|
total countries/territories: 224
|
|---|
| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
|
Afghanistan
|
b. Independent
|
The IEC is the only institution responsible for administering and supervising elections and referenda, and acts independently.
Source:
The Independent Election Commission, Vision and Mission: http://www.iec.org.af/2012-05-29-07-06-38/vision-mission (2014).
|
2019/09/24
|
|
Albania
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
http://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/electoral-management-design-2014.pdf, page 375 (accessed May 2017)
|
2017/05/17
|
|
Algeria
|
a. Governmental
|
The Ministry of Interior has overall authority for administration of the elections, though separate political party and magistrates commissions with limited oversight functions are formed for the electoral period.
Source:
EU EOM Final Report on the Algerian Legislative Elections of 12 May 2012, p. 12-14: http://www.eueom.eu/files/pressreleases/english/rapport_final_05_08_2012_FR.pdf (2017);
NDI Final Report on Algeria's Legislative Elections of 10 May 2012, p. 16-18: http://www.ndi.org/files/Algeria-Report-Leg-Elections-ENG.pdf (2017);
Electoral law (Loi organique n° 12-01 du 18 Safar 1433 correspondant au 12 janvier 2012 relative au régime électoral), art. 149 - 159, 168-187: http://www.parliament.am/library/norelectoral%20law/aljir.pdf (2017);
Décret présidentiel n° 12-68 du 18 Rabie El Aouel 1433 correspondant au 11 février 2012 fixant l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la commission nationale de supervision des élections: http://www.ambdz.tn/AConsulter/pdf/8%20decret%20presidentiel%2012-68.pdf (2017)
|
2019/09/25
|
|
American Samoa
|
c. Mixed
|
There is established in the executive branch of the American Samoa Government a permanent, independent election office. The election office is headed by the Chief Election Officer, who shall be appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Legislature.
Source:
American Samoa Code Annotated, Title 6, Ch.1 (6.0103.1)
|
2017/08/18
|
|
Andorra
|
c. Mixed
|
Source:
Electoral law: 28/2007 - "Llei qualificada del règim electoral i del referèndum", art. 27 & 28: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/AD/andorra-electoral-law-2007/
|
2023/06/09
|
|
Angola
|
b. Independent
|
The National Electoral Commission is an independent body that organizes, implements, coordinates and conducts elections. The National Election Commission enjoys organic, administrative, functional and financial independence.
Source:
Constitution of 3 February 2010, art. 107: http://www.tribunalconstitucional.ao/uploads/%7B9555c635-8d7c-4ea1-b7f9-0cd33d08ea40%7D.pdf (2017);
Electoral Law n.º 36/11 of 21 December 2011 regulating General Elections, art. 139, 140: http://www.tribunalconstitucional.ao/uploads/%7Bc46fa0b3-c947-4440-ae92-5f1a3a275d8a%7D.pdf (2017);
Law n.º 12/12 of 13 April 2012 regulating the organisation and functioning of the National Electoral Commission, art. 3, 4: http://www.tribunalconstitucional.ao/uploads/%7Bc749c249-1c14-43bb-a49d-db985d718de6%7D.pdf (2017)
|
2017/03/28
|
|
Anguilla
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2015/02/24
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2014/06/05
|
|
Argentina
|
c. Mixed
|
Source:
Law on the National Electoral Justice: “Ley Orgánica de la Justicia Nacional Electoral — Ley 19108”: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-ley-19108-organica-justicia-nacional-electoral-2019/ (2019);
Presidential Decree 682/2010, which establishes the structure of the National Offices for Elections and for Political Affairs and Reform at the Ministry of Interior’s Political Affairs Department: “Decreto 682/2010 del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional, por el que se aprueba la estructura de la Dirección Nacional Electoral y la Dirección Nacional de Asuntos Políticos y Reforma Electoral de la Secretaría de Asuntos Políticos del Ministerio del Interior”: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-decreto-mininterior-682-2010-estructura-dine/ (2019)
|
2021/12/26
|
|
Armenia
|
b. Independent
|
Article 51. Functions and powers of the Central Electoral Commission
1. The Central Electoral Commission is an independent state authority which shall organise
the elections of the National Assembly and local self-government bodies, referenda, as well as
exercise supervision over the lawfulness thereof.
Source:
Electoral Code of 25 May 2016, art. 51 (1):
http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-REF(2016)042-e
|
2015/12/01
|
|
Aruba
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2017/07/07
|
|
Australia
|
b. Independent
|
The Australian Electoral Commission is an independent statutory authority.
Source:
Australian Electoral Commission homepage: https://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/AEC_Services/
Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (amended in 2019) Section 6: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00103/f85985f8-e256-4e11-ad31-884ed7f92224
|
2024/09/09
|
|
Austria
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2012/05/29
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
b. Independent
|
Under the authority established by this Code, the election (referendum) commissions shall not depend on state bodies, municipal institutions, political parties, non-governmental or other public organizations, or other legal entities and physical persons with regard to the preparation and holding elections (referendums). Such entities and their officials are not allowed to intervene in the activity of election commissions.
Source:
Election Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan including 2024 amendments, article 17.3: https://msk.gov.az/uploads/qanunvericilik/Election-Code-2024.pdf
|
2024/11/12
|
|
Bahamas
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2009/10/29
|
|
Bahrain
|
a. Governmental
|
The Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs heads a Supreme Committee to supervise the validity of referendums and parliamentary elections.
Source:
Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 17, 18: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Bangladesh
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2012/05/30
|
|
Barbados
|
b. Independent
|
A combination of the EBC and the Electoral Department
Source:
Angela Taylor, Chief Electoral Officer, Elections and Boundaries Commission
|
2012/01/31
|
|
Belarus
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Belarus”, art. 71: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/BY/belarus-constitution-2021-english/
|
2023/09/13
|
|
Belgium
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Official Website of the Ministry of Interior, Directorate for Elections:
http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/index.php?id=33&L=0 (2012)
|
2019/04/25
|
|
Belize
|
c. Mixed
|
The Electoral and Boundaries Commission (EBC) is not subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority, while the Electoral and Boundaries Department—which reports to the Ministry of the Public Service and the EBC—is responsible for the day-to-day administration and all phases of the electoral process.
Source:
Constitution: “Belize Constitution, Chapter 4”, Section 88: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BZ/belize-constitution-2022/ ;
Electoral Law: “Representation of the People Act, Chapter 9”, Section 10 & 11: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BZ/belize-representation-of-the-people-act-2020/
|
2025/03/24
|
|
Benin
|
b. Independent
|
Article 12
Les élections sont gérées par un organe
administratif dénommé Commission électorale nationale autonome
(CENA).
La Commission électorale nationale autonome dispose d'une
réelle autonomie par rapport aux institutions de la République (Exécutif,
Assemblée Nationale, Cour Constitutionnelle, Cour Suprême, Haute
Cour de Justice, Conseil Economique et Social, Haute Autorité de
l’Audiovisuel et de la Communication), sous réserve des dispositions des
articles 49, 81 alinéa 2 et 117, 1er et 2ème tirets de la Constitution du 11
décembre 1990 et des articles 42, 52 et 54 de la loi n° 91-009 du 04
mars 1991 portant loi organique sur la Cour Constitutionnelle modifiée
par la loi du 31 mai 2001.
Source:
Law n ° 2010-33 of 7 January 2011 setting general rules for the elections in the Republic of Benin, art. 12: http://ddata.over-blog.com/1/35/48/78/Benin-2/Loi-electorale-generale-pour-2011.pdf (2016)
|
2019/04/05
|
|
Bermuda
|
b. Independent
|
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Bhutan
|
b. Independent
|
The Election Commission shall be independent and consist of a Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.
Source:
Election Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2008, Chapter 3, Article 20: https://www.ecb.bt/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ElectionActEnglish.pdf
|
2024/08/27
|
|
Bolivia
|
b. Independent
|
The Plurinational Electoral Body is a public authority of the State and has constitutional status equal to that of the legislative, executive and judicial authorities. It is related to these organs based on the principles of independence, separation, coordination and cooperation. The electoral authority has functional autonomy from other state bodies. It does not receive instructions from other public authorities nor is it influenced by any other authority.
Source:
Constitution; "Constitución Política del Estado", art. 12 (I): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BO/bolivia-constitucion-politica-del-estado-vigente/ (2019).
