|
total countries/territories: 52
|
|---|
| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
|
Albania
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
The independence of private media is seen by the people of Albania not fully realised. Some newspapers are formally independent, however economically dependent from political organisations, indirectly by the government. The Government criticizing newspapers are seen as more credibly.
Source:
Schmidt – Neke op. cit pp. 836 et seq.; Lando: op. cit
|
2012/02/21
|
|
Algeria
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
Source:
http://www.internews.org/arab_media_research/algeria.pdf
|
2005/05/07
|
|
Armenia
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
|
2005/03/24
|
|
Australia
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Majority of Australian print media is held by two large companies.
|
2005/05/09
|
|
Austria
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
|
2005/06/09
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
|
2021/08/04
|
|
Bahrain
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
Newspapers must obtain the approval of the information minister and the Cabinet before being allowed to publish. It is prohibited to criticize the king and Islam, insult the heads of Arab or Islamic countries, incite "sectarian hatred," or publish "false information" or any news that harms "national unity."
Source:
http://www.cpj.org/attacks03/mideast03/bahrain.html
|
2005/05/16
|
|
Belarus
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
There exist private media, however it is mainly oppressed by the Government.
State-owned media are extensively subsidized, whereas independent media are forced to shoulder high taxes and fees on printing and distribution.
The independent press depends heavily on foreign assistance because of discriminatory pricing at state printing houses and difficulties in attracting advertisements from state-owned companies.
Source:
Freedom House, von Steinsdorff, Das politische System Weißrußlands In: Ismayr: Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 457 et seq.
|
2006/04/06
|
|
Belgium
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
|
2005/06/14
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/bih.html#2
|
2005/03/29
|
|
Brazil
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
|
2024/10/21
|
|
Bulgaria
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Competition exists between all private newspapers (there are not state owned newspapers any more)
Source:
Mihail Konstantinov, Vice-chair of the Central Election Commissions of Bulgaria for Parliamentary and for Local Elections
|
2007/01/31
|
|
Canada
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Source:
Elections Canada
|
2010/06/22
|
|
Croatia
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Source:
www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/croatia.html
|
2005/11/14
|
|
Czech Republic
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/czech.html (European Journalist Centre)
|
2006/04/03
|
|
Djibouti
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
Source:
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6411
|
2005/05/10
|
|
Egypt
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
The Egyptian press is sharply divided along ownership lines with the government owning stock in the three largest daily newspapers: al-Ahram, al-Akhbar, and al-Gomhuriya.
Source:
"A Quick Overview of the Egyptian press." Produced by the Cairo Times. Available at URL: http://www.cairotimes.com/content/issues/media/quidir.html
|
2006/03/22
|
|
Eritrea
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1070813.stm
|
2011/06/22
|
|
Germany
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
The press is free of government control, no newspaper is owned by a political party, and only about 10 percent of newspapers overtly support a political party, though most offer a distinctly political point of view.
Source:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Media-and-publishing
|
2021/11/20
|
|
Ghana
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
Source:
Public Domain
|
2005/10/14
|
|
Greece
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
|
2012/04/13
|
|
Hungary
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
|
2005/04/03
|
|
Italy
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
d) But newspapers are often tied to political parties.
|
2010/07/22
|
|
Jordan
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
Both print media and online outlets must register with the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and obtain licenses from the Media Commission. Journalists must belong to the Jordan Press Association (JPA) to work legally. Those who are critical of the government have sometimes been excluded from JPA membership.
Source:
Jordan, Freedom of the Press 2015 https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/jordan
|
2016/08/05
|
|
Kenya
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
GOVERNMENT PRODUCES A WEEKLY NEWSPAPER WHICH ENJOYS LIMITED CIRCULATION COMPETITION EXISTS BETWEEN AT LEAST 3 PRIVATELY OWNED NEWSPAPERS.
|
2012/03/28
|
|
Kiribati
|
e. Lack of print media
|
Additional sources needed to examine the situation.
|
2020/05/05
|
|
Lesotho
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
Prohibitive printing costs, poor technology, and unavailability of newsprint make it difficult for Lesotho's small publications. Generally, low investment in this sector has adversely impacted the growth of the printing and publishing industry. Most of the country's printing jobs, including major works from the government, are being done outside the country. Government operated weekly papers are Lenstoe la Basotho, Lesotho Today, Lesotho Weekly, Makatolle, The Mirror, MoAfrica, Public Eye, Mopheme (The Survivor), The Sun, The Southern Star and Shoeshoe (a quarterly). The Leselinyana la Lesotho (Light of Lesotho) is published fortnightly, and Moeletsi oa Basotho, a weekly, are published by Lesotho Evangelical and Roman Catholic churches, respectively.
Source:
Press Reference: http://www.pressreference.com/Ky-Ma/Lesotho.html
|
2015/03/13
|
|
Lithuania
|
b. A single private newspaper holds a monopoly
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/lithuania.html#2
|
2005/03/29
|
|
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Source:
Willemsen, Das politische System Makedoniens, In Ismayr, Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 796 et seq.
