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total countries/territories: 49
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Albania
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b. Private companies
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Licenses for radio-television broadcasting at the national level are issued to shareholding companies established in the territory of the Republic of Albania with the exclusive aim of conducting radio and television activities.
The Albanian public radio-television does not need a license.
Source:
Art 20, 21 LAW No. 8410, dated 30.09.1998 ON PUBLIC AND PRIVATE RADIO-TELEVISION IN THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA
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2012/02/21
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Algeria
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e. Government departments
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The Ministry of Information and Culture
Source:
Chapters 9&10 of the Algeria Copyright Law Order No. 14-73.
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2005/05/07
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Australia
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b. Private companies
d. Foreigners
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Licences to political parties is unclear on DCITA website.
Foreigners are currently not able to hold more than 15% of commercial broadcasting licences. There are minimal restrictions and references to foreign ownership or control of commercial radio stations.
For print [Foreign Acquisitions & Takeover Act 1975] limit for national or metro daily is 25% - 30% aggregate.
Source:
www.dcita.gov.au
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2007/01/09
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Austria
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b. Private companies
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2005/06/09
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Bahrain
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e. Government departments
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The Minister of Information shall issue the necessary resolutions for the implementation of this Law, and any provision in conflict therewith shall be repeated
Source:
Article 45, The Law Decree No. 10 for the year 1993 in respect of the Protection of Copyrights
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2005/05/16
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Belarus
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a. Political parties
b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
f. State owned companies
g. Other
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Citizens of the Republic of Belarus, foreign and stateless citizens, state bodies, political parties, other non-governmental organisations, other legal entities (including foreign legal entities) and also state bodies can found mass media.
Source:
Law on Press and Mass Media, art 10
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2006/04/03
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Belgium
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b. Private companies
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Source:
Consolidated Decree on audiovisual media services, Art. 67 (1, par. 6)
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2012/05/08
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Benin
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a. Political parties
b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
f. State owned companies
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Source:
Mr Theodule Nouatchi, lecturer in law at the University of Benin (Cotonou).
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2005/06/30
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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b. Private companies
f. State owned companies
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Any natural or legal person.
Source:
Law on the Basis of the Public Broadcasting System and on the Public Broadcasting Service of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2002.
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2005/03/29
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Brazil
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a. Political parties
b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
e. Government departments
f. State owned companies
g. Other
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There are legal restrictions for political parties and government entities.
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2024/10/21
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Bulgaria
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g. Other
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STC through Telecommunications Law
Source:
Law on Radio and Television Art 105
Telecommunications Law Art 38; 42; 46
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2007/01/31
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Canada
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a. Political parties
b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
e. Government departments
f. State owned companies
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Although there is no restriction to apply for a broadcasting licence, applicants must meet certain criteria in the following areas: ownership, financial capacity, technical capacity and programming requirements.
Source:
Elections Canada
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2010/06/22
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Croatia
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b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
g. Other
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Source:
Law on telecommunications
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2005/11/14
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Cyprus
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b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
f. State owned companies
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Source:
Law 7(I)/1998 regulating radio and television stations, Art. 16(2)
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2012/04/27
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Czech Republic
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b. Private companies
d. Foreigners
f. State owned companies
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-as an example:
*Country Radio (...)is owned by the US company Metromedia International, Inc.
** Prima TV is the other nationwide commercial television. (...)The licence to broadcast is owned by the Investment and Post Bank which is the only partner of Prima´s operator, the FTV Premiera.
*** Among the private stations Frekvence 1-- which has a French owner and is connected to Europe 2--has the largest audience.
Source:
ACT dated 17 May 2001 on radio and television broadcasting operation and on changes of other acts, Part One, General provisions, Article 3 (1)-(4) and Article 14.
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2006/11/30
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Djibouti
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e. Government departments
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Source:
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6411
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2005/05/10
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Egypt
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e. Government departments
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Source:
http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
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2005/06/15
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France
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b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
f. State owned companies
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Source:
Law No. 86-1067 of 30 September 1986 on freedom of communication, Art. 41-3
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2012/05/03
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Germany
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b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
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d. Foreigners, with domicile in the EU.