EMB Law; "Ley del Órgano Electoral Plurinacional — Ley 018-2010", art. 2, 4 (10): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BO/bolivia-ley-018-2010-organo-electoral-plurinacional-vigente/ (2019).
|
2024/12/09
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Law: Election law of Bosnia and Herzegovina, art. 2.9.
http://izbori.ba/Documents/documents/ZAKONI/BiH_Election_Law_last_consolidated_version_2018.pdf
|
2018/11/14
|
|
Botswana
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution of Botswana, art. 65A (1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/BW/botswana-constitution-of-1966-with-amendments-up/view (2014).
|
2014/10/27
|
|
Brazil
|
b. Independent
|
Article 12:
The following are bodies of the Electoral Justice:
I – the Superior Electoral Court, headquartered in the capital of the Republic and with jurisdiction throughout the country;
II – a Regional Court in the capital of each state, in the Federal District, and, upon proposal from the Superior Court, in the capital of a territory;
III – electoral boards;
IV – electoral judges.
Source:
Electoral Code - Law No. 4,737, of July 15, 1965, Article 12:
https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/codigo-eleitoral/codigo-eleitoral-1/codigo-eleitoral-lei-nb0-4.737-de-15-de-julho-de-1965
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988, Article 118:
https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/codigo-eleitoral/constituicao-federal/constituicao-da-republica-federativa-do-brasil
|
2024/10/23
|
|
Brunei Darussalam
|
d. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 23: http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/fdl/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Brunei_Constitution_1959_amended%202011_EN.pdf (2013);
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html
|
2013/03/18
|
|
Bulgaria
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
Electoral code: Art. 46(1) http://dv.parliament.bg/DVWeb/showMaterialDV.jsp?idMat=82965 (2014)
|
2014/10/02
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Code as amended in 2015, art. 2, 4: http://www.ceni.bf/sites/default/files/Code_électoral_BF-Version_21.05.2015.pdf (2015)
|
2015/12/04
|
|
Burma (Myanmar)
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
The Union Election Commission Law, art. 3: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Union%20Election%20Commission%20Law.pdf (2013);
Constitution of Myanmar, art. 398: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
|
2015/11/17
|
|
Burundi
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Decree No. 100/76 of 12 March 2012 regulating the organization and functioning of the Independent National Electoral Commission, art. 3: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/BI/burundi-decree-no-100-76-of-12-march-2012-on-the/view ;
Constitution, art. 89: https://acbc.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl441/files/Legislation/Countries%20legislations/BURUNDI/Constitution%20of%20Burundi%20of%20_2018_compressed.pdf
|
2025/05/08
|
|
Cambodia
|
b. Independent
|
The National Election Committee shall be independent and neutral in implementing its mandate to ensure the election is free, fair and just in accordance with the liberal, democratic, pluralistic principles. All members of the National Election Committee and members of election commissions at all levels shall be neutral and impartial in carrying out its work.
Source:
Law on the Organization and Functioning of the National Election Committee, art. 3: http://ngocedaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/tmp_11849-Draft-NEC-Law_Eng-337982827.pdf
|
2018/08/15
|
|
Cameroon
|
b. Independent
|
“Elections Cameroon” shall be an independent body responsible for the organization, management and supervision of all election and referendum operations.
Source:
Electoral Code Chapter I section 4 (1): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CM/cameroon-electoral-code-english-2012
|
2018/11/05
|
|
Canada
|
b. Independent
|
The Chief Electoral Officer (CEO)is appointed by a resolution of the House of Commons. He or she reports directly to Parliament and is completely independent of the government of the day and all political parties. The CEO serves until retirement at age 65 or resignation. He or she can be removed from office only for cause, by the Governor General after a joint request following a majority vote by the House of Commons and Senate.
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_inlay_final.pdf
Elections Canada:The Chief Electoral Officer of Canada: Appointment of the Chief Electoral Officer (http://elections.ca/content.asp?section=ceo&document=index&dir=app&lang=e&textonly=false)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Cape Verde
|
c. Mixed
|
The National Electoral Commission, which is the supreme electoral authority, is an independent and permanent body. The Directorate General for Support to the Electoral Process is a governmental department in charge of providing technical, administrative and logistical support to the electoral process. Its functions are exercised under the supervision and control of the National Electoral Commission.
Source:
Electoral Law as amended by Law No 56/VII/2010, art. 11, 18, 26: http://www.parlamento.cv/userfiles/image/site/Leis/Altera%20o%20C%C3%B3digo%20Eleitoral%20-%20texto%20integrante.pdf (2016);
Constitution of Cape Verde as amended in 2010, art. 96: http://www.parlamento.cv/Downloads/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20de%20Cabo%20verde,%202010.pdf (2016);
Law-decree no. 29/2007 of 20 August 2007
|
2016/05/04
|
|
Cayman Islands
|
a. Governmental
|
The Supervisor of the Elections Office is appointed by the Governor of the Cayman Islands and shall be a person who holds a senior office in the public service.
Source:
Electoral Law: “Elections Act (2021 Revision)”, Section 3 & 4: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/KY/cayman-islands-elections-act-2021-revision/ ;
|
2021/12/13
|
|
Central African Republic
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Law N° 09.016, Art. 18: http://ddata.over-blog.com/1/35/48/78/Centrafrique/CODE_ELECTORAL-RCA-2-octobre-2010.pdf (2016)
|
2021/04/19
|
|
Chad
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Law No. 020/PR/2010 establishing a National Independent Electoral Commission amended by Law No. 022/PR/2010, art. 7, 8, 13, 21 (2) : http://www.iss.co.za/uploads/CHADCENI.PDF (2016)
|
2019/04/23
|
|
Chile
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Chile (2017)”, art. 18:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-de-1/
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica Constitucional sobre Sistema de Inscripciones Electorales y Servicio Electoral (2016)”, art. 57 & 62: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-ley-sobre-el-sistema-de-inscripciones/
Law: “Reforma Constitucional que otorga autonomía al Servicio Electoral (Ley No. 20.860)”: https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1082962
|
2025/03/04
|
|
China
|
e. No information available
|
Source:
http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf
|
2012/06/04
|
|
Cocos (keeling) Islands
|
b. Independent
|
6. (2A) For the purposes of the finance law (within the meaning of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013):
(a) the Commission is a listed entity;
(Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918)
On 21 February 1984 following major amendments to the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 the Australian Electoral Commission was established as an independent statutory authority.
Source:
Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, as amended on 8 March 2019, section 6: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00103
https://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/index.htm
|
2019/07/08
|
|
Colombia
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de Colombia”, art. 120, 265: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CO/colombia-constitucion-politica-de-colombia-2016 (2016).
|
2024/12/12
|
|
Comoros
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Law No 10-018/AU Amending certain provisions of the Electoral Act No. 07-001/AU of 14 January 2007, art. 42, 43
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/KM/comores-electoral-law-2010/view (2016)
|
2016/04/12
|
|
Congo (Brazzaville)
|
c. Mixed
|
The Ministry of Interior is in charge of the preparations for elections.
The organization and monitoring of elections is the responsibility of the Independent National Electoral Commission.
Source:
Electoral Law of 24 November 2001, Amended 2016, Art. 15: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CG/congo-brazzaville-electoral-law-amendments-2016/view (2017)
|
2017/03/29
|
|
Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the
|
b. Independent
|
The Independent National Electoral Commission has financial and administrative autonomy.
Source:
Law No. 10/013 of 28 July 2010 on the organisation, duties and functions of the Independent Electoral Commission, Art. 6: http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/68860 (2012)
|
2012/06/28
|
|
Cook Islands
|
a. Governmental
|
There shall be an Electoral Office commissioned by the Minister, within the Ministry of Justice for the purpose of administering every election under this Act.
Source:
Electoral Law: Electoral Ace 2004, Art. 3
|
2014/06/05
|
|
Costa Rica
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica (2003)”, art. 99: http://www.tse.go.cr/pdf/normativa/constitucion.pdf (2014) http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-constitucion-politica-reformas-2015.pdf/
|
2018/01/24
|
|
Croatia
|
b. Independent
|
Article 2: The Commission is a permanent, independent state body.
Source:
Act on the State Electoral Commission of the Republic of Croatia (2006), art. 2.
http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/2264/file/Croatia_Act_State_Electoral_Commission_2006.pdf
https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/2265/file/Croatia_Amendments_Central_Electoral_Comm_2007.pdf (amended)
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2020/07/06
|
|
Cuba
|
b. Independent
|
Established by the 2019 Constitution.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República de Cuba (2019)”, art. 212: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CU/cuba-constitucion-2019-ace/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley No. 127, Ley Electoral”, art. 23, 34(4): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CU/cuba-ley-electoral-127-2019-ace/ ;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=oEAx0qfKMaw
|
2023/09/12
|
|
Cyprus
|
a. Governmental
|
The Central Election Service, attached to the Ministry of Interior, is responsible of the electoral process.
Source:
Official website of the Central Electoral Service:
http://moi.gov.cy (2016).
