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total countries/territories: 236
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Afghanistan
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b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
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Article 61(2): "If in the first round none of the candidates
gets more than fifty percent of the votes, elections for the second round shall be held within two weeks from the date election results are proclaimed, and, in this round, only two candidates who have received the highest number of votes in the first round shall participate."
Source:
Constitution of Afghanistan, art. 61: http://www.afghanembassy.com.pl/afg/images/pliki/TheConstitution.pdf (2015);
Afghan Electoral Law, art. 20: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/AF/Electoral%20Law%20Eng.pdf/view (2014).
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2019/09/24
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Albania
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e. Appointed
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At the beginning of a legislature, as well as when the position of Prime Minister is vacant, the President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister on the proposal of the party or coalition of parties that has the majority of seats in the Assembly. If the Prime Minister appointed is not approved by the Assembly, the President appoints a new Prime Minister within 10 days. If the newly appointed Prime Minister is not approved by the Assembly, the Assembly elects another Prime Minister within 10 days. In this case, the President appoints the new Prime Minister. If the Assembly fails to elect a new Prime Minister, the President of the Republic dissolves the Assembly.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Albania, art. 96.
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2017/05/17
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Algeria
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e. Appointed
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Appointed by the President of the Republic. Approved through vote of confidence by the People's National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution, art. 77 (5), 80: https://www.joradp.dz/trv/fcons.pdf (2017)
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2019/09/25
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American Samoa
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f. Other
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The President of the United States of America is the Head of Government for the unincorporated US territory, and is elected by an Electoral College.
Source:
Revised Constitution of American Samoa Preamble.
Constitution of the United States of America: Art. 2:1:2
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2017/08/18
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Andorra
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c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
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After the re-election of the General Council, the Consellers each nominate a single candidate for "Cap de Govern", or Head of Government. The voting is done in one round, but if needed, the General Council will organize a second round, in which only the two candidates who received the most votes in the first round can participate. The individual garnering a majority of the vote is elected and appointed as head of government by the Co-Princes who maintain a largely ceremonial role.
Source:
Constitution of the Principality of Andorra, Art.45 (C) & 68: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/AD/andorra-constitution-1993-1/
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2023/06/09
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Angola
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d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
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The President of the Republic shall be the Head of State, the Executive Power and the Commander-in-Chief of the Angolan Armed Forces.
The individual heading the national list of the political party or coalition of political parties which receives the most votes in general elections shall be elected President of the Republic and Head of the Executive.
Source:
Constitution of 3 February 2010: art. 108, 109: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Angola_2010?lang=en (2017);
Electoral Law n.º 36/11 of 21 December 2011 regulating General Elections, art. 19, 20, 21: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/AO/angola-law-n.o-36-11-of-21-december-2011/view (2017)
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2017/03/28
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Anguilla
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e. Appointed
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The Governor appoints as the Chief Minister the elected member of the Assembly who, in his judgment, is likely to command the support of a majority of the elected members of the Assembly.
Source:
Constitution, art. 24
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2015/02/24
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Antigua and Barbuda
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e. Appointed
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69.1. There shall be a Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda who shall be appointed by the Governor-General.
2. Whenever there is occasion for the appointment of a Prime Minister, the Governor-General shall appoint as Prime Minister-
a. a member of the House who is the leader in the House of the political party that commands the support of the majority of members of the House; or
b. where it appears to him that such party does not have an undisputed leader in the House or that no party commands the support of such a majority, the member of the House who in his judgement is most likely to command the support of the majority of members of the House,
- and is willing to accept the office of Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution, Section 69, Articles 1-3
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AG/Antigua%20and%20Barbuda%20-%20Constitution/view
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2014/06/06
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Argentina
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b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
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Article 94.- The President and Vice President of the Nation shall be elected directly by the People, in a double round, as established by this Constitution. To this end, the national territory will make up a single district.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la Nación Argentina — Ley 24430, texto oficial ordenado”, art. 90, 94, 99: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-constitucion-nacional-reformas-1994/ (2019);
Electoral Code: “Código Electoral Nacional — Ley 19945”, art. 148–151: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-ley-19945-codigo-electoral-nacional-2019/ (2019)
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2021/12/26
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Armenia
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d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
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Article 149. Election and Appointment of the Prime Minister
1. Immediately after commencement of the term of powers of the newly-elected National Assembly, the President of the Republic shall appoint as Prime Minister the candidate nominated by the parliamentary majority formed under the procedure prescribed by Article 89 of the Constitution.
