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total countries/territories: 57
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Albania
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Schmidt – Neke: Das politische System Albaniens, In: Ismayr: Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2. ed., 2004, pp. 836 et seq.
Lando: Albania, In. Media Ownership and its impact on Media independence and Pluralism
Freedom House
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2012/02/21
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Algeria
|
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://www.internews.org/arab_media_research/algeria.pdf
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2005/05/07
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American Samoa
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
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2017/08/18
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Austria
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
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2005/06/09
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Azerbaijan
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a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Today there are 47 television channels, out of which 4 are public and 43 private, while 12 are national and 31 regional channels.
Source:
https://medialandscapes.org/country/azerbaijan/media/television
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2022/02/07
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Bahrain
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b. Government owned
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Freedom of speech and the press are sharply restricted. Privately-owned newspapers refrain from criticizing the regime, while radio and television are government-owned and offer only official propaganda. Bahrain's domestic radio and television stations are state-run. Some homes have access to satellite TV channels
Source:
http://www.freedomhouse.org/pfs99/reports.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/790690.stm#media
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2006/05/08
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Belarus
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a. Publicly owned
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Source:
Freedom House, von Steinsdorff, Das politische System Weißrußlands In: Ismayr: Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 457 et seq.
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2006/04/03
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Belgium
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
Consolidated Decree on audiovisual media services, Art. 36 (1)
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2012/05/08
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Benin
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Mr Theodule Nouatchi, lecturer in law at the University of Benin (Cotonou).
|
2005/06/30
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Bermuda
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c. Privately owned
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Source:
Randy Scott, Parliamentary Registry
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2006/12/14
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Law on the Basis of the Public Broadcasting System and on the Public Broadcasting Service of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2002; http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/bih.html#2
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2005/03/29
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Brazil
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2024/10/21
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Bulgaria
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a. Publicly owned
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/specialreport.html
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/bulgaria.html
Law on Radio and Tv. Art 7, 8
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2007/01/31
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Canada
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
Elections Canada
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2010/06/22
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Croatia
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/croatia.html, (European Journalist Centre, European Media Landscape) Decision on the promulgation of the law on telecommunications (hereinafter: Law on telecommunications)
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2005/11/14
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Cyprus
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
Official web site of the Broadcasting Authority of Cyprus: http://www.crta.org.cy/default.asp?id=255 (2012)
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2012/04/27
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Czech Republic
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/czech.html
http://www.ijnet.org/FE_Article/AssetShow.asp?ID=407
http://www.czech.cz/index.php?section=6&menu=138
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2006/11/30
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Djibouti
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
http://www.ifjafrique.org/english/fijenligne/040803_2.htm
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2005/05/09
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Egypt
|
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Country Profile: Egypt. Produced by the BBC. Available URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm
"A Quick Overview of the Egyptian press." Produced by the Cairo Times. Available at URL: http://www.cairotimes.com/content/issues/media/quidir.html
The Center for Media Freedom, Middle East and North Africa
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm
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2008/02/04
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Eritrea
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b. Government owned
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Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1070813.stm
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2011/06/22
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Georgia
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
The media includes 110 television channels.
Source:
OSCE Report on the Parliamentary Elections 2018. Part I:
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/4/412724_2.pdf
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2024/07/23
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Germany
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Germany has several public and private radio stations.
Source:
http://www.dradio.de/ (Deutschland Radio)
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2021/07/02
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Ghana
|
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
'The public must be given access to the ranger of opinions and views held by the political and other legitimate groups as indicated in article 163 of the Constitution.
Source:
Elections 1996 in Ghana (part I); Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Kwasi Badu and John Larvie in co-operation with the Electoral Commission of the Republic of Ghana. pages 54-55.
