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total countries/territories: 43
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Albania
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
d. Legislature
g. EMB by law or regulations
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The Legislature has set the main rules by passing the Electoral Code
Steering Council of Public Radio and Television, based on the information on registered parties provided by the Central Election Commission (CEC), sets the time available for each party and, under the supervision of the CEC, organizes a lottery for the allocation of broadcast time to each registered party.
Source:
Art 133 et seq, especially 139 Electoral Code
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2012/02/21
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Algeria
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c. Government
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The Ministry of Information and Culture.
Source:
Chapters 9&10 of the Algeria Copyright Law Order No. 14-73 and the Algerian Election Law.
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2005/05/07
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Australia
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b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)
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Federation of TV networks reviews election advertisements prior to broadcast by commercial tv stations for the purpose of
** classifying the ad under the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice;
** ensuring the ads include the authorisation tag required by the Broadcasting Services Act (Clause 4 of Part 2 of Schedule 2);
** protecting broadcasters from liability for publishing defamatory material.
Common law of Defamation: Schedule 2 of the Broadcasting Services Act 1922, administered by the Australian Broadcasting Authority (Media Blackout).
Source:
AEC's Electoral Backgrounder No 15 Electoral Advertising and www.aec.gov.au
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2007/01/09
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Bahrain
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c. Government
g. EMB by law or regulations
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It is regulated by the Ministry of Justice and Islamic affairs with the cooperation of the ministry of Information. Freedom of speech and the press are sharply restricted. Privately-owned newspapers refrain from criticizing the regime, while radio and television are government-owned and offer only official propaganda.
Source:
http://www.freedomhouse.org/pfs99/reports.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/790690.stm#media
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2006/05/08
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Belarus
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c. Government
g. EMB by law or regulations
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Source:
Art 4 Law on CCE, Law on press and mass media, ACEEEO questionnaire on Media and elections
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2005/03/29
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Belgium
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
d. Legislature
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Source:
Consolidated Decree on audiovisual media services, Art. 135 (1, par. 5)
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2012/05/08
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Benin
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
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Source:
Organic Law n°92-021 (21st of August 1992) concerning the High Authority of the Audiovisual and Communication.
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2005/06/28
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)
d. Legislature
e. Judiciary
g. EMB by law or regulations
h. EMB by custom and practise
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Source:
Law on the Basis of the Public Broadcasting System and on the Public Broadcasting Service of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2002; Election Law of BiH, 2001, Chapter 15-16.
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2005/03/29
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Brazil
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d. Legislature
e. Judiciary
g. EMB by law or regulations
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Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) - Superior Electoral Court.
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2024/10/21
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Bulgaria
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b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)
c. Government
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b) National Radio and Television Council
Source:
Law on Radio and Television Art 33; 33/3
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2007/01/31
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Canada
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
d. Legislature
g. EMB by law or regulations
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Source:
Elections Canada
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2006/12/11
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Croatia
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)
g. EMB by law or regulations
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Source:
Act on election of representatives to the Croatian Parliament
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2005/11/14
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Cyprus
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
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a) The Broadcasting Authority of Cyprus
Source:
Law 7(I)/1998 regulating radio and television stations, Art. 34D(6)
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2012/04/27
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Czech Republic
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
d. Legislature
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* The Council of Czech Republic for Radio and Television Broadcasting
** Broadcasting Act (11. May 2001.)
Source:
ACT dated 17 May 2001 on radio and television broadcasting operation and on changes of other acts. (Broadcasting Act)
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2006/11/30
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Djibouti
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c. Government
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Source:
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6411
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2005/05/10
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Egypt
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b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)
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Source:
http://www.internews.org/arab%5Fmedia%5Fresearch/egypt.pdf
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2005/06/22
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France
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
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a) The Supreme Council for Audiovisual Services
Source:
Law No. 86-1067 of 30 September 1986 on freedom of communication, Art. 14, 16;
Supreme Council for Audiovisual Services Resolution No. 2011-1 of 4 January 2011
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2012/05/03
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Germany
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b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)
i. Other (specify)
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Individual German states, rather than the federal state, are competent for regulating the media. This distribution of power guarantees an independent media, allowing citizens to form their own opinions and safeguarding the control function of the media. For print media, the states have enacted press regulations addressing relevant topics from claims for counterstatements to information rights against public authorities. Correspondingly, TV and radio broadcast media are also regulated by the states based on the Interstate Broadcasting Treaty, which shall eventually be repealed at the end of 2020 by the Interstate Media Treaty (MStV) and state-specific broadcasting or media acts.
Source:
https://thelawreviews.co.uk/title/the-media-and-entertainment-law-review/germany
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2021/11/20
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Greece
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
g. EMB by law or regulations
i. Other (specify)
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The General Secretariat of Communication/General Secretariat of Information, The National Council for Radio and Television and the Inter-party Committee of elections.
Source:
Law 3023/2002 (Financing of political parties of the Sate), Art. 10, 28:1 and 30:2
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2012/04/13
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Hungary
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d. Legislature
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According to Article 11. of media law, during election campaigns the publication of political advertisements in broadcasting shall be governed by the provisions of the relevant Acts on the election of Members of Parliament, members and mayors of local government Corporations, on the election of minority self-governments and social insurance self-governments. Outside election campaigns, political advertisements may be broadcast exclusively in connection with a previously announced referendum.
The referred laws do not contain any special rules about the body regulating the media coverage of elections.