Trpevska, Macedonia, In: Media Ownership and Its Impact on Media Independence and Pluralism
|
2005/03/23
|
|
Malaysia
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
Most of the major print media are controlled by government political parties through equity participation. Most political parties however publish their own party newspapers.
Source:
Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
|
2007/01/21
|
|
Montenegro
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
Daily newspaper Pobjeda was founded in 1944 and is now financed from state budget. There are 7 daily newspapers, one established as recently as 2014.
Source:
https://www.kas.de/en/web/balkanmedia/newspapers6
|
2021/12/24
|
|
Morocco
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
Several new papers have been created between 1995 and 1997 out of a total of 644 existing ones. There are presently 430 papers in Arabic, 199 in French, 8 in berber, 6 in English and 1 in Spanish
Source:
http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/communic/
|
2005/05/08
|
|
New Zealand
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Despite the unpredictable terrain created by the global Covid-19 pandemic, the
stability provided by the Government’s wage subsidy 2020 saw Stuff and NZME
maintain their duopolistic dominance in print and online markets
Source:
https://www.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/473638/JMAD-2020-report.pdf
|
2024/07/12
|
|
Niger
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
Source:
Pr Niandou Souley Abdoulaye
|
2005/06/07
|
|
Palestine
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
Source:
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/palestin.htm
|
2005/06/22
|
|
Poland
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Source:
Eurotopics.net
|
2015/05/06
|
|
Portugal
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
|
2005/06/13
|
|
Romania
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
|
2005/03/30
|
|
Russian Federation
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
Rob Coalson, a former Russian Studies instructor at Cornell who heads the National Press Institute’s business development department, says there are no more than five independent daily newspapers in Russia financed by advertising revenues, excluding oligarch owned national newspapers. Press observers at the U.S. embassy in Moscow and the U.S. consulate in Ekaterinburg agree.
Source:
"Russia’s Dysfunctional Media Culture"
By Herman J. Obermayer
http://www.policyreview.org/aug00/Obermayer_print.html
|
2005/03/20
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
e. Lack of print media
|
|
2020/04/27
|
|
Seychelles
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/750.htm
|
2005/04/01
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
|
2005/06/09
|
|
Slovakia
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1108491.stm#media
|
2005/04/02
|
|
Slovenia
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Source:
slovenia2004 report of the Freedom House (freedomhouse.org)
|
2005/04/04
|
|
Somalia
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
Source:
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:_0Vymtvg8bYJ:www.apfw.org/data/news/english/SOMALILANDsreport1004.pdf+somaliland+media+election+reports&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
|
2005/04/22
|
|
Sudan
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
There are currently about nine daily papers available in Sudan, including the Arabic dailies dailies El-Rai Elaam, Al-Sudan Al-Hadith, Alwan Newspaper, Al-Shari Al-Seyasi, and El-Ingaz. A wide variety of both Arabic and English publications are also available, although they are all subject to censorship. In 1998, for instance, the pro-government Press and Publications Council imposed three-day closures of the private papers Al-Sharia al-Siyasi and Al-Rae al-Akher. The Arabic dailies El-Ayam and El-Sahafa, both established in the early 1950s, have also recently been banned.
Source:
SUDAN PRESS OVERVIEW 2000.
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/sudan.htm
|
2006/11/20
|
|
Taiwan
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
|
2020/03/30
|
|
Tonga
|
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers
|
Government interferes with news coverage and has revoked licenses in the past.
Source:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/tonga/freedom-world/2021 (2021)
|
2021/09/15
|
|
Tunisia
|
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper
|
Newspapers in Tunisia include the government papers, la Presse and Essahafa. These papers claim circulation of about 20,000 per issue, but outside sources believe the real figures to be less than 3,000.
Several private papers are also published, including Assabah, le Temps and the Islamic movements paper, Tunis El Chahida, based out of London. Despite their independence, the Tunis Africa Presse agency (TAP) is often the main or only source of news for these media outlets. This lack of alternative information has led to the creation of a gutter press which provides sensational coverage of various scandals and gossip.
Source:
TUNISIA PRESS OVERVIEW 2002.
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/tunisia.htm#2002%20World%20Press%20Freedom%20Review
|
2005/05/08
|
|
Turkey
|
b. A single private newspaper holds a monopoly
|
there are many newspapers in the hand of a single monopolisitc agency.
Source:
Rumpf/Steinbach op. cit. p. 875
|
2005/03/30
|
|
Yemen
|
a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly
|
The Ministry of Information influenced the media through its control of most printing presses, subsidies to certain newspapers, and its ownership of the country's sole television and radio outlets. Only two newspapers, the weekly Al-Shumu and the daily Aden independent Al-Ayyam, owned their own presses.
Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27942.htm
|
2005/05/09
|
