|
total countries/territories: 55
|
|---|
| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
|
Albania
|
b. Independent regulator
|
Favouritism towards media friendly to particular clans of the Government has been a frequent charge against this body by the opposition.
Source:
Art 21 LAW No. 8410, dated 30.09.1998 ON PUBLIC AND PRIVATE RADIO-TELEVISION IN THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA
Lando, op. cit, p. 43
|
2012/02/21
|
|
Algeria
|
a. Government
|
The Ministry of Information and Culture
Source:
Chapters 9&10 of the Algeria Copyright Law Order No. 14-73
|
2005/05/07
|
|
Armenia
|
b. Independent regulator
|
|
2005/03/24
|
|
Australia
|
b. Independent regulator
|
Australian Communications Authority is the government established regulator.
|
2005/05/09
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
a. Government
|
In December 2021, a new bill was introduced. The state will now create a registry of journalists, who have to fit specific criteria (including lack of a criminal record) to be included. Owners of media outlets will have to live in Azerbaijan.
Source:
https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-to-implement-new-media-restrictions
|
2022/02/07
|
|
Bahrain
|
a. Government
|
The Minister of Information shall issue the necessary resolutions for the implementation of this Law, and any provision in conflict therewith shall be repeated
Source:
Article 45, The Law Decree No. 10 for the year 1993 in respect of the Protection of Copyrights
|
2005/05/16
|
|
Belarus
|
a. Government
|
Broadcast licenses are given on competitive grounds by a state body selected by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.
Source:
Law On Press and Mass Media
|
2006/04/03
|
|
Belgium
|
b. Independent regulator
|
The Authorisation Committee
Source:
Consolidated Decree on audiovisual media services
|
2012/05/08
|
|
Benin
|
c. Other (specify)
|
La Haute autorite de l'audiovisuelle et de la communication (HAAC). The High Authority of the Audiovisual and Communication
Source:
Mr Theodule Nouatchi, lecturer in law at the University of Benin (Cotonou).
|
2005/07/15
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
b. Independent regulator
|
b. Independent regulator
http://www.cra.ba/
Source:
Suad Salkic
Election Support Unit
Cabinet of the Head of Mission
OSCE Mission to BIH
|
2006/12/11
|
|
Brazil
|
a. Government
|
|
2024/10/21
|
|
Bulgaria
|
c. Other (specify)
|
STC (State Telecommunications Commission)
Source:
Law on Radio and Television Art 105
Telecommunications Law Art 22; 42; 46
|
2007/01/31
|
|
Canada
|
a. Government
|
The Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)
Source:
Elections Canada
|
2010/06/22
|
|
Croatia
|
b. Independent regulator
|
Public Tel Network Operator
Source:
Law on telecommunications
|
2005/11/14
|
|
Cyprus
|
b. Independent regulator
|
b) The Broadcasting Authority of Cyprus
Source:
Law 7(I)/1998 regulating radio and television stations, Art. 12;
Official web site of the Broadcasting Authority of Cyprus: http://www.crta.org.cy/default.asp?id=255 (2012)
|
2012/04/27
|
|
Czech Republic
|
c. Other (specify)
|
"Article 4
Position of the Council for Radio and Television Broadcasting
(1) The Council for Radio and Television Broadcasting (hereinafter only "the Council") with the seat in Prague shall be hereby established.
(2) The Council shall be an administrative authority which shall execute government administration in the area of radio and television broadcasting and retransmission and shall supervise maintaining and further development of plurality of programme offer and information in the area of radio and television broadcasting and retransmission, shall observe the independence of its content and shall fulfil other tasks laid down by this Act and by other specific legal regulations."
Source:
ACT dated 17 May 2001 on radio and television broadcasting operation and on changes of other acts. (Broadcasting Act)
|
2006/11/30
|
|
Djibouti
|
a. Government
|
Source:
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6411
|
2005/05/10
|
|
Egypt
|
a. Government
|
Source:
http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
|
2005/06/15
|
|
Eritrea
|
a. Government
|
Source:
Press Proclamation No. 90/1996, art 7
|
2011/06/22
|
|
France
|
b. Independent regulator
|
b) Supreme Council for Audiovisual Services
Source:
Law No. 86-1067 of 30 September 1986 on freedom of communication, Art. 29, 30
|
2012/05/03
|
|
Germany
|
c. Other (specify)
|
The Federal Constitutional Court’s very first judgment on broadcasting in 1961 clearly indicated how responsibilities for broadcasting should be separated in Germany with its federal structure. It ruled that broadcasting legislation in the narrower sense fell within the jurisdiction of the states (Länder). This covers fundamental decisions on the organisational structure and financing of the public broadcasting corporations, the licensing of private television broadcasters, as well as fundamental directives on the content of programmes to be broadcast within the framework of the constitutional mandate.
Source:
https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=386#ToC3
|
2021/11/20
|
|
Greece
|
b. Independent regulator
|
The National Council for Radio and Television.