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2005/04/11
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Greece
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b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
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c. Only for radio stations of small range.
d. Only up to 25% for states outside the EU (for free access media)
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2012/04/13
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Hungary
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b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
g. Other
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A., E. and F. are explicitly prohibited in art. 86. to G: everyone can be broadcaster under the condition of the Media Law, prohibitions are regulated as exceptions
Source:
Ch. VI. Of the Media Law (art. 85-114.)
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2007/01/29
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Ireland
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b. Private companies
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An independent Regulator, the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, gives licenses to independent radio and television services. Details of the licensing procedures are available at http://www.bai.ie/?page_id=16.
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2012/05/10
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Italy
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b. Private companies
g. Other
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Any private actor. In particular: public limited companies, Ltd's and cooperatives.
Source:
Law of 31 July 1997, n. 249;
Legislative decree of 31 July 2005, n. 177 ("Testo unico della radiotelevisione")
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2012/04/17
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Kenya
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b. Private companies
d. Foreigners
e. Government departments
|
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2012/03/28
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Kiribati
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b. Private companies
d. Foreigners
e. Government departments
f. State owned companies
g. Other
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The following are eligible persons for the purpose of these Rules:
(a) a company incorporated under the Companies Ordinance of Kiribati or a foreign company
registered under the Companies Ordinance
(b) any society registered under the Cooperative Societies Ordinance
(c) a natural person over the age of 18
(d) a Kiribati government agency or an organization or statutory body created pursuant to the laws
of Kiribati.
Source:
Licensing rules for Communications Network and Services, PART 4 (20)
http://www.cck.ki/index.php/downloads/finish/21-licensing/655-communications-licensing-rules-2014-final-revised-01-08
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2020/05/05
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Lesotho
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g. Other
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The following television and sound broadcasting networks and services have been issued a license in Lesotho:
-Lesotho Television
-Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN) Lesotho
-Fill the Gap Ministries
-Harvest FM
-Lesotho catholic Bishop's Conference
-Lesotho Evangelical Church
-Multi-Media Communications (Pty) Ltd. (Joy FM)
-People's Choice FM
-Radio Lesotho
-The Ultimate FM
Third World Evangelical Movement for Human Rights (mo-Afrika)
-Mafeteng Community Radio
It seems that only a few television broadcasting networks and services and sound broadcasting networks and services were able to obtain broadcasting licenses.
Source:
Lesotho Communications Authority: http://www.lca.org.ls/index.php/regulation/8-broadcasting
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2015/03/13
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Lithuania
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b. Private companies
f. State owned companies
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Source:
Mass Media Law and the Mass Media Implementation Law, 1996; http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/peco/phare/Lithuani/liBroad.htm
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2005/03/29
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Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
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b. Private companies
d. Foreigners
e. Government departments
f. State owned companies
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A concession can be awarded to a domestic or foreign legal or natural person (concessionaire) in accordance with the concession act.
Source:
Art 2 Concession Law
Art 9 et seq. Broadcasting law
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2005/03/23
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Malaysia
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a. Political parties
b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
e. Government departments
f. State owned companies
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Source:
Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
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2007/01/21
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Morocco
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e. Government departments
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Source:
Press code 2002.
http://www.mincom.gov.ma/french/journaux/codepress.html
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2007/01/29
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Niger
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b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
f. State owned companies
g. Other
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Personnes physique ou morale
Source:
Ordonnance N°99-67 du 20 décembre 1999, portant régime de la liberté de la presse, Chapitre II
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2007/01/02
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Palestine
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e. Government departments
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Source:
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/palestin.htm
http://www.worldaudit.org/presstext.htm
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2005/06/22
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Portugal
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b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
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Source:
Law no. No. 27/2007 of 30 July 2007, as amended by Law no. 8/2011 of 11 April 2011, Art. 11
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2012/04/20
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Romania
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b. Private companies
|
Source:
Audiovisual Law, 1992.
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2005/03/30
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Russian Federation
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g. Other
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Russian legal entities
Source:
Federal Law "On Mass Media", Art.2.