2. In case the Prime Minister submits a resignation or in other cases of the office of the Prime Minister becoming vacant, the factions of the National Assembly shall be entitled to nominate candidates for Prime Minister within a period of seven days after accepting the resignation of the Government. The National Assembly shall elect the Prime Minister by majority of votes of the total number of Deputies.
3. In case Prime Minister is not elected, a new election of Prime Minister shall be held seven days after voting, wherein the candidates for Prime Minister nominated by at least one third of the total number of Deputies shall be entitled to participate. In case Prime Minister is not elected by majority of votes of the total number of Deputies, the National Assembly shall be dissolved by virtue of law.
4. The election of the Prime Minister shall be held by roll-call voting.
5. The President of the Republic shall immediately appoint as Prime Minister the candidate elected by the National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (2015), art. 149:
http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/
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2017/04/12
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Aruba
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c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
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The Prime Minister is elected by the Parliament (Staten) for a four year term.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aa.html
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2017/07/07
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Australia
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e. Appointed
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64. Ministers of State
The Governor-General may appoint officers to administer such departments of State of the Commonwealth as the Governor-General in Council may establish.
Such officers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor-General. They shall be members of the Federal Executive Council, and shall be the King's Ministers of State for the Commonwealth.
(Australia's Constitution, chapter 2, art 64).
The administrator is appointed by the Australian governor general and represents both the monarch and Australia. (CIA World Factbook).
Source:
Australia's Constitution of 1901, chapter 2, art 64: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Constitution
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html
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2024/09/09
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Austria
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e. Appointed
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The Federal Chancellor and, on his recommendation, the other members of the Federal Government are appointed by the Federal President. In his capacity as chairman of the Austrian Federal Government, the chancellor holds the supreme federal authority of the executive branch and is considered to be the most powerful position in Austrian politics.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 70
http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/au00000_.html
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2017/07/07
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Azerbaijan
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e. Appointed
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The Prime Minister of the Republic of Azerbaijan is appointed by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan with the consent of the Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1995) including amendments, article 118: https://president.az/en/pages/view/azerbaijan/constitution
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2024/11/12
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Bahamas
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e. Appointed
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The Governor General appoints as Prime Minister the member of the House of Assembly who is the leader of the party which commands the support of the majority of the members of that House, or if it appears to him that party does not have an undisputed leader in that House or that no party commands the support of such a majority, the member of the House of Assembly who, in his judgment, is most likely to command the support of the majority of members of that House.
Source:
Constitution: Art. 73
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahamas_2002?lang=en (2017)
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2017/03/27
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Bahrain
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e. Appointed
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The King appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister by Royal Order, and appoints and dismisses Ministers by Royal Decree as proposed by the Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution, art. 33 (D): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
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2024/11/25
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Bangladesh
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e. Appointed
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The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. The President appoints as Prime Minister the member of Parliament who appears to him to command the support of the majority of the members of Parliament.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 56
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2012/05/30
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Barbados
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e. Appointed
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The Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor General. Governor General appoints as Prime Minister the member of the House of Assembly who, in his judgment, is best able to command the confidence of a majority of the members of that House.
Source:
Constitution, art. 64-65
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2011/06/22
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Belarus
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e. Appointed
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The Prime minister shall be appointed by the President of the Republic of Belarus with the consent of the House of Representatives. The decision to this order shall be taken by the House of Representatives within two weeks since the nomination of the candidacy of the Prime minister. If the House of Representatives rejects the submitted nomination of the Prime minister twice, the President shall appoint the acting Prime minister on his own, and dissolve the House of Representatives and call new elections.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Belarus”, art. 106: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/BY/belarus-constitution-2021-english/
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2023/09/13
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Belgium
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c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
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The Chamber of Representatives, by an absolute majority, proposes to the Monarch the nomination of a Prime Minister. The Monarch appoints the proposed Prime Minister.
Source:
The Belgian Constitution, Article 46
http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/GrondwetUK.pdf
The Belgian Constitution, Article 96
http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/GrondwetUK.pdf
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2019/04/25
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Belize
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e. Appointed
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The Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor General. Whenever the Governor-General has occasion to appoint a Prime Minister he shall appoint a member of the House of Representatives who is the leader of the political party which commands the support of the majority of the members of that House; and if no political party has an overall majority, he shall appoint a member of that House who appears to him likely to command the support of the majority of the members of that House.
Source:
Constitution: “Belize Constitution, Chapter 4”, Section 37: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BZ/belize-constitution-2022/
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2025/03/24
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Benin
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b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
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The head of government is the President, who is also the head of state. He is elected by absolute majority of votes in two rounds.