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2005/10/14
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Greece
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
Law 2328/1995, Art. 1:3
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2012/04/13
|
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Holy See (Vatican City State)
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b. Government owned
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The Vatican Television Center (CTV) transmits live broadcasts of the Pope's Sunday and Wednesday audiences, as well as the Pope's public celebrations; CTV also produces documentaries; Vatican Radio is the Holy See's official broadcasting service broadcasting via shortwave, AM and FM frequencies, and via satellite and Internet connections.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html (2012)
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2012/05/14
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Hungary
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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D) parties can not be media owners/providers
Source:
Law on media Art. 86. para. 2-3.
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2007/01/29
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Italy
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Source:
Law: "Testo unico della radiotelevisione", Art. 1 and 2
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2012/04/16
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Jordan
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a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2016/08/05
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Kazakhstan
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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There are 23 TV channels registered with a nationwide coverage. State–owned Qazaqstan media holding operates four TV channels and owns 80 per cent of shares of First Eurasian; state-owned Khabar media holding and Intergovernmental broadcaster Mir operate three TV channels each. The media holding TV and Radio Complex of the President owns ZhibekZholy, and Amanat owns TV Astana. Out of 10 remaining private broadcasters, only 2 broadcasters – KTK and 31st Channel broadcast news. Paragraph 40 of the General Comment No. 34 to the ICCPR notes that “The State should not have monopoly control over media and should promote plurality of the media.
Source:
ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report produced in March 19, 2023
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2024/10/23
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Kenya
|
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2012/02/24
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Lesotho
|
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Lesotho has one state-owned TV station. The government controls most private broadcasts media. Satellite TV subscriptions are available, as are transmissions of multiple international broadcasters. Lesotho TV stations include Lesotho Television (LTV on DStv) and Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN).
Source:
"Communications: Lesotho", World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 7 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
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2015/03/13
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Lithuania
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/lithuania.html#2
|
2005/03/29
|
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Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Willemsen, Das politische System Makedoniens, In Ismayr, Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 796 et seq.
Trpevska, Macedonia, In: Media Ownership and Its Impact on Media Independence and Pluralism
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2005/03/23
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Malaysia
|
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
|
The dominant party of the ruling coalition, UMNO, and the opposition party PAS have started their own TV network which can be accessed through their website.
Source:
Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
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2007/01/21
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Montenegro
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
There are four TV stations with national coverage, one of which is public.
Source:
https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/71967/montenegro_results_mpm_2021_cmpf.pdf?sequence=1
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2021/12/24
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Morocco
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region3/mrc/
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6801
|
2007/01/29
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New Zealand
|
a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15369577#:~:text=Television%201%20Television%20New%20Zealand%20%28TVNZ%29%20-%20state-owned%2C,-%20pay-TV%20operator%205%20Maori%20Television%20-%20public
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2024/07/12
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Niger
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Pr Niandou Souley Abdoulaye
|
2005/06/07
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Palestine
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b. Government owned
|
The PNA controls the official Palestine TV and Voice of Palestine radio, which reflect PNA views. Private Palestinian broadcast stations have proliferated across the West Bank and Gaza Strip during the last decade but have endured financial hardship, closure by Israeli and Palestinian forces, and the destruction of their facilities by the Israeli army.
Source:
http://www.worldaudit.org/presstext.htm
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/palestin.htm
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2005/06/22
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Poland
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
'The national broadcaster, Telewizja Polska (TVP) broadcasts on 12 nationwide and 16 regional channels, with nationwide TVP1 and TVP2 enjoying the highest viewership. The TVN and Polsat are the dominant private broadcasters.'
Source:
OSCE/ODHIR Needs Assessment Mission Report 9-12 March, 2015.
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2015/05/06
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Portugal
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Published in the D.R. no. 145 (Series I), of 30 of July, Approves the Television Law, which regulates the access to and performance of the television activity.
Source:
Law no. No. 27/2007 of 30 July 2007, as amended by Law no. 8/2011 of 11 April 2011:
https://www.anacom.pt/render.jsp?contentId=979660
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2024/10/10
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Romania
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2005/03/30
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Russian Federation
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available.