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Cyprus (North)
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2012/06/07
|
|
Czech Republic
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (2006)
International IDEA web database: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/country-view/91/54
|
2023/09/14
|
|
Côte d'Ivoire
|
b. Independent
|
The Independent Electoral Commission is an independent administrative authority with legal personality and financial autonomy.
Source:
Law no. 2004-642 of Dec.14, 2004, amending law no. 2001-634 of Oct. 9, 2001, on the composition, organization, powers, and functioning of the Independent Electoral Commission, art. 1: http://cndj.ci/CEI.htm (2012)
|
2012/12/14
|
|
Denmark
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design, Revised edition. P. 378
http://www.eods.eu/library/IDEA.Electoral-Management-Design.pdf
|
2019/05/27
|
|
Djibouti
|
b. Independent
|
Article 40: There is established at the national level an Independent National Electoral Commission in charge of the control of electoral operations
Source:
Decree 2005-0024/PR/MID on the composition and functioning of the Independent National Electoral Commission, art. 2:
Organic Law n ° L 11/AN/02/4 amending Article 40 of the Organic Law n ° 2/AN/93 of 07 April 1993
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/DJ/djibouti-electoral-law-1992/view
and Article 41 of the Organic Law n ° 1/92 of 29 October 1992 regulating elections, art. 1:
|
2018/03/30
|
|
Dominica
|
b. Independent
|
The Constitution provides that in the exercise of its functions the Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or entity.
Source:
Constitution of Dominica (1978), Section 56 (11): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DM/dominica-constitution-of-the-commonwealth-of/view (2014).
Electoral Office of Dominica, Official Website - The Constituency Boundaries and Electoral Commissions: http://electoraloffice.gov.dm/about-us/brief-history (2014).
|
2014/12/16
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
b. Independent
|
The Central Electoral Board is an autonomous body with legal personality and technical, administrative, budgetary and financial independence.
Source:
Constitución: Constitución de la República Dominicana (2015) art. 212: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-constitucion-politica-2015/ (2020)
Ley Electoral “Ley Orgánica de Régimen Electoral No. 15-19 art. 9 y 10: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-ley-organica-de-regimen/ (2019)
|
2020/02/05
|
|
Ecuador
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República del Ecuador”, art. 217: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/EC/ecuador-constitucion-2020/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica Electoral y de Organizaciones Políticas de la República del Ecuador, Código de la Democracia”, art. 18: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/EC/ecuador-codigo-democracia-2023/
|
2025/03/13
|
|
Egypt
|
b. Independent
|
The National Elections Commission is an independent authority and shall be solely competent to administer referenda and elections of the president, the parliament and the local councils. However, The High Electoral Committee and the Presidential Election Committee existing at the time this
Constitution comes into force shall undertake the full supervision of the first parliamentary and presidential elections following the effective date of the Constitution. The funds of the two committees shall be transferred to the National Electoral Commission, immediately upon its formation.
Source:
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014, art. 208 & 228: http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf (2014).
|
2018/03/18
|
|
El Salvador
|
b. Independent
|
The Supreme Electoral Tribunal is a body with full judicial, administrative and financial autonomy in electoral matters and therefore independent from any state agency.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de El Salvador”, art. 208: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-constitucion-2014/ ;
Electoral Law: “Decreto No. 413 — Código Electoral”, 40: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-recopilacion-legislacion-electoral-2021/
|
2024/12/19
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Presidential decree No. 40/ 2013 of 28 March 2013: http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2013/DecretoNum.40_2013%281%29.pdf (2016);
Law No. 7/2012 of 16 November 2012 regulating elections to the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, municipal elections and referenda
|
2016/05/03
|
|
Eritrea
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 58
Electoral Act, art. 3
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2011/06/21
|
|
Estonia
|
b. Independent
|
§ 11: (9) A member of an electoral committee shall be independent in the performance of his or her duties. A member of an electoral committee shall operate pursuant to law and the instructions of a superior electoral committee.
Source:
Electoral Law: Riigikogu Election Act as amended on 13 April 2016, § 11: 9
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2019/02/19
|
|
Ethiopia
|
b. Independent
|
The National Electoral Board is independent and autonomous, having its own legal personality.
Source:
Electoral Law as amended by Proclamation No. 532/2007, art. 4 (1) http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ET/ethiopia-proclamatio-no.-532-2007-amending-the/view
|
2015/05/18
|
|
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Law: “Electoral Ordinance 1988”, Section 7: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/FK/falkland-islands-electoral-ordinance-1988/ ;
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/electoral-management-design-2014.pdf)
|
2022/04/19
|
|
Fiji
|
b. Independent
|
4.—(1) In the performance of its functions and exercise of its powers, the Electoral Commission is not subject to the direction or control of any person or authority, provided however, the Electoral Commission shall be subject to any decision of a court of law exercising jurisdiction in relation to a question as to whether the Electoral Commission performed its functions or exercised its powers in accordance with the Constitution and the law or whether the Electoral Commission should or should not perform its functions or exercise its powers.
Source:
Electoral Decree No. 11 of 2014, art. 4: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/FJ/fiji-electoral-decree-no.-11-of-2014/at_download/file (2014).
|
2018/04/18
|
|
Finland
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Election Act 714/1998 as amended, Section 10
|
2019/04/02
|
|
France
|
c. Mixed
|
c) Ministry of Interior and Constitutional Council
Source:
Constitution, Art. 58, 60
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/France_2008?lang=en
|
2020/06/21
|
|
Gabon
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Law No. 7/96 of 12 March 1996 establishing common rules for all political elections, with all the subsequent amendments, last revised 2005, art. 10
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GA/gabon-code-electoral-2005/view
(2017)
|
2025/05/13
|
|
Gambia
|
b. Independent
|
There shall be an Independent Electoral Commission for The Gambia which shall be part of the public service. In the exercise of its functions, the Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.
Source:
Constitution, Chapter V, part II, section 42 (1), 43 (3):
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gambia_2004?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/03/21
|
|
Georgia
|
b. Independent
|
The Electoral Administration of Georgia is an independent administrative body that shall be independent from other public bodies, within its powers.
Source:
The Election Code of Georgia, art. 7:
https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/1557168?publication=87
|
2024/07/24
|
|
Germany
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/electoral-management-design-revised-edition?lang=en)
|
2025/03/12
|
|
Ghana
|
b. Independent
|
In the performance of its functions, the Electoral Commission, shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.
Source:
- Constitution of the Republic of Ghana (1996), art. 46:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GH/ghana-constitution-1992-with-amendments-through/view
- The Electoral Commission Act, 1993 (Act 451), art. 3:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GH/ghana-provisions-on-the-establishment-of-the/view
|
2016/09/21
|
|
Gibraltar
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
Parliament Act Number 1950-15
https://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/1950-15o.pdf
|
2009/11/04
|
|
Greece
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
P.D. 49/1988 as amended, published on the Official Journal of the Government ΦΕΚ 18 - 29.01.1988, art. 9:1
|
2012/11/13
|
|
Grenada
|
b. Independent
|
In the exercise of his functions under the foregoing provisions of this section, the Supervisor of Elections shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.
Source:
Constitution, art 35
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Guam
|
b. Independent
|
There is within, as an autonomous instrumentality and an independent commission of the government of Guam, the Election Commission.
Source:
Guam Code Annotated, Title 3, Ch.2, Art. 2101:
https://law.justia.com/codes/guam/2019/title-3/chapter-2/
|
2020/10/28
|
|
Guatemala
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Law: “Ley Electoral y de Partidos Políticos”, art. 121: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/GT/guatemala-lepp-y-reglamentos-2023/
|
2023/05/29
|
|
Guernsey
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2009/11/04
|
|
Guinea
|
b. Independent
|
The Independent National Electoral Commission has legal personality and financial autonomy. It is responsible for the organization of all political elections and referenda in the Republic of Guinea. It is technically supported by the ministerial departments involved in the electoral process, including the Ministry for Territorial Administration. In exercising their duties, the members of the CENI shall not seek or receive instructions or orders of any other public or private authority.
Source:
Organic Law L/2012/016/CNT of 19 September 2012 on the composition, organization and functions of the Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI), art. 1, 2, 8: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GN/guinea-organic-law-l-2012-016-cnt-of-19-september/view
|
2017/01/26
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Law of 12 December 2009 on the National Electoral Commission, art. 1, 18 (2): http://www.cne-guinebissau.org/phocadownload/lei_da_cne.pdf (2012)
|
2014/06/24
|
|
Guyana
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
"Constitution of Guyana", art 62
(http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/GY/guyana-constitution-1996/view)
|
2013/07/01
|
|
Haiti
|
b. Independent
|
Article 1 of the Electoral Act.
