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total countries/territories: 56
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Albania
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Source:
Schmidt – Neke: Das politische System Albaniens, In: Ismayr: Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2. ed., 2004, pp. 836 et seq.
Lando: Albania, In. Media Ownership and its impact on Media independence and Pluralism
Freedom House
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2012/02/21
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Algeria
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Source:
http://www.internews.org/arab_media_research/algeria.pdf
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2005/05/07
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American Samoa
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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2017/08/18
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Austria
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a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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The "Wiener Zeitung" which also serves as the official Austrian Gazette in many aspects is a hundred per cent owned by the Republic of Austria, represented by the Federal Chancellor.
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2005/06/09
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Bahrain
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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Freedom of speech and the press are sharply restricted. Privately-owned newspapers refrain from criticizing the regime, while radio and television are government-owned and offer only official propaganda. Bahrain's domestic radio and television stations are state-run. Some homes have access to satellite TV channels
Source:
http://www.freedomhouse.org/pfs99/reports.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/790690.stm#media
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2006/05/08
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Belarus
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a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
Freedom House, von Steinsdorff, Das politische System Weißrußlands In: Ismayr: Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 457 et seq.
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2006/04/03
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Belgium
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c. Privately owned
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2005/06/14
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Benin
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a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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With bad public reputation the journal, "La Fraternite", is pro-government. There is also, "Les ehos du jour", which belongs to the president of the PRD Adrien Houngbedji. The "Point au quotidien" belongs to Sehoueto, who just left government. The "Progres" is for Kamarou Fassassi, currently the minister of energy and hydraulics. The "Nouvelle tribune" is for the opposition. "L´informateur" and "Le Nokoue" are very close to the opposition wing Soglo Nicephore.
Source:
Mr Theodule Nouatchi, lecturer in law at the University of Benin (Cotonou).
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2005/07/15
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Bermuda
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c. Privately owned
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Source:
Randy Scott, Parliamentary Registry
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2006/12/14
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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c. Privately owned
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Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/bih.html#2
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2005/03/29
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Brazil
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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2024/10/21
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Bulgaria
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c. Privately owned
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Source:
Mihail Konstantinov, Vice-chair of the Central Election Commissions of Bulgaria for Parliamentary and for Local Elections
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2007/01/31
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Canada
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c. Privately owned
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Source:
Elections Canada
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2010/06/22
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Croatia
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/croatia.html, (European Journalist Centre, European Media Landscape) Decision on the promulgation of the law on telecommunications (hereinafter: Law on telecommunications)
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2005/11/14
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Czech Republic
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/czech.html
http://www.ijnet.org/FE_Article/AssetShow.asp?ID=407
http://www.czech.cz/index.php?section=6&menu=138
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2006/11/30
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Djibouti
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Source:
http://www.ifjafrique.org/english/fijenligne/040803_2.htm
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2005/05/09
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Egypt
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Source:
Country Profile: Egypt. Produced by the BBC. Available URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm
"A Quick Overview of the Egyptian press." Produced by the Cairo Times. Available at URL: http://www.cairotimes.com/content/issues/media/quidir.html
The Center for Media Freedom, Middle East and North Africa
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm
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2008/02/04
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Eritrea
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b. Government owned
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Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1070813.stm
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2011/06/22
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Germany
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c. Privately owned
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The press is free of government control, no newspaper is owned by a political party, and only about 10 percent of newspapers overtly support a political party, though most offer a distinctly political point of view.
Source:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Media-and-publishing
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2021/11/20
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Ghana
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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(11) "The state shall provide fair opportunity to all political parties to present their programmes to the public by ensuring equal access to the state-owned media.'