Source:
CIA Factbook (2016)
|
2016/06/06
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Saint Kitts and Nevis
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Commonwealth of Nations
|
2020/04/27
|
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Seychelles
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b. Government owned
|
Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/750.htm
|
2005/04/01
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Sierra Leone
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
|
2005/06/09
|
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Slovakia
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1108491.stm#media
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2005/04/02
|
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Slovenia
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
slovenia2004 report of the Freedom House (freedomhouse.org)
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2005/04/04
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Somalia
|
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:_0Vymtvg8bYJ:www.apfw.org/data/news/english/SOMALILANDsreport1004.pdf+somaliland+media+election+reports&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
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2005/04/22
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Sudan
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b. Government owned
|
Radio and TV are both controlled directly by the government, and are required to reflect government policies. There are currently about nine daily papers available in Sudan, including the Arabic dailies dailies El-Rai Elaam, Al-Sudan Al-Hadith, Alwan Newspaper, Al-Shari Al-Seyasi, and El-Ingaz. A wide variety of both Arabic and English publications are also available, although they are all subject to censorship. In 1998, for instance, the pro-government Press and Publications Council imposed three-day closures of the private papers Al-Sharia al-Siyasi and Al-Rae al-Akher. The Arabic dailies El-Ayam and El-Sahafa, both established in the early 1950s, have also recently been banned. To ensure further vigilance, the National Council for Printing and Publication, a state-run media watchdog, has also been established.
Source:
SUDAN PRESS OVERVIEW 2000.
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/sudan.htm
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region3/sdn/
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2006/11/20
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Sweden
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
OSCE/ODIHR NEEDS Assessment mission report - General Elections of 19 September 2010: http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/70947 (2012)
|
2012/05/15
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Tonga
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
Oceania TV (privately owned)
Tonga Broadcasting Commission (government owned)
Source:
http://www.oceaniatv.net/ (2021);
http://www.tonga-broadcasting.net/ (2021)
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2021/09/15
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Tunisia
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b. Government owned
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The government owns and operates the Tunisian Radio and Television Establishment (ERTT), which receives its news coverage directly from the official news agency, TAP. There are also several government-owned regional stations and one national television channel. In brief, it can be said that in Tunisia no licenses can be issued to anyone (either an individual or an organisation) to establish independent private radio or television stations. The state monopolises the air.
Source:
TUNISIA PRESS OVERVIEW 2002
http://www.ijnet.org/FE_Article/mediaoutlet.asp?CountryID=54&UILang=1
2003 World Press Freedom Review
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/tunisia.htm#2002%20World%20Press%20Freedom%20Review
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2005/05/08
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Turkey
|
a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
Source:
Rumpf/Steinbach Das politische System der Türkei, In. Ismayr, Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2. ed., 2004, pp. 874 et seq.
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2005/03/30
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Ukraine
|
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
ad b:
Ukraine at least until the recent change in 2005 is well-known for its either state- or oligarch-controlled broadcasting media, see e.g. the Special Report of the Freedom House (UNDER ASSAULT. UKRAINES NEWS MEDIA AND THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS)www.freedomhouse.org
cf. Law on public television and radio broadcasting system, which establishes the legal framework of publicly owned media, but is implemented as it were government owned: http://www.ijnet.org/fe_article/medialaw.asp?uilang=1&cid=25303
ad c: the privately owned media are often strongly influenced by political interests
Source:
www.freedomhouse.org/research/nitransit/ukraine2004.pdf
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2006/11/20
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Yemen
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b. Government owned
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The Ministry of Information influenced the media through its control of most printing presses, subsidies to certain newspapers, and its ownership of the country's sole television and radio outlets. Only two newspapers, the weekly Al-Shumu and the daily Aden independent Al-Ayyam, owned their own presses.
Source:
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region2/yem/
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27942.htm
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2006/11/20
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