Times. Available at URL: http://www.cairotimes.com/content/issues/media/quidir.html
The Center for Media Freedom, Middle East and North Africa
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm
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2008/02/04
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Eritrea
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b. Government owned
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Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1070813.stm
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2011/06/22
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Georgia
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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There are 54 radio broadcasters.
Source:
OSCE Report on the Parliamentary Elections 2018. Part I:
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/4/412724_2.pdf
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2024/07/23
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Germany
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a. Publicly owned
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In Germany there is private radio only at the regional and local level; however, some of the stations can now be received nationwide via internet or satellite.
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2005/04/11
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Ghana
|
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
See ME03, difficult to answer because there is no specific legislation that defines the answer to this question.
|
2005/10/14
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Greece
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2012/04/13
|
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Holy See (Vatican City State)
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b. Government owned
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The Vatican Television Center (CTV) transmits live broadcasts of the Pope's Sunday and Wednesday audiences, as well as the Pope's public celebrations; CTV also produces documentaries; Vatican Radio is the Holy See's official broadcasting service broadcasting via shortwave, AM and FM frequencies, and via satellite and Internet connections.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html (2012)
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2012/05/14
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Hungary
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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D) parties can not be media owners/providers
Source:
Law on media Art. 86. para. 2-3
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2006/03/28
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Ireland
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2005/06/22
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Italy
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
|
Source:
Law: "Testo unico della radiotelevisione", Art. 1 and 2
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2012/04/16
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Jordan
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a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2016/08/05
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Kenya
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2012/03/28
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Kiribati
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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There are two radio stations present in Kiribati
Radio Kiribati (state-run)
Newair (private FM station) which is only available in Tarawa
Source:
Commonwealth of Nations website
http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-kiribati/business/media_and_broadcasting/
|
2020/05/05
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Lesotho
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
There are two state-owned radio stations. The government controls most private broadcast media and transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available. These stations include Radio Lesotho, Ultimate, Radio Lesotho (Maseru), People's Choice (PCFM), Radio France International (RFI), Thaha-Khube, Harvest, Moafrica, Ultimate (Maseru), Kereke Evangel, Catholic Radio, Jeso KE Karabo, and Joy.
Source:
"Communications: Lesotho", World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 7 January 2014.
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2015/03/13
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Liechtenstein
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b. Government owned
|
|
2005/06/09
|
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Lithuania
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/lithuania.html#2
|
2005/03/29
|
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Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Willemsen, Das politische System Makedoniens, In Ismayr, Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 796 et seq.
Trpevska, Macedonia, In: Media Ownership and Its Impact on Media Independence and Pluralism
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2005/03/23
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Malaysia
|
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
|
2007/01/21
|
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Morocco
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region3/mrc/
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6801
|
2007/01/29
|
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New Zealand
|
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2024/07/12
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Niger
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Pr Niandou Souley Abdoulaye Ancien président du Conseil Supérieur de la Communication du Niger
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2005/06/07
|
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Palestine
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b. Government owned
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The PNA controls the official Palestine TV and Voice of Palestine radio, which reflect PNA views. Private Palestinian broadcast stations have proliferated across the West Bank and Gaza Strip during the last decade but have endured financial hardship, closure by Israeli and Palestinian forces, and the destruction of their facilities by the Israeli army.
Source:
http://www.worldaudit.org/presstext.htm
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/palestin.htm
|
2005/06/22
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Poland
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Constitution of Poland
Art. 54:
1. The freedom to express opinions, to acquire and to disseminate information shall be ensured to everyone.
2. Preventive censorship of the means of social communication and the licensing of the press shall be forbidden. Statutes may require the receipt of a permit for the operation of a radio or television station.
Source:
OSCE/ODHIR Needs Assessment Mission Report 9-12 March, 2015.
Constitution of Poland 1997 (rev. 2009).
|
2015/05/06
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Portugal
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2024/10/10
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Romania
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2005/03/30
|
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Russian Federation
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
|
2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations
Source:
CIA Factbook (2016)
|
2016/06/06
|
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Saint Kitts and Nevis
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
ZIZ Radio is the country's government-owned radio station, which also operates BigWave 96.7. The country also has several commercial radio stations including Winn FM, Choice FM, Radio One, KYSS FM and Voice of Nevis, which is a Nevis based medium-wave station.
