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total countries/territories: 47
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Albania
|
a. Over 60%
|
Source:
Lando, op. cit
|
2012/02/21
|
|
Algeria
|
c. Less than 30%
|
The government has maintained its monopoly over national TV and radio broadcasting. The information code was amended in 1998 to allow for private broadcasting but no licenses have yet been granted.
Source:
http://www.internews.org/arab_media_research/algeria.pdf
|
2005/05/07
|
|
Armenia
|
a. Over 60%
|
|
2005/03/24
|
|
Australia
|
a. Over 60%
|
Source:
Australian Communications Authority (ACA) www.aca.gov.au
|
2005/05/09
|
|
Austria
|
a. Over 60%
|
|
2005/06/09
|
|
Bahrain
|
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist
|
Freedom of speech and the press are sharply restricted. Privately-owned newspapers refrain from criticizing the regime, while radio and television are government-owned and offer only official propaganda.
Source:
http://www.freedomhouse.org/pfs99/reports.html
|
2005/05/16
|
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Belarus
|
b. 30% to 60%
|
The independent private radio stations of Belarusian origin have changed their place of business to Poland or Lithuania, some broadcast from Russia. These station are heavily controlled by the State, however it is possible to receive their program.
Source:
Freedom House, von Steinsdorff, Das politische System Weißrußlands In: Ismayr: Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 457 et seq.
|
2006/04/03
|
|
Belgium
|
a. Over 60%
|
|
2005/06/14
|
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Benin
|
b. 30% to 60%
|
Source:
Mr Theodule Nouatchi, lecturer in law at the University of Benin (Cotonou).
|
2005/06/30
|
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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a. Over 60%
|
|
2005/03/29
|
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Brazil
|
a. Over 60%
|
|
2024/10/21
|
|
Bulgaria
|
a. Over 60%
|
over 80 per cent
Source:
Mihail Konstantinov, Vice-chair of the Central Election Commissions of Bulgaria for Parliamentary and for Local Elections
|
2007/01/31
|
|
Canada
|
a. Over 60%
|
According to a survey conducted in the Fall of 2005 by BBM Canada (a not-for-profit broadcast research company), radio reaches 92.1% of the Canadian population aged 12 years and over on a weekly basis.
Source:
Elections Canada
|
2010/06/22
|
|
Croatia
|
a. Over 60%
|
No answer and relevant information on this question could been found. Since Croatia is not less developed, than the other Central- European countries, I marked over 60%, which is, I think, quite believable considering the overall media situation in these countries.
|
2005/11/14
|
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Czech Republic
|
a. Over 60%
|
"nation-wide broadcasting shall mean radio and television broadcasting, which can be received by at least 70% of the population of the Czech Republic, according to the data resulting from the last census" (ACT dated 17 May 2001, on radio and television broadcasting operation and on changes of other acts, Article 2, Paragraph 1 /c)
Czech Radio has 3 nationwide stations (so receivable by at least 70% of the population)
Source:
http://www2.rozhlas.cz/informace/onas/brozura04_engl.pdf
|
2006/11/30
|
|
Djibouti
|
b. 30% to 60%
|
Source:
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6411
|
2005/05/10
|
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Egypt
|
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist
|
ERTU holds a monopoly on radio broadcasting in Egypt, owning and operating eight national radio networks on FM, AM, and shortwave frequencies. Radio Cairo broadcasts in 33 languages on short wave, and an Arabic-language service, Voice of the Arabs, broadcasts to Europe and the Middle East.
Source:
Country Profile: Egypt. Produced by the BBC. Available URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm
|
2006/03/22
|
|
Eritrea
|
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist
|
|
2011/06/22
|
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Germany
|
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist
|
See comment to question A.1.1.
|
2005/04/13
|
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Ghana
|
a. Over 60%
|
Each regional Capital has FM stations and this is accessisble at the districh levels.