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Ghana [Article 55 (11)]
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2005/10/14
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Greece
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c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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2012/04/13
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Hungary
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c. Privately owned
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2005/04/03
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Ireland
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
|
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2005/06/22
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Italy
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Source:
Law of 8 February 1948, n. 47, Art. 5
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2012/04/17
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Jordan
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a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
|
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2016/08/05
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Kenya
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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2012/03/28
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Kiribati
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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Te Uekera, a weekly newspaper published by the Broadcasting and Publications Authority
Kiribati Newstar is an independent weekly
Source:
Commonwealth of Nations website
http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-kiribati/business/media_and_broadcasting/
Broadcasting And Publications Authority
https://bpa.org.ki/
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2020/05/05
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Lesotho
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b. Government owned
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Although there are various small publications, periodicals and newsletters, most of Lesotho's media is state-owned. The Lesotho News Agency (LENA),the only news agency, controls a widely disseminated newspaper. The Inter Press Service (IPS) of Italy operates under the auspices of LENA, a foreign bureau and national radio broadcasting station. Prohibitive printing costs, poor technology, and unavailability of newsprint make it difficult for Lesotho's small publications. Generally, low investment in this sector has adversely impacted the growth of the printing and publishing industry. Most of the country's printing jobs, including major works from the government, are being done outside the country. Government operated weekly papers are Lenstoe la Basotho, Lesotho Today, Lesotho Weekly, Makatolle, The Mirror, MoAfrica, Public Eye, Mopheme (The Survivor), The Sun, The Southern Star and Shoeshoe (a quarterly). The Leselinyana la Lesotho (Light of Lesotho) is published fortnightly, and Moeletsi oa Basotho, a weekly, are published by Lesotho Evangelical and Roman Catholic churches, respectively.
Source:
Press Reference: http://www.pressreference.com/Ky-Ma/Lesotho.html
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2015/03/13
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Liechtenstein
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d. Owned by political parties
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2005/06/09
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Lithuania
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c. Privately owned
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Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/lithuania.html#2
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2005/03/29
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Luxembourg
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Source:
http://www.sgi-network.org/pdf/SGI09_Luxembourg_Poirier.pdf
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2012/04/26
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Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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The public publisher Nova Makeonije will be sold through a public tender
Source:
Willemsen, Das politische System Makedoniens, In Ismayr, Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 796 et seq.
Trpevska, Macedonia, In: Media Ownership and Its Impact on Media Independence and Pluralism
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2005/03/23
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Malaysia
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a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Source:
Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
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2007/01/21
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Morocco
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Source:
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region3/mrc/
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6801
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2007/01/29
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New Zealand
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
https://www.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/473638/JMAD-2020-report.pdf
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2024/07/12
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Niger
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
Pr Niandou Souley Abdoulaye
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2005/06/07
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Palestine
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b. Government owned
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The PNA controls the official Palestine TV and Voice of Palestine radio, which reflect PNA views. Private Palestinian broadcast stations have proliferated across the West Bank and Gaza Strip during the last decade but have endured financial hardship, closure by Israeli and Palestinian forces, and the destruction of their facilities by the Israeli army.
Source:
http://www.worldaudit.org/presstext.htm
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/palestin.htm
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2005/06/22
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Poland
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c. Privately owned
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Source:
Eurotopics.net
Pressreference.com
Poland Newspapers and Newsmedia Guide (http://www.abyznewslinks.com/polan.htm)
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2015/05/06
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Portugal
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c. Privately owned
|
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2005/06/13
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Romania
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c. Privately owned
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2005/03/30
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Russian Federation
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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Public, private (with less than 20% of foreign capital, religious, military etc.
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2016/06/06
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Saint Kitts and Nevis
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c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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There is no daily newspaper. There are two independent weekly newspapers: The Leewards Times and The St. Kitts Nevis Observer. Both appear on Fridays and print in English. The Labour Spokesman, affiliated with the government's party, publishes twice weekly, on Wednesday and Saturday in English. The Democrat is backed by the opposition party and appears every Saturday, also in English.