Source:
Article 4 of Law 2863/2000
|
2012/04/13
|
|
Hungary
|
b. Independent regulator
|
National Radio and Television Commission
Source:
Chapter III of the media law
|
2005/04/03
|
|
Ireland
|
b. Independent regulator
|
|
2012/05/10
|
|
Israel
|
b. Independent regulator
|
Israel Broadcasting Authority
Source:
http://www.indexmundi.com/israel/broadcast_media.html
|
2015/03/15
|
|
Italy
|
a. Government
|
The procedure involves: the Ministry of Communications and the Communications Regulatory Authority.
Source:
Law of 6 August 1990, n. 223, Art. 3;
Legislative decree of 31 July 2005, n. 177 ("Testo unico della radiotelevisione")
|
2012/04/17
|
|
Kenya
|
a. Government
|
In Kenya Licenses are issued by the Ministry of Information and Communication whereas frequencies are granted by Communication Commission of Kenya(CCK) which is supposed to be independent.
|
2012/03/28
|
|
Kiribati
|
b. Independent regulator
|
Communications Commission of Kiribati
Source:
Communications Commission of Kiribati
http://www.cck.ki/index.php/downloads/finish/21-licensing/655-communications-licensing-rules-2014-final-revised-01-08
|
2020/05/05
|
|
Lesotho
|
b. Independent regulator
|
The Lesotho Telecommunications Authority Act 2000 (Act No 5 of 2000) establishes an independent regulatory authority--The Lesotho Telecommunications Authority (LTA).
Source:
SADC Media Law Handbook, Vol. III: http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_8939-544-2-30.pdf
|
2015/03/13
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
a. Government
|
|
2005/06/09
|
|
Lithuania
|
b. Independent regulator
|
Redio and Television Commission
Source:
Mass Media Law and the Mass Media Implementation Law, 1996; http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/peco/phare/Lithuani/liBroad.htm
|
2005/03/29
|
|
Luxembourg
|
a. Government
|
The Government, upon proposal of the Minister responsible for the media and after consulting the Independent Broadcasting Authority, grants licenses to private broadcasters.
Source:
Law of 27 July 1991 on electronic media, as amended, Art. 12(1);
Regulation of 17 March 1993 regulating the procedure for granting permissions for television programs, Art. 1
|
2012/04/26
|
|
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
|
a. Government
|
Broadcasting trade companies receive the concession for performing the broadcasting activity from the Government of the Republic of Macedonia upon the proposal from the Broadcasting Council.
The Media Task Force of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe has put Macedonia among the countries needing the most change in media legislation. A 2003 survey by the task force found that, among other problems, the process of issuing licenses and frequencies to electronic media is not transparent, the public broadcaster does not enjoy editorial independence, and the Broadcasting Council (a regulatory body) has only nominal independence.
Source:
Art 13 Broadcasting Law
|
2005/05/26
|
|
Malaysia
|
a. Government
|
Source:
Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
|
2007/01/21
|
|
Morocco
|
a. Government
|
Source:
Press code 2002
http://www.mincom.gov.ma/french/journaux/codepress.html
http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/communic/audio_vi.html#rmb
|
2007/01/29
|
|
Niger
|
b. Independent regulator
|
Le Conseil Supérieur de la Communication
Source:
Voir Ordonnance 93-21 du 30 mars 1993 articles 1er, 3 4, et suivants et Pr Niandou Souley Abdoulaye
|
2007/01/02
|
|
Palestine
|
a. Government
|
Source:
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/palestin.htm
http://www.worldaudit.org/presstext.htm
|
2005/06/22
|
|
Portugal
|
b. Independent regulator
|
b) The Regulatory Authority for the Media
Source:
Law no. No. 27/2007 of 30 July 2007, as amended by Law no. 8/2011 of 11 April 2011, Art. 18
|
2012/04/20
|
|
Romania
|
b. Independent regulator
|
National Broadcasting Council
Source:
Audiovisual Law adopted in 1992
|
2005/03/30
|
|
Russian Federation
|
a. Government
|
Media are licensed by the state federal body.
Source:
Federal Law "On Mass Media", Art.31
|
2016/06/06
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
b. Independent regulator
|
The National Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (St. Kitts and Nevis)
|
2020/04/27
|
|
Seychelles
|
b. Independent regulator
|
Although the Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation is independent, the government interferes in its operations.
Source:
http://www.accpuf.org/sey/290501_SNP.htm
|
2005/05/12
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
a. Government
|
INDEPENDENT REGULATOR (INDEPENDENT MEDIA COMMISSION HAS THE LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY BUT OFTEN GOVT HAS OVERSIGHT RESPONSIBILITY)
|
2005/06/09
|
|
Slovakia
|
b. Independent regulator
|
Council for Broadcasting and Retransmission.
§ 6
Council composition
(1) A Council has nine members who are elected and recalled by the National Council.