Source:
Le Moniteur sous la direction de Beauzile, Fritzner, « Loi électoral », http://haitijustice.com/pdf/legislation/loi-electorale-haiti-2013.pdf, 168ième année No. 229, 2013
|
2015/04/08
|
|
Holy See (Vatican City State)
|
d. Not applicable
|
|
2012/05/14
|
|
Honduras
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de 1982", art. 51: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-constitucion-politica-de-1982-2021/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley Electoral de Honduras”, art. 6: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-ley-electoral-2021-con-reformas-2021/
|
2025/08/07
|
|
Hong Kong
|
e. No information available
|
|
2021/06/07
|
|
Hungary
|
c. Mixed
|
Section 12
The costs associated with the tasks of the state in the area of preparing and conducting elections, as well as other costs arising in connection with the activities of election bodies, shall be financed from the national budget – to the extent determined by Parliament. The State Audit Office shall inform Parliament about the use of these financial resources. The National Election Commission is otherwise independent.
Source:
Act XXXVI of 2013 on Electoral Procedure (last modified by Act CCVII of 2013), Section 12 & 53: http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=159995.329468.
|
2018/07/30
|
|
Iceland
|
c. Mixed
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2012/06/19
|
|
India
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/em/annex/electoral-management-case-studies/india-the-embodiment-of-emb-independence
|
2024/06/21
|
|
Indonesia
|
b. Independent
|
The National Election Commission (KPU) is a national, permanent and independent body responsible for implementing the Election. In implementing Elections, KPU shall be free from the influence of any party related to the implementation of its duties and authorities.
Source:
Law 8/2012 on General Election of the Members of House of Representatives, People’s Representatives Council and Regional House of Representatives, art. 1 (6): http://anfrel.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/IFES-Indonesia-Unofficial-Translation-of-Law-82012-on-Legislative-Elections-v1_2012-06-14.pdf (2012);
Law 15/2011 on the General Election Implementers, art. 1 (6), 2 (a), 3 (3): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/ID/indonesia-law-of-the-republic-of-indonesia-15-2011
|
2012/12/05
|
|
Iran, Islamic Republic of
|
a. Governmental
|
The Ministry of the Interior is in charge of administration of elections.
Source:
Elections Act of Islamic Consultative Assembly, articlde 31: https://www.refworld.org/themes/custom/unhcr_rw/pdf-js/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flegacy-pdf%2Fen%2F1999-11%2F4c35cba22.pdf
|
2024/11/19
|
|
Iraq
|
b. Independent
|
The Independent High Electoral Commission is considered independent and is subject to monitoring by the Council of Representatives.
Source:
Iraqi Constitution, Article 102: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/IQ/Full%20Text%20of%20Iraqi%20Constitution.pdf/view
|
2018/04/15
|
|
Ireland
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Official Website of the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government: http://www.environ.ie/en/LocalGovernment/Voting/
|
2024/11/21
|
|
Israel
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/electoral-management-design-2014.pdf)
Central Elections Committee, Overview of the Central Elections Committee : http://www.knesset.gov.il/elections17/eng/cec/CecAboutGeneral_eng.htm
|
2019/05/02
|
|
Italy
|
a. Governmental
|
The Central Directorate for Electoral Services is a department in the Ministry of Interior.
|
2012/04/16
|
|
Jamaica
|
b. Independent
|
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Japan
|
c. Mixed
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook:
https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/electoral-management-design-2014.pdf
|
2019/07/09
|
|
Jersey
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2009/11/04
|
|
Jordan
|
b. Independent
|
An independent commission named the “Independent Election Commission ” shall be created in the Kingdom. It shall have legal personality and financial and administrative independence. Under this status, it shall have the right to own transferable and non- transferable assets and to undertake all legal procedures necessary to achieve its objectives. It shall have the right to undertake litigation and it shall be represented in judicial procedures by the Civil Public Attorney or any other lawyer it appoints for this purpose.
Source:
Law No. 46 of 2015: Law to Amend the Law on the Independent Election Commission, art. 3(A): http://iec.jo/sites/default/files/4%20Consolidated%20Law%20on%20the%20Independent%20Election%20Commission%202015%20EN%20%281%29_0.pdf (2016)
|
2016/08/02
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
b. Independent
|
1. Election commissions shall be the state election bodies organizing preparation for and conduct of elections in the Republic.
2. A unified system of election commissions shall be comprised of:
1) Central Election Commission of the Republic;
2) territorial election commissions;
3) the sub-clause is excluded by the Constitutional Act of RK of 29.06.2018 No. 162-VI (enters into force upon expiry of ten calendar days after the day of its first official publication);
4) precinct election commissions.
Territorial election commissions are formed by the Central Election Commission, and precinct election commissions - by the relevant territorial election commissions.
The compound of the election commissions, with the exception of the Central Election Commission, is formed by relevant maslikhats.
Add. Note: Members of the National Election Commission get appointed by the President (2 members + 1 Chairperson), the Senate (2 members) and the Mazhilis (2 members).
Source:
Constitutional Law on Elections of the Republic of Kazakhstan as amended on June 29, 2018, art. 10: https://www.election.gov.kz/eng/election-legal-framework/the-laws-of-the-rk.php
|
2024/10/18
|
|
Kenya
|
a. Governmental
|
There is established the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission.
In Exercising of its function under this Constitution, the Commission shall not be subjected to the direction or control of any other person or authority
Source:
Constitution of Kenya Article 88(1)
|
2024/12/06
|
|
Kiribati
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook
https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/electoral-management-design-2014.pdf
|
2020/05/01
|
|
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Korea, Republic of
|
b. Independent
|
Election commissions shall be established for the purpose of fair management of elections and national referenda, and dealing with administrative affairs concerning political parties.
The National Election Commission may establish, within the limit of Acts and decrees, regulations relating to the management of elections, national referenda, and administrative affairs concerning political parties and may also establish regulations relating to internal discipline that are compatible with Act.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Article 114-115: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?lang=ENG&hseq=1
|
2024/08/28
|
|
Kuwait
|
a. Governmental
|
The Ministry of Interior Department of Elections
Source:
Law No. 35 of 1962 on the election of members of Parliament with its amendments, art. 6, 18: http://www.gcc-legal.org/mojportalpublic/LawAsPDF.aspx?opt&country=1&LawID=2687#Section_3508 (2013)
|
2013/01/31
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
b. Independent
|
The central commission on elections and holding referenda of the Kyrgyz Republic (further - Central Election Commission) is the permanent independent public authority providing preparation and elections and referenda in the Kyrgyz Republic and heading system of the electoral commissions.
The Central Election Commission is legal entity, has the budget, special fund, the official form and seal with the image of the State Emblem of the Kyrgyz Republic.
Source:
Constitutional Law about the Central commission on elections and holding referenda of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2021, art. 1:
https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=133125
|
2025/05/07
|
|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Law No. 37/PO on the Election of Members of the National Assembly, art. 20: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LA/Lao-People2019s-Democratic-Republic-Law-on/view
|
2021/02/17
|
|
Latvia
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2014/10/02
|
|
Lebanon
|
a. Governmental
|
Article 10: Composition of the Commission
1 – The Commission consists of eleven members as follows:
a – A retired judge in the judiciary who has served 20 years of judicial duties, chosen from among three names nominated by the Supreme Judicial Court.
b – A retired administrative judge who has served in the judiciary for at least 20 years will be chosen from among three names nominated by the State Consultative Council. c – A retired financial judge who has served in the judiciary for at least 20 years will be chosen from among three names nominated by the Audit Court.
d – A former head of the Bar Association will be chosen from among three former heads nominated by the Beirut Bar Association.
e – A Former head of Bar Association will be chosen from among three former heads nominated by the Bar Association of Tripoli.
f – A representative of the Press Association selected from among three candidates nominated by the Council of the Bar.
g – An information and advertising expert selected from among three candidates nominated by the National Audiovisual Council of Lebanon.
h – A Former head of the Lebanese Association of Certified Public Accountants will be chosen from among three candidates nominated by the union.
i – Two professionals with extensive experience in election-related competencies (including administration, funding or publicity) will be selected from among six names nominated by the interior minister.
j – A representative of the civil society bodies, who meet the conditions stipulated in Article 20 of this law, will be chosen from among three experts in elections nominated by these bodies in accordance with a mechanism established by the interior minister.
2 – Gender shall be considered in the selection of candidates for membership of the Commission.
3 – The highest ranking judge out of the justice and administrative judges will head the Commission and if they are at the same rank, the oldest judge will be the head and one of the eldest Bar Association heads will be the Vice President.