Source:
Press Reference
http://www.pressreference.com/No-Sa/Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis.html
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2020/04/27
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Seychelles
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/750.htm
Seychelles - 2004 Annual Report available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=10196
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2005/05/12
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Sierra Leone
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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2005/06/09
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Slovakia
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c. Privately owned
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Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1108491.stm#media
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2005/04/02
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Slovenia
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c. Privately owned
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often an important owner of a printed press medium is indirectly the state, e.g. the "Ve^cer" daily
Source:
slovenia2004 report of the Freedom House (freedomhouse.org)
http://mediawatch.mirovni-institut.si/eng/media_ownership.pdf
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2005/04/12
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Somalia
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:_0Vymtvg8bYJ:www.apfw.org/data/news/english/SOMALILANDsreport1004.pdf+somaliland+media+election+reports&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
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2005/04/22
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Sudan
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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Radio and TV are both controlled directly by the government, and are required to reflect government policies. There are currently about nine daily papers available in Sudan, including the Arabic dailies dailies El-Rai Elaam, Al-Sudan Al-Hadith, Alwan Newspaper, Al-Shari Al-Seyasi, and El-Ingaz. A wide variety of both Arabic and English publications are also available, although they are all subject to censorship. In 1998, for instance, the pro-government Press and Publications Council imposed three-day closures of the private papers Al-Sharia al-Siyasi and Al-Rae al-Akher. The Arabic dailies El-Ayam and El-Sahafa, both established in the early 1950s, have also recently been banned. To ensure further vigilance, the National Council for Printing and Publication, a state-run media watchdog, has also been established.
Source:
SUDAN PRESS OVERVIEW 2000.
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/sudan.htm
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region3/sdn/
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2006/11/20
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Sweden
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a. Publicly owned
c. Privately owned
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Source:
OSCE/ODIHR NEEDS Assessment mission report - General Elections of 19 September 2010: http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/70947 (2012)
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2012/05/15
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Taiwan
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a. Publicly owned
b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
d. Owned by political parties
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The campaign or recall advertisement published or broadcast in/via the newspapers, magazines and other public media shall specify the person who publishes it.
Source:
Article 51, Civil Servants Election And Recall Act
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2020/03/30
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Tonga
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c. Privately owned
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Kakalu 'o Tonga; Kele‘a (Privately owned); Talaki (Privately owned); Times of Tonga (privately owned); Matangi Tonga (privately owned)
Source:
https://www.kelea.to/; https://talaki.to/sipoti/itemlist/tag/talaki%20online%20news; https://matangitonga.to/
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2021/09/15
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Tunisia
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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The government owns and operates the Tunisian Radio and Television Establishment (ERTT), which receives its news coverage directly from the official news agency, TAP. There are also several government-owned regional stations and one national television channel. In brief, it can be said that in Tunisia no licenses can be issued to anyone (either an individual or an organisation) to establish independent private radio or television stations. The state monopolises the air.
Source:
TUNISIA PRESS OVERVIEW 2002
http://www.ijnet.org/FE_Article/mediaoutlet.asp?CountryID=54&UILang=1
2003 World Press Freedom Review
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/tunisia.htm#2002%20World%20Press%20Freedom%20Review
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2005/05/08
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Turkey
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c. Privately owned
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Source:
Rumpf/Steinbach Das politische System der Türkei, In. Ismayr, Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2. ed., 2004, pp. 874 et seq.
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2005/03/30
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Ukraine
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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ad b:
Ukraine at least until the recent change in 2005 is well-known for its either state- or oligarch-controlled broadcasting media, see e.g. the Special Report of the Freedom House (UNDER ASSAULT. UKRAINES NEWS MEDIA AND THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS)www.freedomhouse.org
cf. Law on public television and radio broadcasting system, which establishes the legal framework of publicly owned media, but is implemented as it were government owned: http://www.ijnet.org/fe_article/medialaw.asp?uilang=1&cid=25303
ad c: the privately owned media are often strongly influenced by political interests
Source:
www.freedomhouse.org/research/nitransit/ukraine2004.pdf
http://www.cvu.org.ua/?menu=chronicles&po=doc&lang=eng&date_end=2004-09-20&date_beg=2005-03-19&id=646
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2006/11/20
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Yemen
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b. Government owned
c. Privately owned
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The Ministry of Information influenced the media through its control of most printing presses, subsidies to certain newspapers, and its ownership of the country's sole television and radio outlets. Only two newspapers, the weekly Al-Shumu and the daily Aden independent Al-Ayyam, owned their own presses.
Source:
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region2/yem/
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27942.htm
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2006/11/20
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