(2) The National Council Committee may be presented with proposals for candidates of Council membership by members of the Parliament, professional institutions and civil associations operating in the areas of audio-visual, mass information means, culture, science, education, sport, registered religious and church societies, and civil associations of citizens with health handicaps through the Coordinating Committee for Issues of Health Handicapped Citizens of the Slovak Republic.
(3) The Council elects a Chairman and Vice-chairman of the Council from its members.
(4) If a Chairman is not elected, the Vice-chairman performs his activities to the full extent.
§ 7
Council membership
(1) As a Council member can be elected a citizen of the Slovak Republic with his permanent residence on the territory of the Slovak Republic, who has reached the age of 25, has the right to legal actions in their full extent and is blameless; as blameless is considered someone who has not been convicted by law of a deliberate criminal act, blameless is shown by an extract from the Criminal Register.
(2) The function of the member of the Council shall not be compatible with the function of President of the Slovak Republic, a National Council deputy, a member of the government of the Slovak Republic, a Ministry state secretary or board director, the director of other central body of the state administration or its statutory representative, an employee of a state administration body, a mayor, a judge, a prosecutor, a member of the Slovak Television Council or of the Radio Council.
(3) A Council member must not
a) hold a function in a political party or a political movement, appear in its name or act for its benefit,
b) be the publisher of a periodic press, a broadcaster, operator of retransmission or a member of a statutory body, an administration body, a control body, a statutory body or the employee of these persons; this restriction applies also to persons close 6) to Council members,
c) have a share in the basic equity, or a share in the voting rights of a person who is the broadcaster or operator of retransmission; this restriction applies also to persons close 6) to Council members,
d) be a member of the statutory body, managing body or control body or statutory body of a person who provides services connected to the creation of programmes, advertisements or technical preparation of broadcasting and retransmission,
e) provide the broadcaster or operator of retransmission direct or mediated counsel or a specialist service or aid for pay or any other counter value.
(4) A function of the member of the Council is a public function. The function of the Chairman of the Council is incompatible with other legal relation or occasional legal relation; this restriction does not apply to scientific, pedagogical, public relations, literary or artistic activity. Other members of Council may perform their function as a single activity or alongside a legal relation, while obeying the restrictions of paragraphs 1 to 3.
Source:
Art. 6-7. of the Act No. 308 of 14th September, 2000 on Broadcasting and Retransmission and on Amendments of Act No. 195/2000 Coll. on Telecommunications
|
2007/01/09
|
|
Slovenia
|
b. Independent regulator
|
Broadcasting Council of Slovenia
Source:
Art. 100 of Mass Media Law
http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/slovenia/Units/3991.html
http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/media/5_Documentary_Resources/2_Thematic_documentation/Broadcasting_&_convergence/DH-MM(2003)007%20E%20Overview%20broadcasting%20authorities.asp#P2959_125548
|
2005/04/04
|
|
Somalia
|
a. Government
|
Source:
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:_0Vymtvg8bYJ:www.apfw.org/data/news/english/SOMALILANDsreport1004.pdf+somaliland+media+election+reports&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
|
2005/04/22
|
|
Spain
|
a. Government
|
a) AND the independent communities (Comunidades Autónomas) on regional level
Source:
Law 7/2010 of 31 March on Audiovisual Communication, Art. 22(3)
|
2012/04/18
|
|
Sudan
|
a. Government
|
The quasi-official National Press Council is responsible for applying the press law and has the power to license and suspend newspapers
Source:
http://www.worldaudit.org/presstext.htm
|
2005/05/08
|
|
Sweden
|
a. Government
|
Source:
The Radio and Television Act, Ch. 4, Section 3: http://www.radioochtv.se/Documents/Styrdokument/Radio%20and%20Television%20Act.pdf (2012)
|
2012/05/15
|
|
Switzerland
|
c. Other (specify)
|
c) The Federal Department for the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communication
Source:
Federal Law of 24 March 2006, regulating radio and television, Art. 38, 44, 45:
Official Website of the Swiss administration: http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/784_40/index.html (2012)
|
2012/05/14
|
|
Taiwan
|
b. Independent regulator
|
MOTC in conjunction with the regulatory agency (National Communications Commission).
Source:
Article 3 & 4, Radio and Television Act
|
2020/03/30
|
|
Tunisia
|
c. Other (specify)
|
In brief, it can be said that in Tunisia no licenses can be issued to anyone (either an individual or an organisation) to establish independent private radio or television stations. The state monopolises the air.
Source:
2003 World Press Freedom Review
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/tunisia.htm#2002%20World%20Press%20Freedom%20Review
|
2005/05/08
|
|
Turkey
|
b. Independent regulator
|
RADIO AND TELEVISION SUPREME COUNCIL
Source:
Art 16, Law on the Establishment of Radio and Television Enterprises and Their Broadcasts Law No. 3984 of 20 April 1994
|
2005/03/30
|
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
b. Independent regulator
|
b) The Independent Television Commission
Source:
Broadcasting Act 1990 as amended, Part I, Art. 3 - 12
|
2012/05/09
|