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2007/01/29
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Italy
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
d. Legislature
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The Parliamentary Commission for the broadcasting services ("Commissione parlamentare per l'indirizzo generale e la vigilanza dei servizi radiotelevisivi"), and the independent Communications Regulatory Authority (Agcom - "Autorità per le garanzie nelle comunicazioni").
Source:
Law of 22 February 2000, n. 28, Art. 4
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2012/04/17
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Kenya
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)
g. EMB by law or regulations
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2012/03/28
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Liechtenstein
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c. Government
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2005/06/09
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Lithuania
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)
d. Legislature
e. Judiciary
g. EMB by law or regulations
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Source:
Mass Media Law and the Mass Media Implementation Law, 1996; Law on election to the Seimas, 2004.
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2005/03/29
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Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
d. Legislature
g. EMB by law or regulations
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The Legislature sets the main rules, the legal framework by passing the Electoral Code, and the decision on the rules for equal media presentation is reached by the Parliament, upon a proposal by the Broadcasting Council.
Statutory Regulator: Broadcasting Council
The State Election Council is has also some responsibilities
Source:
Art 47 et seq. Law on election of MP's
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2005/03/23
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Malaysia
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h. EMB by custom and practise
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There is no provision in the election laws regulating or controlling the media during election. The media bodies are free to publish and even take sides which leads to all the mainstream media favoring the party in power.
Source:
Suhaila Norsham, Secretary of International Relation Committee, Election Commission of Malaysia
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2007/01/21
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Morocco
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c. Government
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The Government controlled the media generally through directives and guidance from the Ministry of Interior.
Source:
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27934.htm
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2005/05/08
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New Zealand
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
i. Other (specify)
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Electoral commission: We’re responsible for making sure everyone follows the rules about promoter statements, authorisation of advertising and electoral finance.
You can complain to us about breaches of:
election advertising and the election day rules under the Electoral Act
requirements for election programmes under the Broadcasting Act.
You can also ask us for advice about election and advertising rules.
The Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA) oversees broadcasting on TV and radio.
Election programmes must follow the Election Programmes Code
Election programmes on TV and radio, such as party and candidate advertisements, must follow the Election Programmes Code of Broadcasting Practice.
The BSA website has more information about the code,
Source:
https://www.bsa.govt.nz/broadcasting-standards
https://elections.nz/guidance-and-rules/advertising-and-campaigning/about-election-advertising/
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2024/07/12
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Niger
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
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Source:
Voir ordonnance N°93-21 du 30 mars 1993 portant définition et mission du Conseil Supérieur de la Communication
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2005/06/07
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Palestine
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g. EMB by law or regulations
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Source:
Articles 54 to 59, 93, and 94 Electoral Law
http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=021020013748088&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH=
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2005/06/22
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Portugal
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g. EMB by law or regulations
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Source:
Law no 71/78 of 27 December 1978, establishing the National Electoral Commission, Art. 5(1)f;
Electoral Law no. 14/79 of 16 May 1979 as amended, Art. 62, 63
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2012/04/20
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Romania
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)
c. Government
d. Legislature
e. Judiciary
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Source:
Audiovisual Law, 1992.
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2005/03/30
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Russian Federation
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c. Government
d. Legislature
g. EMB by law or regulations
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3. Mass media representatives shall be accredited in the manner prescribed by the Central election commission of the Russian Federation or on behalf of the election commission of a Russian Federation subject in order to exercise the powers
Source:
Federal Law On Elections of Deputies to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as amended on April, 5, 2016, articles 35, 61
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2016/06/06
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Seychelles
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c. Government
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Source:
2004 World Press Freedom Review by the International Pres Institute available at http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Africa/seychelles.htm
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2005/05/12
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Slovakia
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
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According to § 15 of the broadcasting act the supervision of the fulfilment of duties according to this law and special regulations belongs to the competence of the Council for Broadcasting and Retransmission.
Source:
http://www.rada-rtv.sk/
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2006/04/03
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Slovenia
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d. Legislature
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2005/04/11
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Somalia
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c. Government
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ministry of information
Source:
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:sOSvcfttHIQJ:www.delken.cec.eu.int/en/publications/Report%2520on%2520Somaliland%2520Local%2520Elections%2520held%2520on%252015.12.02.doc+somaliland+election+media+reports&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
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2005/04/25
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Sudan
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c. Government
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Ministry of Information
Source:
SUDAN PRESS OVERVIEW 2000.
http://www.freemedia.at/wpfr/Mena/sudan.htm
http://www.tvradioworld.com/region3/sdn/
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2006/11/20
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Tunisia
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c. Government
g. EMB by law or regulations
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The Minister of Media and Ministry of Interior.
Source:
Part 3, Article 37 of the Tunisian Election Law.
http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/RelatedArticlesGvnSPName.asp?SPName=CHRN&StructuredIndexCode=&LawBookID=021020013249846&Year1=&Year2=&YearGorH=
Article 9 of the Amendment on Tunisian Election Law.
http://www.arab-ipu.org/pdb/LoadLawBook.asp?SC=021020018498827
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2005/05/08
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Turkey
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
g. EMB by law or regulations
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Source:
Art 49 et seq. electoral code
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2005/03/30
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Ukraine
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a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)
g. EMB by law or regulations
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Source:
Art. 19. of the law on the Central Election Commission, Art. 5. of the Law on television and radio broadcasting
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2005/04/02
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Yemen
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g. EMB by law or regulations
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Source:
Articles 37 to 52, Section 4 of the Electoral Law of Yemen 2001.
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2005/05/09
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