4 – The parties referred to in this Article shall nominate the candidates within one month from the date on which they are notified of the request to select the names.
5 – If there is a delay in nominating a candidate from a particular category, the Cabinet shall be appointed to nominate by a proposal from the Minister of that category.
Source:
Parliamentary Election Law, art. 10: https://www.ministryinfo.gov.lb/en/22598
https://elections.gov.lb/getattachment/00bbe177-0eec-4f8a-a4df-e47c7e19b4de/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%28PDF%29.aspx%20(2017)
|
2024/11/20
|
|
Lesotho
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
National Assembly Electoral Act 2011, Article 136
|
2017/07/19
|
|
Liberia
|
b. Independent
|
The National Elections Commission of the Republic of Liberia is an autonomous agency of Government, independent of any branch of the Government.
Source:
The New Elections Law (2016, with amendments up until and including 2014), Chapter 2, Art. 2.1 and 2.9, http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LR/liberia-amended-electoral-laws-2014/view
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|
b. Independent
|
The HNEC is an independent body.
Source:
Law No. 3 on the Establishment of the High National Electoral Commission, Art. 2 (National Transitional Council of Libya):
https://security-legislation.ly/latest-laws/law-no-3-of-2012-on-the-establishment-of-the-high-national-commission-for-elections/
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
c. Mixed
|
"The government performs key election management functions and has overall responsibility over the election process. At the lower level, elections are administered by a two-tier system, comprising two Main Election Commissions (MEC) and 11 Commune Election Commissions (ComECs)" (1).
Source:
OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (6)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Lithuania
|
b. Independent
|
Article 5. Independence of the Central Electoral Commission
1. When discharging its functions and making decisions on issues within its competence, the Central Electoral Commission shall be independent. No institution or officer may issue mandatory instructions regarding the making of the decision that is within the competence of the Central Electoral Commission.
Source:
Republic of Lithuania Law on the Central Electoral Commission (20 June 2002 No. IX-985, As last amended on 18 November 2014 – No XII-1339) art. 5 (1)
https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/ea463d10f30311e3a8c1a1dee39661ca?jfwid=rivwzvpvg
|
2020/06/07
|
|
Luxembourg
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2009/02/12/n5/jo
|
2024/11/21
|
|
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
|
b. Independent
|
The Parliament, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of
Information Society and Administration, Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, the State
Statistical Office, the General Services Department of the Government of the Republic
of Macedonia and their regional offices, as well as the municipalities and the City of
Skopje, shall be obliged to provide election management bodies with the technical,
spatial and other conditions required for their operation.
The State Election Commission shall consist of a President, Vice-President and five
members.
(2) The President and the Vice-President shall be members of the State Election
Commission.
(3) The President, the Vice President and the members of the State Election Commission
shall fulfil the responsibilities of their office professionally
(1) The Parliament, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the State Statistical Office, the General Services Department of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia and their regional offices, as well as the municipalities and the City of Skopje, shall be obliged to provide election management bodies with the technical, spatial and other conditions required for their operation.
(2)For implementing the activities from paragraph(1)of this article, the bodies shall be provided with funds from the Budget of the Republic of Macedonia. (Electoral Code, Art 25 (1) and (2))
The State Election Commission shall have the capacity of a legal entity. (Electoral Code, Art. 26(6))
Source:
Website of the Central Election Commission: http://www.sec.mk/principi-na-rabota-na-dik/
Electoral Code of the Republic of Macedonia including 2021 amendments, articles 25-26 (1): https://www.ifes.org/document/northmacedoniaelectoralcodeupdatesseptember2021pdf
|
2024/11/19
|
|
Madagascar
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Organic Law n° 2012-005 on the Electoral Code, art. 128: http://mdm-national.mg/bureau/textes-reglementaires/textes-reglementaires/ (2013);
Constitution, art. 5 (2): http://www.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/constitution.pdf (2013);
Law n° 2012-004 establishing the Independent National Electoral Commission for the Transition, art. 2: http://www.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/Loi_2012-004_CENIT.pdf (2013)
|
2013/02/08
|
|
Malawi
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2025/05/26
|
|
Malaysia
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 113 (1): http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/malaysia.pdf (2013)
|
2013/03/21
|
|
Maldives
|
b. Independent
|
Constitution (2008)
167(b). The Elections Commission is an independent and impartial institution. It shall exercise its duties and responsibilities in accordance with the Constitution and laws enacted by the People’s Majlis.
Source:
Constitution 2008, art. 167: http://www.majlis.gov.mv/en/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-english.pdf (2018)
|
2019/02/12
|
|
Mali
|
c. Mixed
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2009/11/05
|
|
Malta
|
b. Independent
|
b) According to the Constitution, in the exercise of its functions the Electoral Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 60 (9): http://www.parlament.mt/constituion-of-malta?l=1 (2012)
|
2012/05/22
|
|
Man, Isle of
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2009/11/05
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
a. Governmental
|
The electoral management body is a branch of the government.
Source:
Elections and Referenda Act, as amended, sec. 110 & 111. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=87647&p_country=MHL&p_count=67
|
2023/10/12
|
|
Mauritania
|
b. Independent
|
The Independent National Electoral Commission has legal personality and financial autonomy.
Source:
Organic Law No. 2012 - 027 on the establishment of the Independent National Electoral Commission, art. 1 (3)
|
2024/10/28
|
|
Mauritius
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (2006)(http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2012/02/25
|
|
Mexico
|
b. Independent
|
The National Electoral Institute is a public, autonomous, permanent entity, independent in its decisions and functions, with legal personality and its own budget.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos", art. 41 (V): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-constitucion-2024/ ;
Electoral Law: "Ley General de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales", arts. 29, 31 (1).: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-lgipe-2024/
|
2024/04/12
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
a. Governmental
|
The President shall appoint one National Election Director with the advice and consent of the Congress.
The National Election Director shall have the responsibility for the overall supervision and administration of all National Elections.
Source:
The National Election Code, Title 9, Chapter 3, Section 302 and Section 303: http://www.fsmlaw.org/fsm/code/title09/T9_Ch3_2014.html
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Moldova, Republic of
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2021/03/30
|
|
Monaco
|
c. Mixed
|
It consists of the Mayor, a representative of the Minister of State and two members of the Municipal County chosen by this assembly.
Source:
Law 839 regulating communal and national elections, as amended in 2002, Art. 6
https://legimonaco.mc/tnc/loi/1968/02-23-839/
|
2023/09/12
|
|
Mongolia
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Law of 2016: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/7739/file/Mongolia_law_elections_2015_am2016_en.pdf
|
2020/02/17
|
|
Montenegro
|
b. Independent
|
The SEC is accountable to and appointed by the legislature, therefore falls under the definition of an Independent EMB, however many commissioners are selected by partisanship.
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (2006):(http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/)
The Independent Model of Electoral Management http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/em/ema/ema02/default
|
2018/03/09
|
|
Montserrat
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 78
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Morocco
|
a. Governmental
|
The Ministry of the Interior is responsible for the administration and organisation of elections in the Kingdom of Morocco.
Source:
Council of Europe, Information Report on municipal and regional elections in the Kingdom of Morocco 8 September 2021 (2022): https://search.coe.int/congress/pages/result_details.aspx?objectid=0900001680a5ae69
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Mozambique
|
b. Independent
|
The National Electoral Commission is an independent authority, with administrative and budgetary autonomy.
Source:
Constitution of 21 January 2005, art. 135 (3): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/mozambique-constitution-portuguese-version/view (2014);
Law No. 8/2013 of 27 February 2013 regulating presidential and legislative elections (as amended by Law No. 12/2014), art. 7: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/Mozambique-Law-No.-12-2014-of-13-April-2014/view (2014);
Law No. 6/2013 of 22 February 2013 regulating the functioning, composition and organisation of the National Electoral Commission (as amended by Law No. 9/2014), art. 2 (3), 3: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/mozambique-law-no.-9-2014-of-12-march-2014/view (2014).
|
2014/10/02
|
|
Namibia
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Law: Electoral Act, art. 3 - 12.
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Nauru
|
b. Independent
|
"Subject to any decision of a Court, in the performance of its functions and in exercise of its powers, the Electoral Commission is not subject to the direction or control of any person or authority."
Source:
Electoral Act 2016, Art. 9. (http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/acts/d83250a1ebdc56c1701fa7aa245af5b1.pdf).
|
2019/07/02
|
|
Nepal
|
b. Independent
|
There shall be an Election Commission of Nepal, consisting of a Chief Commissioner and four other Commissioners. The Chief Commissioner shall act as the chairperson of the Election Commission.