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2016/06/06
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Seychelles
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e. Government departments
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seychelles bradcasting corporation
Source:
MISA report 2000
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2005/08/29
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Sierra Leone
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c. Non governmental organisations
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IT IS OPENED TO ALL INSTITUTIONS AND EVERY BODY AS LONG AS YOU FULFILL THE CONDITIONS
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2005/06/09
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Slovakia
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a. Political parties
b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
e. Government departments
f. State owned companies
g. Other
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G: natural person
There are no explicit prohibitions concerning the person of the broadcaster, but according to § 16 of the broadcasting act
A broadcaster has the duty
a) to ensure the universality of information and plurality of opinion within the broadcast programme service,
b) to ensure objectivity and impartiality of news programmes and current affairs programmes; opinions and evaluating comments must be separated from information of a news character,
c) to ensure that programmes and other elements of the programme service broadcast within election campaigns comply with special regulations.
According to § 32 para.10 broadcasting of political advertising and advertising promoting religion or atheism shall be prohibited, if special regulation does not provide otherwise. These special regulations are e.g. the electoral laws (parliament, president, local governments)
Source:
Act No. 308 of 14th September, 2000 on Broadcasting and Retransmission and on Amendments of Act No. 195/2000 Coll. On Telecommunications
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2007/01/09
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Slovenia
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a. Political parties
b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
d. Foreigners
e. Government departments
f. State owned companies
g. Other
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to e. and f.: there are not any expressed prohibitions, but only the Radiotelevision Sovenia is publicly owned.
Special provision of Art. 19. prohibits, that a person who enjoys immunity under the constitution or the law shall be a responsible editor.
to g: every legal or natural person
to d with restriction: the broadcaster head office or address of permanent residence shall be located in the Republic of Slovenia
or
the editorial board is based in the Republic of Slovenia
except the Ministry of Culture approves it considering the mass medium's significance to development in the area of public information and Slovenian culture
Source:
http://www.gov.si/srd/eng/index.html
Mass Media Act,
Art. 9 and 10.
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2005/04/04
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Somalia
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e. Government departments
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Ministry of information.
Source:
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:_0Vymtvg8bYJ:www.apfw.org/data/news/english/SOMALILANDsreport1004.pdf+somaliland+media+election+reports&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
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2005/04/22
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Spain
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b. Private companies
d. Foreigners
f. State owned companies
g. Other
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g) Non-profit entities
Source:
Law 7/2010 of 31 March on Audiovisual Communication, Art. 25, 40, 52;
Electoral Law 5/1985 of 19 June ("Ley Orgánica del Régimen Electoral General"), Art. 59-67
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2012/04/18
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Sudan
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e. Government departments
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The quasi-official National Press Council is responsible for applying the press law and has the power to license and suspend newspapers
Source:
http://www.worldaudit.org/presstext.htm
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2005/05/08
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Sweden
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b. Private companies
f. State owned companies
|
Source:
The Radio and Television Act, Ch. 4: http://www.radioochtv.se/Documents/Styrdokument/Radio%20and%20Television%20Act.pdf (2012)
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2012/05/15
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Switzerland
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b. Private companies
f. State owned companies
g. Other
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g) Natural persons
Source:
Federal Law of 24 March 2006, regulating radio and television, Art. 44:
Official Website of the Swiss administration: http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/784_40/index.html (2012)
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2012/05/14
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Tunisia
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e. Government departments
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Source:
TUNISIA PRESS OVERVIEW 2002: Broadcast media.
2003 World Press Freedom Review
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/tunisia.htm#2002%20World%20Press%20Freedom%20Review
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2005/05/08
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Turkey
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b. Private companies
|
Source:
Law on the Establishment of Radio and Television Enterprises and Their Broadcasts
Law No. 3984 of 20 April 1994
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2005/03/30
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Ukraine
|
a. Political parties
b. Private companies
c. Non governmental organisations
e. Government departments
f. State owned companies
g. Other
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According to Art. 13. of the law on Broadcasting
the right to establish tele-radio organisations in Ukraine belongs to the citizens of Ukraine who are not limited in legal capacity, the Supreme Council of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine and other juridical persons of Ukraine.
D: prohibited
Source:
Art. 13. of the law on Broadcasting
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2006/11/20
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Yemen
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e. Government departments
f. State owned companies
|
The government continued to restrict press freedom in 2003 by tightly controlling its monopoly on domestic broadcast media, allowing vague laws restricting press freedom to remain in force, and intimidating journalists critical of government policy.
Source:
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region2/yem/
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27942.htm
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2006/11/20
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