|
Pays/territoires 52
|
|---|
| Pays/Territoire |
Réponses |
Réponses |
Vérifié |
|
Albanie
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
The independence of private media is seen by the people of Albania not fully realised. Some newspapers are formally independent, however economically dependent from political organisations, indirectly by the government. The Government criticizing newspapers are seen as more credibly.
Source:
Schmidt – Neke op. cit pp. 836 et seq.; Lando: op. cit
|
2012/02/21
|
|
Algérie
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
Source:
http://www.internews.org/arab_media_research/algeria.pdf
|
2005/05/07
|
|
Allemagne
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Media-and-publishing
|
2021/11/20
|
|
Arménie
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
Armenia’s 80 or so newspapers (according to official figures) offer more diverse opinions than the broadcast media. The state-owned national daily, Hayastani Hanrapetutyun, has a circulation of 6,000, and there are 6 privately owned national dailies. Pro-Kocharian papers include the dailies Azg (3,000) and Hayots Ashkhar (3,500), the biweekly Golos Armenii (3,500), and the weekly Yerkir (2,500). Offering a more liberal, pro-Western perspective are Aravot (5,000) and Haykakan Zhamanak (5,500). The left-wing biweekly Iravunk (15,000) is also opposed to the current authorities. The independent dailies Orran (3,000) and Or (2,500) began publishing in 2002.
Most broadcast and print media organizations in Armenia are privately owned and funded. However, although the country’s newspapers offer a plurality of views, their low circulation presents them with serious financial constraints. They are dependent on private sponsors, often with significant vested political or economic interests. More than half of Armenia’s newspapers are distributed by the Haymamul agency, which is run by a government-appointed director. The government declared its intention to privatize the agency in 2001 but since then has sold off only the sales kiosks, leaving Haymamul with control over distribution.
|
2005/03/24
|
|
Australie
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Majority of Australian print media is held by two large companies.
|
2005/05/09
|
|
Autriche
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
|
2005/06/09
|
|
Azerbaïdjan
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
|
2021/08/04
|
|
Bahreïn
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
Newspapers must obtain the approval of the information minister and the Cabinet before being allowed to publish. It is prohibited to criticize the king and Islam, insult the heads of Arab or Islamic countries, incite "sectarian hatred," or publish "false information" or any news that harms "national unity."
Source:
http://www.cpj.org/attacks03/mideast03/bahrain.html
|
2005/05/16
|
|
Belarus
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
There exist private media, however it is mainly oppressed by the Government.
State-owned media are extensively subsidized, whereas independent media are forced to shoulder high taxes and fees on printing and distribution.
The independent press depends heavily on foreign assistance because of discriminatory pricing at state printing houses and difficulties in attracting advertisements from state-owned companies.
Source:
Freedom House, von Steinsdorff, Das politische System Weißrußlands In: Ismayr: Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 457 et seq.
|
2006/04/06
|
|
Belgique
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
|
2005/06/14
|
|
Bosnie-et-Herzégovine
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/bih.html#2
|
2005/03/29
|
|
Brésil
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
|
2024/10/21
|
|
Bulgarie
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Competition exists between all private newspapers (there are not state owned newspapers any more)
Source:
Mihail Konstantinov, Vice-chair of the Central Election Commissions of Bulgaria for Parliamentary and for Local Elections
|
2007/01/31
|
|
Canada
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
Elections Canada
|
2010/06/22
|
|
Croatie
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/croatia.html
|
2005/11/14
|
|
Djibouti
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
Source:
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6411
|
2005/05/10
|
|
Ghana
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
Source:
Public Domain
|
2005/10/14
|
|
Grèce
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
|
2012/04/13
|
|
Hongrie
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
|
2005/04/03
|
|
Italie
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
|
2010/07/22
|
|
Jordanie
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
Source:
Jordan, Freedom of the Press 2015 https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/jordan
|
2016/08/05
|
|
Kenya
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
|
2012/03/28
|
|
Kiribati
|
e. Pas de presse écrite
|
|
2020/05/05
|
|
Lesotho
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
Source:
Press Reference: http://www.pressreference.com/Ky-Ma/Lesotho.html
|
2015/03/13
|
|
Lituanie
|
b. Un seul journal privé est en situation de monopole
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/lithuania.html#2
|
2005/03/29
|
|
Macédoine, ARYM
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
Willemsen, Das politische System Makedoniens, In Ismayr, Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 796 et seq.
Trpevska, Macedonia, In: Media Ownership and Its Impact on Media Independence and Pluralism
|
2005/03/23
|
|
Malaisie
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
Most of the major print media are controlled by government political parties through equity participation. Most political parties however publish their own party newspapers.