Source:
The Constitution of Nepal, 2015 Article 245 (1) www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/documents/2016/01/constitution-of-nepal-2.pdf Article
|
2018/04/06
|
|
Netherlands
|
c. Mixed
|
The Electoral Council has become increasingly independent since its foundation. "The ministry of BZK supervises all independent administrative bodies which perform tasks for which the minister shoulders political responsibility. The special position of the Electoral Council and the associated independence required affect this supervisory relationship. As a central electoral committee, the Electoral Council falls under the aegis of the Framework Act for Non-departmental Public Bodies."
Source:
Annual Report Electoral Council 2020 (7): https://english.kiesraad.nl/publications/annual-reports/2021/03/16/index
Official Website of the Electoral Council: https://english.kiesraad.nl/about-us/history-of-the-electoral-council
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2009/11/06
|
|
New Zealand
|
b. Independent
|
The Electoral Commission is a Crown Entity, which means it acts independently in performing its statutory functions and duties, and exercising its statutory powers.
Source:
Electoral Law: Electoral Act 1993, Art. 7 : http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/NZ/new-zealand-electoral-act-2010/view (2017)
https://elections.nz/about/about-the-electoral-commission/
|
2024/07/09
|
|
Nicaragua
|
b. Independent
|
The Electoral Power holds the same constitutional status of the legislative, executive and judicial powers, which is composed by the Supreme Electoral Council and other subordinate electoral bodies.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de Nicaragua (2014)”, art. 7, 168:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/NI/constitucion/constitucion-politica-de-nicaragua-con-reformas-a/ (2016).
|
2016/06/07
|
|
Niger
|
b. Independent
|
The National Independent Electoral Commission is a separate body, independent of any power, authority or organization, with organizational and functional autonomy.
Source:
Ordinance No. 2010-96 of 28 December 2010 establishing the Electoral Code, art. 5 (2), 9 (2, 3): http://www.electionpassport.com/files/Niger-Electoral-Code-2010.pdf (2016)
|
2016/05/03
|
|
Nigeria
|
b. Independent
|
The Independent National Electoral Commission is an independent corporate body with legal personality. The Independent National Electoral Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other authority or person.
Source:
Constitution 1999 (as amended), art. 153 (1-f), 158 (1): http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179202 (2013);
Electoral Act 2010, art. 1: http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=5 (2013)
|
2015/03/30
|
|
Niue
|
a. Governmental
|
The Chief Electoral Officer, as well as his subordinates, are all public servants.
Source:
Niue Assembly Act 1966, as amended, Art. 3-4.
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Norway
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Official Website of the Ministry for Local Government and Regional Development: http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/krd/information-campaigns/election_portal.html?id=456491 (2012)
|
2012/11/13
|
|
Oman
|
b. Independent
|
The law specifies that the Central Election Committee is independent and neutral.
Supreme Committee for Elections
Article 1. […] The supreme committee for elections: the committee which supervises the Elections of the members of the Shura Council, and adjudicate in electoral appeals
Source:
Basic Statute of the State, as amended by Royal Decree No. 99/2011, art. 58 (bis 14):
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Oman_2011.pdf?lang=en
|
2025/05/02
|
|
Pakistan
|
b. Independent
|
The Election Commission shall consist of-
the Commissioner who shall be Chairman of the Commission; and
four members, one from each Province, each of whom shall be a person who has been a judge of a High Court or has been a senior civil servant or is a technocrat and is not more than sixty-five years of age, to be appointed by the President in the manner provided for appointment of the Commissioner in clauses (2A) and (2B) of Article 213.
Source:
Election Commission of Pakistan Official Website: https://www.ecp.gov.pk/overview-of-ecp
Constitution, art. 218: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Pakistan_2017
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Palau
|
b. Independent
|
The Palau Electoral Commission is an independent body with supervisory authority over local boards of election as well as national elections.
Source:
Voting Rights Act of 1981, as amended, Ch. 12 (23 PNCA §1201-5).
|
2016/11/04
|
|
Palestine
|
b. Independent
|
The Commission shall have the privilege of being a body with corporate personality and administrative and financial independence.
Source:
Elections Law 2 September 2007 regulating general elections, art. 12 (1): http://www.elections.ps/Portals/0/pdf/Election_Law_%282007-Sept_02%29-EN.pdf (2013)
|
2013/04/08
|
|
Panama
|
b. Independent
|
The Electoral Tribunal is autonomous and independent, with legal personality, its own budget and administrative autonomy.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Panamá”, art. 142 (1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PA/panama-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-2004
|
2024/12/05
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
b. Independent
|
The Electoral Commission is not subject to direction or control by any person or authority.
Source:
Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, Section 126 (6): http://www.igr.gov.pg/constitution.pdf (2012)
|
2017/03/16
|
|
Paraguay
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Otras leyes: Ley N°635/95 que reglamenta la Justicia Electoral, art. 1 al 6: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PY/paraguay-ley-635-de-1995-que-reglamenta-la/ (1995)
International IDEA. Electoral Management Design:
https://www.idea.int/data-tools/country-view/249/54 (2018).
|
2023/03/16
|
|
Peru
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política del Perú”, art. 177: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-constitucion-politica-2019/ ;
Organic Law of the National Identification and Civil Status Registry: "Ley 36497, orgánica del Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil", art. 1: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-ley-26497-organica-RENIEC-2015/ ;
Organic Law of the National Office for Electoral Processes: "Ley 26487, orgánica de la Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales", art. 1: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-ley-26487-organica-ONPE-2006/ ;
Organic Law of the National Court of Elections: “Ley 26486, orgánica del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones”, art. 1: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-ley-26486-organica-JNE-2019/
|
2020/01/28
|
|
Philippines
|
b. Independent
|
The Constitutional Commissions, which shall be independent, are the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.
Source:
Constitution, Art. IΧ, Sec. A-1: http://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=References/RelatedLaws/Constitution/1987Constitution/Article9 (2019)
|
2019/05/02
|
|
Pitcairn Islands
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2009/11/12
|
|
Poland
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: International IDEA: https://www.idea.int/answer/ans93882135998957
|
2024/11/13
|
|
Portugal
|
b. Independent
|
Article 1 (2):
2. The National Elections Commission is an independent body and works with the Assembly of the Republic.
Source:
Law No. 71/78, of 27 December, Creates the National Electoral Commission, Article 1 (2):
https://www.cne.pt/sites/default/files/dl/legis_lei_71-78_lei-da-cne.pdf
|
2024/10/10
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Law: “Código Electoral de Puerto Rico de 2020”, art. 3.2: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PR/puerto-rico-ley-58-2020-codigo-electoral-2020/
|
2020/11/03
|
|
Qatar
|
d. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution: https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/permanent_constitution_state_qatar_en.pdf
https://www.idea.int/blog/stability-or-elections-look-qatars-2024-constitutional-referendum
|
2025/05/08
|
|
Romania
|
b. Independent
|
Article 63: (1) The Permanent Electoral Authority is an autonomous
administrative institution, being a legal entity with general competence.
Source:
Electoral Law: Law No. 35 of 13 March 2008 for the election to the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, art. 63(1).
|
2014/10/29
|
|
Russian Federation
|
a. Governmental
|
1. The Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation shall be a federal state body organizing the
preparation and conduct of elections, referendums in the Russian Federation in accordance with its powers
established by this Federal Law, other federal laws.
Source:
Electoral Law: Federal Law "On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right of Citizens of the Russian Federation to Participate in Referendum", article 21:
https://www.te.gob.mx/vota_elections/media/files/e491d03ffa9036c.pdfhttps://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/4170
|
2024/03/25
|
|
Rwanda
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Official Website of the National Electoral Commission: https://nec.gov.rw/amatora/en/home/ (2024));
Law N° 31/2005 of 24/12/2005 relating to the organisation and functioning of the National Electoral Commission, Art. 3: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/RW/rwanda-law-nb0-31-2005-of-24-12-2005-relating-to/view (2017);
Constitution, art. 180: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/RW/constitution-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-last/view (2023)
|
2024/12/04
|
|
Saint Helena
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2009/11/12
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Article 33， Constitution
|
2020/04/09
|
|
Saint Lucia
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 57 (9)
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
c. Mixed
|
While there is government control at the level of finances, terms and conditions of employment and the other routine administrative matters; the electoral Office is legally an independent body as it relates to the conduct of elections to the House of Assembly.
Source:
Constitution of St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1979 and St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Electoral Law
|
2021/12/27
|
|
Samoa
|
b. Independent
|
The Commissioner must act independently and must not be subject to any direction or order of any other person (except for a court direction or order).