Source:
Pblic Domain.
|
2005/10/14
|
|
Greece
|
a. Over 60%
|
Due to the concentration of population in big cities, it is certain that the five private television stations cover over 60% of the population.
Source:
Law 2328/1995
|
2012/04/13
|
|
Hungary
|
a. Over 60%
|
|
2006/03/28
|
|
Ireland
|
a. Over 60%
|
|
2005/06/22
|
|
Italy
|
a. Over 60%
|
82.8% of the population
|
2010/07/22
|
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Kenya
|
a. Over 60%
|
|
2012/02/24
|
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Liechtenstein
|
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist
|
|
2005/06/09
|
|
Lithuania
|
a. Over 60%
|
|
2005/03/29
|
|
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
|
a. Over 60%
|
Source:
Willemsen, Das politische System Makedoniens, In Ismayr, Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 796 et seq.
Trpevska, Macedonia, In: Media Ownership and Its Impact on Media Independence and Pluralism
Cia book of facts
|
2005/03/23
|
|
Malaysia
|
a. Over 60%
|
Source:
Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
|
2007/01/21
|
|
Morocco
|
a. Over 60%
|
Source:
http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/communic/audio_vi.html#rmb
|
2005/05/08
|
|
Niger
|
b. 30% to 60%
|
Source:
Pr Niandou Souley Abdoulaye
|
2005/06/07
|
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Palestine
|
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist
|
The PNA controls the official Palestine TV and Voice of Palestine radio, which reflect PNA views. Private Palestinian broadcast stations have proliferated across the West Bank and Gaza Strip during the last decade but have endured financial hardship, closure by Israeli and Palestinian forces, and the destruction of their facilities by the Israeli army.
Source:
http://www.cpj.org/attacks03/mideast03/israel.html#pat
|
2005/06/22
|
|
Poland
|
b. 30% to 60%
|
Source:
Pressreference.com
|
2015/05/06
|
|
Portugal
|
a. Over 60%
|
|
2005/06/13
|
|
Romania
|
a. Over 60%
|
|
2005/03/30
|
|
Russian Federation
|
b. 30% to 60%
|
Source:
http://countrystudies.us/russia/75.htm
|
2005/03/20
|
|
Seychelles
|
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist
|
|
2005/04/01
|
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Sierra Leone
|
a. Over 60%
|
OVER 60% - RADIO UNAMSIL (UNRADIO)
LESS THAN 30% - COMMUNITY RADIO
|
2006/04/03
|
|
Slovakia
|
a. Over 60%
|
Source:
http://www.hrw.org/worldreport99/europe/slovakia.html
http://www.ifj.org/docs/easternempires.doc
|
2007/01/09
|
|
Slovenia
|
a. Over 60%
|
Source:
slovenia2004 report of the Freedom House (freedomhouse.org)
|
2005/04/04
|
|
Somalia
|
c. Less than 30%
|
Source:
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:_0Vymtvg8bYJ:www.apfw.org/data/news/english/SOMALILANDsreport1004.pdf+somaliland+media+election+reports&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
|
2005/04/22
|
|
Sudan
|
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist
|
Source:
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region3/sdn/
SUDAN PRESS OVERVIEW 2000.
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/sudan.htm
|
2006/11/20
|
|
Sweden
|
a. Over 60%
|
Source:
OSCE/ODIHR NEEDS Assessment mission report - General Elections of 19 September 2010: http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/70947 (2012)
|
2012/05/15
|
|
Tunisia
|
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist
|
Source:
TUNISIA PRESS OVERVIEW 2002
http://www.ijnet.org/FE_Article/mediaoutlet.asp?CountryID=54&UILang=1
2003 World Press Freedom Review
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/tunisia.htm#2002%20World%20Press%20Freedom%20Review
|
2005/05/08
|
|
Turkey
|
a. Over 60%
|
Source:
Rumpf/Steinbach op. cit
|
2005/03/30
|
|
Yemen
|
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist
|
Source:
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region2/yem/
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27942.htm
|
2006/11/20
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