Source:
Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
|
2007/01/21
|
|
Maroc
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
Several new papers have been created between 1995 and 1997 out of a total of 644 existing ones. There are presently 430 papers in Arabic, 199 in French, 8 in berber, 6 in English and 1 in Spanish
Source:
http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/communic/
|
2005/05/08
|
|
Monténégro
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
Source:
https://www.kas.de/en/web/balkanmedia/newspapers6
|
2021/12/24
|
|
Niger
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
Source:
Pr Niandou Souley Abdoulaye
|
2005/06/07
|
|
Nouvelle-Zélande
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
https://www.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/473638/JMAD-2020-report.pdf
|
2024/07/12
|
|
Palestinien Occupé, Territoire
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
Source:
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/palestin.htm
|
2005/06/22
|
|
Pologne
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
Eurotopics.net
|
2015/05/06
|
|
Portugal
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
|
2005/06/13
|
|
Roumanie
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
|
2005/03/30
|
|
Russie
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
Rob Coalson, a former Russian Studies instructor at Cornell who heads the National Press Institute’s business development department, says there are no more than five independent daily newspapers in Russia financed by advertising revenues, excluding oligarch owned national newspapers. Press observers at the U.S. embassy in Moscow and the U.S. consulate in Ekaterinburg agree.
Source:
"Russia’s Dysfunctional Media Culture"
By Herman J. Obermayer
http://www.policyreview.org/aug00/Obermayer_print.html
|
2005/03/20
|
|
République tchèque
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/czech.html (European Journalist Centre)
|
2006/04/03
|
|
Saint Christophe-et-Nevis
|
e. Pas de presse écrite
|
|
2020/04/27
|
|
Seychelles
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/750.htm
|
2005/04/01
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
|
2005/06/09
|
|
Slovaquie
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1108491.stm#media
|
2005/04/02
|
|
Slovénie
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
slovenia2004 report of the Freedom House (freedomhouse.org)
|
2005/04/04
|
|
Somalie
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
Source:
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:_0Vymtvg8bYJ:www.apfw.org/data/news/english/SOMALILANDsreport1004.pdf+somaliland+media+election+reports&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
|
2005/04/22
|
|
Soudan
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
There are currently about nine daily papers available in Sudan, including the Arabic dailies dailies El-Rai Elaam, Al-Sudan Al-Hadith, Alwan Newspaper, Al-Shari Al-Seyasi, and El-Ingaz. A wide variety of both Arabic and English publications are also available, although they are all subject to censorship. In 1998, for instance, the pro-government Press and Publications Council imposed three-day closures of the private papers Al-Sharia al-Siyasi and Al-Rae al-Akher. The Arabic dailies El-Ayam and El-Sahafa, both established in the early 1950s, have also recently been banned.
Source:
SUDAN PRESS OVERVIEW 2000.
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/sudan.htm
|
2006/11/20
|
|
Taïwan
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
|
2020/03/30
|
|
Tonga
|
d. Pas de journal gouvernemental: concurrence entre au moins deux titres privés
|
Source:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/tonga/freedom-world/2021 (2021)
|
2021/09/15
|
|
Tunisie
|
c. Le journal gouvernemental et au moins un titre privé sont en concurrence
|
Newspapers in Tunisia include the government papers, la Presse and Essahafa. These papers claim circulation of about 20,000 per issue, but outside sources believe the real figures to be less than 3,000.
Several private papers are also published, including Assabah, le Temps and the Islamic movements paper, Tunis El Chahida, based out of London. Despite their independence, the Tunis Africa Presse agency (TAP) is often the main or only source of news for these media outlets. This lack of alternative information has led to the creation of a gutter press which provides sensational coverage of various scandals and gossip.
Source:
TUNISIA PRESS OVERVIEW 2002.
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/tunisia.htm#2002%20World%20Press%20Freedom%20Review
|
2005/05/08
|
|
Turquie
|
b. Un seul journal privé est en situation de monopole
|
there are many newspapers in the hand of a single monopolisitc agency.
Source:
Rumpf/Steinbach op. cit. p. 875
|
2005/03/30
|
|
Yémen
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
The Ministry of Information influenced the media through its control of most printing presses, subsidies to certain newspapers, and its ownership of the country's sole television and radio outlets. Only two newspapers, the weekly Al-Shumu and the daily Aden independent Al-Ayyam, owned their own presses.
Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27942.htm
|
2005/05/09
|
|
Égypte
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
The Egyptian press is sharply divided along ownership lines with the government owning stock in the three largest daily newspapers: al-Ahram, al-Akhbar, and al-Gomhuriya.
Source:
"A Quick Overview of the Egyptian press." Produced by the Cairo Times. Available at URL: http://www.cairotimes.com/content/issues/media/quidir.html
|
2006/03/22
|
|
Érythrée
|
a. Le journal gouvernemental est en situation de monopole
|
Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1070813.stm
|
2011/06/22
|