Source:
The Electoral Commission Act 2019: Article 5: https://www.palemene.ws/wp-content/uploads/Electoral-Commission-Act-2019-Eng.pdf (2021)
|
2021/04/09
|
|
San Marino
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Official Website of the State Secretariat of Interior : http://www.elezioni.sm/on-line/Home/Elezionipolitiche/GiuntaPermanentedelleElezioni.html (2012);
Electoral law N.6 of 31 January 1996, Art. 43: http://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/contents/instance18/files/document/21801leggi_5336.pdf (2012)
|
2012/05/28
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
e. No information available
|
Source:
Law on Electoral Commission n.º12/90 of 26 November 1990
Electoral Law of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe n.º 11/90 of 26 November 1990, as amended (latest amendment - 2006), art. 53
http://www.stj.st/download/Lei_Eleitoral.pdf (2016)
|
2016/06/28
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
d. Not applicable
|
There are no provisions for direct national elections, since it is the King who appoints the members of the Shura Council. Only municipal elections are held in Saudi Arabia.
Source:
Shura Council Law: http://www.shura.gov.sa/wps/wcm/connect/ShuraEn/internet/Laws+and+Regulations/The+Shura+Council+and+the+rules+and+regulations+job/Shura+Council+Law/ (2012);
The Basic Law of Governance: http://www.boe.gov.sa/ViewSystemDetails.aspx?lang=en&SystemID=4 (2012)
|
2012/08/20
|
|
Senegal
|
c. Mixed
|
The electoral administration is exercised by the Ministry in charge of Elections, the National Autonomous Electoral Commission and the Court of Appeal of Dakar. Each of these institutions has different responsibilities and functions in relation to the conduct of the electoral process.
Source:
Electoral Code 2012, art. L.1, L.2, L.4, L.5, LO.25, LO.133: http://www.elections2012.sn/images/stories/CE2012.pdf (2017)
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Serbia
|
b. Independent
|
The authorities responsible for conducting parliamentary elections (hereinafter:
electoral management bodies) shall be autonomous and independent in their work and operate
in compliance with laws and regulations adopted on the basis of the law.
Source:
Electoral Law: Law on Election of Members of Parliament, art. 8.
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/RS/serbia-law-on-elections-of-representatives-updated/view
|
2022/07/07
|
|
Seychelles
|
b. Independent
|
Constitution, art. 115(2): Subject to this Constitution the Electoral Commission shall not, in the performance of its functions, be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles (2011), art.115 (2)
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SC/seychelles-constitution-2011/view
|
2025/02/28
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
b. Independent
|
The Commission is an independent body. In the exercise of any functions vested in it by this Constitution, the Electoral Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.
Source:
Constitution (2008), art. 32: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SL/sierra-leone-constitution-2008/;
The Public Elections Act (2012), art. 3: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SL/sierra-leone-the-public-elections-act-2012-1/
|
2017/01/13
|
|
Singapore
|
a. Governmental
|
The Electoral Department is administered by the Prime Minister's office. As such, it is a government agency.
Source:
Singapore Elections Department: http://www.eld.gov.sg/about.html (2017)
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Slovakia
|
c. Mixed
|
Section 13
(1) For elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic there shall be established a Central Electoral Commission, district
electoral commissions and polling district commissions
Source:
Act On Elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic, Section 13-15:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/SK/slovakia-municipalities-election-law-1990/view
Ministry of the Interior of the Slovak Republic: http://www.minv.sk/?ministerstvo-vnutra
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Slovenia
|
b. Independent
|
Appointed by National Assembly and from among the judges of the Supreme Court.
Source:
National Assembly Elections Act, article 32.
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/SI/national-assembly-elections-act/view
|
2017/03/30
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
b. Independent
|
About Electoral Commission Brochure: The Electoral Commission is an independent body established under the Solomon Islands Constitution.
Source:
Official Website of the Solomon Islands Electoral Commission: http://www.siec.gov.sb/index.php/voter-education/about-us.html (2019)
About the electoral commission brochure (2019): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/SB/solomon-islands-about-the-electoral-commission/view
|
2019/03/01
|
|
Somalia
|
b. Independent
|
The National Independent Electoral Commission shall be independent of the executive and shall manage its own budget. The National Independent Electoral Commission shall be inclusive and representative and be impartial and neutral.
Source:
Transitional Constitution of 2012, Art. 111G: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SO/somalia-provisional-constitution-of-2012/view
|
2016/11/25
|
|
South Africa
|
b. Independent
|
There is an Electoral Commission for the Republic, which is independent and subject only to the Constitution and the law.
Source:
Electoral Commission Act of 1996 (as amended to 2006), Section 3(1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ZA/south-africa-electoral-commission-act-of-1996-as/view
|
2014/05/01
|
|
South Sudan
|
b. Independent
|
There shall be established an independent commission which shall be known the National Elections Commission.
Source:
Transitional Constitution 2011, art. 195 (1): http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e269a3e2.html%C2%A0 (2012);
National Election Act 2012: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SS/south-sudan-the-national-elections-act-no.-39-of/view
|
2021/06/02
|
|
Spain
|
c. Mixed
|
Article 8: Defines the Electoral Administration, including governmental bodies like the Central Electoral Board, Provincial Electoral Boards, Zone Electoral Boards, and Electoral Tables.
Article 9: Specifies the composition of the Central Electoral Board, which includes both judicial members (Magistrates of the Supreme Court) and academic members (Catedráticos).
Article 13: States that the General Courts, the Government, and the City Councils provide the necessary resources for the Electoral Boards, indicating governmental involvement.
Source:
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General”, art. 8, 9, & 13:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/ES/espana-ley-organica-5-1985-de-19-de-junio-del-1/
|
2025/04/02
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
c. Mixed
|
The Commission shall be responsible and answerable to Parliament. All members of the Commission shall be deemed to be public servants.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 104B (3), 103 (9): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LK/sri-lanka-constitution-as-amended-up-to-9/at_download/file
|
2016/02/04
|
|
Sudan
|
b. Independent
|
The Commission shall be financially, administratively, and technically independent, and shall perform its functions and duties independently, impartially and transparently without interference from any body in its affairs, business or functions, or limitation of its powers.
Source:
The National Elections Act 2008, art. 5: http://www.gurtong.org/ResourceCenter/documents/Reports/Elections-09/nationalelectionsact2008.pdf (2012)
|
2012/08/31
|
|
Suriname
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Law of 1987, Art. 1: http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Electoral/Sur/suriname.html (2012)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Swaziland
|
b. Independent
|
There shall be an independent authority styled the Elections and Boundaries
Commission (“the Commission”) for Swaziland consisting of a chairperson, deputy chairperson and three other members.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, art. 90.
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Sweden
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Law of 2005, Ch. 3, Section 1: http://www.val.se/pdf/2005_elections_act.pdf (2012);
Official Website of the Swedish Election Authority: http://www.val.se/in_english/about_us/index.html (2012)
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Switzerland
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Official Website of the Swiss administration: http://www.admin.ch/ (2014);
Official Website of the Swiss Federal Chancellery: http://www.ch.ch/abstimmungen_und_wahlen/02186/02213/02220/02222/index.html?lang=fr (2014)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Syrian Arab Republic
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2014/06/03
|
|
Taiwan
|
b. Independent
|
|
2020/04/13
|
|
Tajikistan
|
b. Independent
|
Electoral commissions are independent from any state bodies in their activity. The Central Commission for Elections and Referenda administers the system of electoral commissions of the Republic of Tajikistan and is a legal entity and permanent body.
Source:
Constitutional Law On Elections to the Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan, amended as of July 26, 2014, articles 10, 11.
|
2025/02/17
|
|
Tanzania, United Republic of
|
b. Independent
|
For the better carrying out of its functions, the Electoral Commission shall be an autonomous department. In discharging its functions, the Electoral Commission shall not be obliged to comply with orders or directions of any person or any government department or the views of any political party.
Source:
Constitution, art. 74 (7, 11): http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Tanzania.pdf (2013)
|
2015/10/26
|
|
Thailand
|
b. Independent
|
The Election Commission is an independent organisation.
Source:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, Sec. 222, 223: https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2017-05/CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+KINGDOM+OF+THAILAND+(B.E.+2560+(2017)).pdf
Organic Act on the Election Commission B.E.2550, Chapter II, Sec.30: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/TH/thailand-organic-act-on-the-election-commission/at_download/file
|
2023/10/04
|
|
Timor-Leste
|
c. Mixed
|
The electoral administration bodies are:
(a) The National Electoral Commission referred to as 'CNE';
(b) The Technical Secretariat for Electoral Administration referred to as 'STAE'.
CNE shall be independent from any bodies of the central or local political power and shall enjoy financial, administrative and organizational autonomy.
