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total countries/territories: 43
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Albania
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
The independence of the press is not seen as realised, however private media enjoys the reputation of being independent much more as public ones.
Schmidt – Neke, op. cit p. 836
Source:
Schmidt – Neke, op. cit p. 838.
|
2012/02/21
|
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Austria
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
|
2005/06/09
|
|
Bahrain
|
e. Print media
|
Not fully independent. A new press law implemented by the government in October 2002 imposes harsh restrictions on the press, undermining the limited democracy that was introduced in this tiny Persian Gulf archipelago after elections that year.
Source:
http://www.freedomhouse.org/pfs99/reports.html
|
2005/05/16
|
|
Belarus
|
b. Private radio
e. Print media
|
Print media: only private media
radio: Belarusian radio stations broadcasting from abroad
Source:
Freedom House, von Steinsdorff, op. cit
|
2005/03/29
|
|
Benin
|
b. Private radio
e. Print media
|
Source:
Mr Theodule Nouatchi, lecturer in law at the University of Benin (Cotonou).
|
2005/06/30
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Source:
http://www.ejc.nl/jr/emland/bih.html#2
|
2005/03/29
|
|
Brazil
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
|
2024/10/21
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
|
Source:
Simon YAMEOGO, journaliste charge des relations publiques au Conseil Superieur de l'Information
|
2005/04/05
|
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Croatia
|
b. Private radio
e. Print media
|
: Both private and national television tend to fall under the influences of all kinds people and institutions. National television and radio are usually influenced by the government, although this influence is dropping. Commercial televisions are under the influence of their owners who usually have close relationships with politicians.
Source:
Mr. Damir Azenic, GONG
|
2005/11/14
|
|
Djibouti
|
a. Public radio
|
Source:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1070579.stm
|
2005/05/07
|
|
Ethiopia
|
a. Public radio
|
Source:
committee to protect Journalists country report( 1998)
http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:0sQ0pQKbWvUJ:www.gret.org/parma/uk2/ressource/edm/pdf/ethiopie.pdf+ethiopia+media+status+report&hl=en
|
2005/05/07
|
|
Gambia
|
e. Print media
|
KAWFU CEESAY-FORMER DIRECTOR OF THE IEC OF THE GAMBIA
|
2005/09/19
|
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Germany
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
The press is free of government control, no newspaper is owned by a political party, and only about 10 percent of newspapers overtly support a political party, though most offer a distinctly political point of view.
Source:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Media-and-publishing
|
2021/11/20
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|
Ghana
|
a. Public radio
|
a.
"GTV shall offer 10 minutes of airtime per week to each presidential candidate (for two months). GTV shall offer 10 minutes per week per each political party contesting the election (for two months.)"
b.
"Where there is competition for limited advertising time or space' fari practices as enjoined by the Constitution should be appointed."
Source:
a.
Elections 1996 in Ghana (part I); Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Kwasi Badu and John Larvie in co-operation with the Electoral Commission of the Republic of Ghana.
b.
Constitution of the Republic of Ghana
|
2005/10/14
|
|
Hungary
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
|
|
2005/04/03
|
|
Ireland
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
|
2005/06/22
|
|
Kenya
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Print media here applies to private
Source:
Institute for education in democracy 2003 report
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Latvia
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
|
2005/03/29
|
|
Liberia
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
apart from the New Liberia Newspaaper, there are a few other newspapeers that do not behave independent as they professed. they are what we call 'sympathetic of government'. thats someone or the proprietor is a friend of the power that be.
MR. GIBSON W. JERUE, EDITOR OF THE ANALYST NEWSPAPER
|
2005/09/26
|
|
Lithuania
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
|
|
2005/03/29
|
|
Madagascar
|
b. Private radio
|
Source:
http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:qcOekWikGMMJ:www.internews.org/regions/africa/Radio_Assessment_MadagascarOct2003.pdf+media+laws+madagascar&hl=en
|
2005/05/08
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|
Mali
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
|
Source:
Monsieur Omar Kamian du CSC
|
2005/06/01
|
|
Mauritius
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Source:
http://freedomhouse.org/pfs2004/pfs2004.pdf
|
2005/05/09
|
|
Moldova, Republic of
|
e. Print media
|
|
2005/03/31
|
|
New Zealand
|
e. Print media
|
|
2024/07/12
|
|
Niger
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Source:
Pr Niandou Souley Abdoulaye
|
2005/06/07
|
|
Philippines
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
|
2005/07/08
|
|
Poland
|
e. Print media
|
Source:
Pressreference.com
|
2015/05/06
|
|
Portugal
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Public media must assure a plurality of opinions; in certain cases they avoid taking sides.
|
2005/06/13
|
|
Romania
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
|
|
2005/03/30
|
|
Russian Federation
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
|
Dozhd (Russian: Дождь, lit. 'Rain', also known as TV Rain) is a Russian independent television channel.
|
2016/06/06
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
|
|
2020/04/27
|
|
Seychelles
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Source:
http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:Pgp5T1Po19kJ:www.genderlinks.org.za/docs/about/annrep2004/Networks%2520and%2520E-Talk.pdf+seychelles+election+media+report&hl=en
|
2005/08/29
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
b. Private radio
e. Print media
|
PRIVATE TELEVISION ARE YET TO BE DEVELOPED
|
2005/06/09
|
|
Slovakia
|
b. Private radio
e. Print media
|
Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41707.htm
|
2005/04/02
|
|
Slovenia
|
b. Private radio
e. Print media
|
Source:
slovenia2004 report of the Freedom House (freedomhouse.org)
|
2005/04/04
|
|
Tanzania, United Republic of
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Government agencies own shares in media corporations hence influence on editorial policies
Source:
Seminar report: obstacles and challenges facing media in Tanzania
|
2005/03/31
|
|
Togo
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Source:
Mr Theodule Nouatchi enseignant de droit à l'universite au benin.
|
2005/05/10
|
|
Tonga
|
e. Print media
|
|
2021/09/15
|
|
Turkey
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
The political influence on media is an existent problem in Turkey, self censoring because of fear of sanctions also a problem, the influence sometimes overlaps the frontiers of a democratic society
Source:
Rumpf/steinbach, op. cit.
|
2005/03/30
|
|
Uganda
|
b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Source:
http://www.africaaction.org/docs00/ugan0004.htm
|
2005/05/11
|
|
Ukraine
|
e. Print media
|
Censorship and self-censorship has been - at least until the recent Orange Revolution - present in the whole Ukrainian media.
Source:
www.freedomhouse.org/research/nitransit/ukraine2004.pdf
|
2005/04/02
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