Source:
Commonwealth of Nations
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2020/04/27
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Seychelles
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b. Government owned
|
Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/750.htm
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2005/04/01
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Sierra Leone
|
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
PUBLICLY OWNED - 98.1
GOVERNMENT OWNED - SLBS
PRIVATELY OWNED - KISI04, SKY RADIO
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2006/04/03
|
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Slovakia
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1108491.stm#media
www.freedomhouse.org/research/nitransit/slovakia2004.pdf
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2007/01/09
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Slovenia
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
slovenia2004 report of the Freedom House (freedomhouse.org)
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2005/04/04
|
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Somalia
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:_0Vymtvg8bYJ:www.apfw.org/data/news/english/SOMALILANDsreport1004.pdf+somaliland+media+election+reports&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
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2005/04/22
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Sudan
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b. Government owned
|
Radio and TV are both controlled directly by the government, and are required to reflect government policies. There are currently about nine daily papers available in Sudan, including the Arabic dailies dailies El-Rai Elaam, Al-Sudan Al-Hadith, Alwan Newspaper, Al-Shari Al-Seyasi, and El-Ingaz. A wide variety of both Arabic and English publications are also available, although they are all subject to censorship. In 1998, for instance, the pro-government Press and Publications Council imposed three-day closures of the private papers Al-Sharia al-Siyasi and Al-Rae al-Akher. The Arabic dailies El-Ayam and El-Sahafa, both established in the early 1950s, have also recently been banned. To ensure further vigilance, the National Council for Printing and Publication, a state-run media watchdog, has also been established.
Source:
SUDAN PRESS OVERVIEW 2000.
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/sudan.htm
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region3/sdn/
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2006/11/20
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Sweden
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
OSCE/ODIHR NEEDS Assessment mission report - General Elections of 19 September 2010: http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/70947 (2012)
|
2012/05/15
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Tonga
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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Tonga Broadcasting Commission - Radio Tonga(government owned); Letio Faka-Kalisiatane 93FM (privately-owned); Millenium Radio 2000 - A3V - FM 89.1(privately-owned); Radio Nuku'alofa 88.6FM (privately-owned)
Source:
http://www.tonga-broadcasting.net/ (2021);
https://streema.com/radios/UCB_Pacific_A3R (2021);
https://streema.com/radios/Millenium_Radio_2000_A3V (2021);
https://streema.com/radios/Radio_Nukualofa (2021).
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2021/09/15
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Tunisia
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b. Government owned
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The government owns and operates the Tunisian Radio and Television Establishment (ERTT), which receives its news coverage directly from the official news agency, TAP. There are also several government-owned regional stations and one national television channel. In brief, it can be said that in Tunisia no licenses can be issued to anyone (either an individual or an organisation) to establish independent private radio or television stations. The state monopolises the air.
Source:
TUNISIA PRESS OVERVIEW 2002
http://www.ijnet.org/FE_Article/mediaoutlet.asp?CountryID=54&UILang=1
2003 World Press Freedom Review
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/tunisia.htm#2002%20World%20Press%20Freedom%20Review
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2005/05/08
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Turkey
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Rumpf/Steinbach Das politische System der Türkei, In. Ismayr, Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2. ed., 2004, pp. 874 et seq.
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2005/03/30
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Ukraine
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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ad b:
Ukraine at least until the recent change in 2005 is well-known for its either state- or oligarch-controlled broadcasting media, see e.g. the Special Report of the Freedom House (UNDER ASSAULT. UKRAINES NEWS MEDIA AND THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS)www.freedomhouse.org
cf. Law on public television and radio broadcasting system, which establishes the legal framework of publicly owned media, but is implemented as it were government owned: http://www.ijnet.org/fe_article/medialaw.asp?uilang=1&cid=25303
ad c: the privately owned media are often strongly influenced by political interests
Source:
www.freedomhouse.org/research/nitransit/ukraine2004.pdf
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2006/11/20
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Yemen
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b. Government owned
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The Ministry of Information influenced the media through its control of most printing presses, subsidies to certain newspapers, and its ownership of the country's sole television and radio outlets. Only two newspapers, the weekly Al-Shumu and the daily Aden independent Al-Ayyam, owned their own presses.
Source:
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region2/yem/
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27942.htm
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2006/11/20
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