Members of CNE cannot be removed from office and shall be independent in the exercise of their mandate.
The structure, organization, composition, competencies and functioning of STAE shall be defined by law, which must define it as an executive body of electoral administration under the dependency of the competent ministry.
Source:
Law no. 5/2006 on the Election Administration Bodies, article 1, 4, 6, 12: https://mj.gov.tl/jornal/lawsTL/RDTL-Law/RDTL-Laws/Law-2006-05.pdf
|
2024/10/02
|
|
Togo
|
b. Independent
|
The National Independent Electoral Commission (CENI) is in charge of the organisation and supervision of elections. The CENI is an independent authority, with administrative and operational autonomy.
Source:
Electoral Code No. 2000-07 as amended by law No 2005-001, law No. 2007-009 and law No. 2009-002, art. 3, 6: http://www.legitogo.gouv.tg/annee_txt/2007/Pages%20from%20jo_2007-007.pdf (2013)
|
2013/01/10
|
|
Tokelau
|
c. Mixed
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf
|
2009/11/16
|
|
Tonga
|
b. Independent
|
In the exercise of its functions and duties, the Commission shall be independent.
Source:
Electoral Commission Act 2010, Art. 10 (1), 4 (2)
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/TO/tonga-electoral-commission-act-2010/view (2021)
|
2014/11/19
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago”, Section 71(12): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TT/trinidad-and-tobago-constitution-2016/
|
2020/08/22
|
|
Tunisia
|
b. Independent
|
ISIE is an independent public agency with legal personality and administrative and financial autonomy.
Source:
Organic Law n° 2012-23 of 20 December 2012 on the Independent High Authority for Elections, as amended by the Organic Law n° 2013- 52 of 28 December 2013, art.
1: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/TN/tunisie-loi-organique-nb0-2012-23-du-20-decembre/view (2014).
|
2019/08/05
|
|
Turkey
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf)
|
2016/01/21
|
|
Turkmenistan
|
e. No information available
|
The principles for the formation and powers of the CEC are stipulated in the Law on the Central Commission for Holding Elections and Referenda, adopted on 21 May 2011.
Source:
OSCE/ODIHR Assessment of the Electoral Legislation, Section III, Art 16: http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/92391?download=true.
|
2017/02/14
|
|
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution: “The Constitution of the Turks and Caicos Islands”, Section 97: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TC/turks-and-caicos-constitution-2014/
|
2020/10/08
|
|
Tuvalu
|
a. Governmental
|
The Secretary to Government within the Office of the Prime Minister directs the administration of elections.
Source:
Electoral Provisions (Parliament) Regulations of 1980, as amended, art. 4; Hassall, Graham (2006): The Tuvalu General Election 2006, Democracy and Elections Project (Governance Program), University of the South Pacific, Fiji. (http://www.governance.usp.ac.fj/fileadmin/files/thematic/elections/docs/Hassall_-_Election_Observation_Report_Tuvalu_2006.pdf)
|
2012/06/19
|
|
Uganda
|
b. Independent
|
The commission shall be independent and shall, in the performance of its functions, not be subject to the direction or control of any person or
authority.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, art. 62: http://www.ec.or.ug/docs/Constitution_1995.pdf (2016);
Electoral Commission Act as amended in 2010, art. 13
http://www.ec.or.ug/docs/Electoral%20Commission%20Act,%20Uganda.pdf (2016)
|
2016/02/08
|
|
Ukraine
|
b. Independent
|
The Election Commission is a separate legal entity which exercises its powers independently.
Source:
Law on the Central Election Commission (last amended in 2018) article 1 (3), 2(2), 3
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/1932-15
|
2019/03/11
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
a. Governmental
|
The National Electoral Committee is chaired by the Minister of State for Federal National Council Affairs and consists of the following members: Minister of Justice, Minister of Education, Minister of Culture, Youth and Community Development, Secretary General of Ministry of Presidential Affairs, a representative of Ministry of Cabinet Affairs, Under-secretary of Ministry of Interior, Under-secretary of Ministry of State for Federal National Council Affairs, Director General of Emirates Identity Authority, Assistant Under-secretary of Ministry of State for Federal National Council Affairs and three public figures named by the NEC chairman.
Source:
Official Website of the National Electoral Committee: https://www.uaenec.ae/ar/about-us/national-committee-functions(2012)
http://www.uaenec.ae/en/voter/member
|
2019/09/25
|
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
b. Independent
|
The Electoral Commission is an independent electoral management body. The commissioners are selected by parliament and approved by the acting Monarch as pursuant with the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act (2000). In Schedule 1 Article 1 of the previous act, it states "The Commission shall not be regarded—
(a)as the servant or agent of the Crown, or
(b)as enjoying any status, immunity or privilege of the Crown.
Source:
The Electoral Commission: https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/about-us/our-commissioners-and-teams/selecting-our-commissioners
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, Part I & Schedule 1: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/41/part/I
|
2025/06/12
|
|
United States of America
|
b. Independent
|
"The Federal Election Commission (FEC) is the independent regulatory agency charged with administering and enforcing the federal campaign finance law."
The "EAC is an independent, bipartisan commission."
Source:
https://www.fec.gov/about/mission-and-history/ ;
https://www.eac.gov/about-the-useac
|
2024/10/21
|
|
Uruguay
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Constitution: Constitución de la República de Uruguay, https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/UY/uruguay-constitucion-de-la-republica-2004-vigente/view (2004).
|
2024/12/18
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
b. Independent
|
Article 129: To organize and hold the elections of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as referendum of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Central Election Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be formed by the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the main principles of activity of which shall be independence, legality, collective nature, publicity and fairness.
Source:
The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Chapter 22, Article 129: https://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#section23
|
2024/08/22
|
|
Vanuatu
|
b. Independent
|
The Electoral Commission is an appointed independent body, but the Principal Electoral Officer is a public servant. The role of supervising and executing elections procedures is divides between the two, with most of the technical responsibilities given to the Principal Electoral Officer.
Source:
Representation of the People Act, as amended, art. 2.: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/VU/vanuatu-representation-of-the-people-act-1982-as/at_download/file
Constitution, art. 18-20.: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/VU/vanuatu-constitution-of-the-republic-of-vanuatu/at_download/file
|
2016/01/26
|
|
Venezuela
|
b. Independent
|
The National Electoral Council is a permanent body that performs its functions independently and is autonomous.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela”, art. 294: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/venezuela-constitucion-reforma-2009/ ;
Electoral Branch Law: “Ley Orgánica del Poder Electoral”: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/leyes-electorales/venezuela-ley-organica-poder-electoral-2002/
|
2020/11/15
|
|
Viet Nam
|
a. Governmental
|
Source:
Law of 1997 on Election of Deputies to the National Assembly, as amended and supplemented by laws No. 31/2001/QH10 and No. 63/2010/QH12, art. 14 (1):
http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/lists/vn%20bn%20php%20lut/view_detail.aspx?itemid=2526 (2016)
|
2021/03/23
|
|
Virgin Islands, British
|
a. Governmental
|
The Office of the Supervisor of Elections is a member of the Governor's Group and a unit that functions under the umbrella of the Deputy Governor's Office.
Source:
Office of the Supervisor of Elections. (n.d.).
Retrieved from http://www.bvi.gov.vg/departments/office-supervisor-elections
|
2019/02/21
|
|
Yemen
|
b. Independent
|
The Supreme Committee shall be financially and administratively independent. It shall exercise with complete integrity and neutrality all the duties, responsibilities and powers bestowed upon it in accordance with the provisions of this Law. All Supreme Committee’s decisions shall be made public. In all events, no outside party and/or body shall be allowed to interfere in the affairs and duties of the said Committee or to restrict its powers and jurisdictions. The Supreme Committee shall have its own administrative and executive organs at the Headquarter Offices located in capital cities of all Governorates.
Source:
General Elections and Referendum Law of 2001, art. 32 (a, b): http://www.scer.org.ye/english/generalelectionslaw.htm (2012)
|
2012/08/22
|
|
Zambia
|
b. Independent
|
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook (2006)(http://www.idea.int/publications/emd/upload/EMD_Annex_A.pdf) (2016)
|
2016/06/28
|
|
Zanzibar
|
b. Independent
|
The Electoral Commission shall be an autonomous department. In the performance of its functions, the Electoral Commission shall not be obliged to follow any orders or directions from any person or any department of the Government or the opinion of a political party.
Source:
The Constitution of Zanzibar, art. 119 (9, 12)
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/tz/tz028en.pdf (2016)
|
2016/04/05
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
b. Independent
|
The Electoral Commission is independent.
Source:
Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/electoral-management-design-2014.pdf page 394
|
2023/09/25
|
