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total countries/territories: 33
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Albania
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b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
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The independence of the press is not seen as realised, however private media enjoys the reputation of being independent much more as public ones.
Source:
Schmidt – Neke, op. cit p. 836
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2012/02/21
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Algeria
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e. Print media
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e. not lately
Although Algeria's private press is among the most vibrant in the region, press freedom here suffered alarming setbacks in 2003. As pre-election tension rose, the government imposed new constraints on freedom of expression and began a campaign of intimidation, legal harassment, and financial pressure on the independent media. In August 2003, six independent newspapers were suspended (Le Matin, Le Soir d'Algerie, Liberte, L'Expression, El Khabar, and Er-rai), and their journalists, editors, and publishers arrested on charges of defamation. However, by the end of the year all had been released from jail without charge. Although a 1998 amendment to the information code provides for private broadcast ownership, the Algerian government maintains total control over national television and radio.
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2006/05/08
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Austria
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a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
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2005/06/09
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Belarus
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b. Private radio
e. Print media
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Print media: only private ones
radio: Belarusian radio stations broadcasting from abroad
Source:
Freedom House, von Steinsdorff, Das politische System Weißrußlands In: Ismayr: Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, 2.ed, 2004, pp. 457 et seq.
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2006/04/06
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Belgium
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a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
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2005/06/14
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Benin
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b. Private radio
e. Print media
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The president of the republic holds parts of the capital of "La Chaine 2" (LC2) and certain journals.
Source:
Mr Theodule Nouatchi, lecturer in law at the University of Benin (Cotonou).
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2005/07/15
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
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2005/03/29
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Brazil
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a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
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2024/10/21
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Canada
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a. Public radio
c. Public television
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Source:
Elections Canada
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2006/12/11
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Croatia
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b. Private radio
e. Print media
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Both private and national television tend to fall under the influences of all kinds people and institutions. National television and radio are usually influenced by the government, although this influence is dropping. Commercial televisions are under the influence of their owners who usually have close relationships with politicians.
Comment of Mr. Damir Azenic, GONG
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2007/02/15
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Djibouti
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b. Private radio
d. Private television
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To escape the extremely partisan national press, the local population and foreign residents have no other choice but to turn to the international radio stations with FM relays in Djibouti such as the BBC, Radio France Internationale (RFI) and, since December 2002, the Voice of America (VOA).
Source:
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6411
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2005/05/10
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Germany
|
a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
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The press is free of government control, no newspaper is owned by a political party, and only about 10 percent of newspapers overtly support a political party, though most offer a distinctly political point of view.
Source:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Media-and-publishing
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2021/11/20
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Hungary
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b. Private radio
d. Private television
|
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2005/04/03
|
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Ireland
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a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
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2005/06/22
|
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Kenya
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b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
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2012/03/28
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Lesotho
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e. Print media
|
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2015/03/13
|
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Lithuania
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c. Public television
d. Private television
|
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2005/03/29
|
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Malaysia
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e. Print media
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Most major political parties have their own party newspapers, including the opposition.
Source:
Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
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2007/01/21
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Niger
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b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Source:
Pr Niandou Souley Abdoulaye
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2005/06/07
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Portugal
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a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Public media must assure plurality of opinions; in certain cases they avoid taking sides.
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2012/04/20
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Romania
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b. Private radio
d. Private television
|
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2005/03/30
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Russian Federation
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d. Private television
e. Print media
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In my opinion the private television and some gazettes have such a reputation but it is very difficult to judge.
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2005/03/28
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Saint Kitts and Nevis
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b. Private radio
d. Private television
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2020/04/27
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Seychelles
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b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
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Source:
MISA report 2000
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2005/08/29
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Sierra Leone
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b. Private radio
e. Print media
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PRIVATE TELEVISION AREYET TO BE DEVELOPED
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2005/06/09
|
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Slovakia
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b. Private radio
e. Print media
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Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41707.htm
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2005/04/02
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Slovenia
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b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
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Source:
slovenia2004 report of the Freedom House (freedomhouse.org)
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2005/04/04
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Somalia
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b. Private radio
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
Source:
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:sOSvcfttHIQJ:www.delken.cec.eu.int/en/publications/Report%2520on%2520Somaliland%2520Local%2520Elections%2520held%2520on%252015.12.02.doc+somaliland+media+election+reports&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
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2005/04/22
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Tunisia
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e. Print media
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Several private papers are also published, including Assabah, le Temps and the Islamic movements paper, Tunis El Chahida, based out of London. Despite their independence, the Tunis Africa Presse agency (TAP) is often the main or only source of news for these media outlets. This lack of alternative information has led to the creation of a gutter press which provides sensational coverage of various scandals and gossip.
TUNISIA PRESS OVERVIEW 2002
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2005/05/08
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Turkey
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a. Public radio
b. Private radio
c. Public television
d. Private television
e. Print media
|
The political influence on media is an existent problem in Turkey, self censoring because of fear of sanctions also a problem, the influence sometimes overlaps the frontiers of a democratic society
Source:
Rumpf/Steinbach, op. cit.
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2005/03/30
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Ukraine
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b. Private radio
e. Print media
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Censorship and self-censorship has been - at least until the recent Orange Revolution - present in the whole Ukrainian media.
Source:
CF. Special Report of the Freedom House (UNDER ASSAULT. UKRAINES NEWS MEDIA AND THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS)www.freedomhouse.org
www.freedomhouse.org/research/nitransit/ukraine2004.pdf
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2006/11/20
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Yemen
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e. Print media
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Only two newspapers, the weekly Al-Shumu and the daily Aden independent Al-Ayyam, owned their own presses.
Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27942.htm
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2005/05/09
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