Source:
Constitution of 11 December 1990, art. 42, 43, 45, 54
http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Cour-Constitutionnelle-recueil-des-textes-fondamentaux.pdf (2012);
Law 2005-26 of 6 August 2010 regulating the election of the President of the Republic, art. 1, 2
http://ddata.over-blog.com/1/35/48/78/Benin-2/Loi-presidentielle-2011.pdf (2012)
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2019/04/05
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Bermuda
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e. Appointed
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The Governor, acting in his discretion, shall appoint as the Premier the member of the House of Assembly who appears to him best able to command the confidence of a majority of the members of that House.
Source:
Constitution, Section 58 (1)
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2012/05/31
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Bhutan
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d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
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The Druk Gyalpo shall confer Dakyen to the leader or nominee of the party, which wins the majority of seats in the National Assembly, as the Prime Minister.
No person shall hold office as Prime Minister for more than two terms.
A candidate for the post of Prime Minister or Minister shall be an elected member of the National Assembly and a natural born citizen of Bhutan.
Source:
Constitution of Bhutan, Article 17: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bhutan_2008
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2024/08/27
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Bolivia
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b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
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In the President rests the figure of Head of State and Head of Government.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Política del Estado", art. 165 (I), 166: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BO/bolivia-constitucion-politica-del-estado-vigente/ (2019).
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2024/12/09
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
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The Presidency shall nominate the Chair of the Council of Ministers, who shall take office upon the approval of the House of Representatives.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, art. 5:4.
http://www.ccbh.ba/osnovni-akti/ustav/?title=clan-5
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2025/06/23
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Botswana
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c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
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The President, who is both the head of state and the head of government, is elected by every newly elected National Assembly and shall hold office for an
aggregate period not exceeding 10 years beginning from the date of his or her first assumption of office.
Source:
Constitution of Botswana art. 30, 32, 34, 47: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/BW/botswana-constitution-of-1966-with-amendments-up/view (2014).
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2014/10/24
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Brazil
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b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
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Article 76:
The Executive Power is exercised by the President of the Republic, assisted by the Ministers of State.
Article 77:
The election of the President and Vice President of the Republic will take place simultaneously on the first Sunday of October in the first round, and on the last Sunday of October in the second round, if necessary, in the year prior to the end of the current presidential term.
§ 3º If no candidate obtains an absolute majority in the first vote, a new election will be held within twenty days after the proclamation of the result, with the two most-voted candidates competing, and the candidate who obtains the majority of valid votes will be considered elected.
Electoral Code:
Article 86:
In presidential elections, the jurisdiction will be the country; in federal and state elections, the state; and in municipal elections, the respective municipality.
Source:
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988, Article 76, 77:
https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/codigo-eleitoral/constituicao-federal/constituicao-da-republica-federativa-do-brasil
Electoral Code - Law No. 4,737, of July 15, 1965, Article 86:
https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/codigo-eleitoral/codigo-eleitoral-1/codigo-eleitoral-lei-nb0-4.737-de-15-de-julho-de-1965
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2024/10/22
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Brunei Darussalam
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f. Other
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The Sultan, who is a hereditary monarch, is both the Head of State and the head of government.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 4: http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/fdl/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Brunei_Constitution_1959_amended%202011_EN.pdf (2013)
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2013/03/18
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Bulgaria
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c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
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Following consultations with the parliamentary groups, the President shall appoint the Prime Minister-designate nominated by the party holding the highest number of seats in the National Assembly to form a government.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, art. 99 & 108
http://www.parliament.bg/en/const (2014)
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2014/10/01
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Burkina Faso
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e. Appointed
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The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President with the majority of the National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution as amended in 2012, art. 46, 63: http://www.ceni.bf/sites/default/files/constitution-revisee-juin-2012.pdf (2012)
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2015/12/04
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Burma (Myanmar)
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f. Other
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According to the new Constitution adopted in 2008, the head of the state (president) will also be the head of the government, and s/he will be elected by the presidential electoral college.
Source:
Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 16, 60, 199: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
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2015/11/17
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Burundi
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e. Appointed
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The Prime Minister is the head of the Government.
The activities of the Government are coordinated by a Prime Minister appointed by the President of the Republic after prior approval of the candidacy by the National Assembly and the Senate voting separately and with an absolute majority of their
members.
Source:
Constitution, art. 129-130: https://acbc.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl441/files/Legislation/Countries%20legislations/BURUNDI/Constitution%20of%20Burundi%20of%20_2018_compressed.pdf
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2025/05/08
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Cambodia
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e. Appointed
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The King shall appoint the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
Upon the proposal of the President of the National Assembly in agreement with the two Vice-Presidents, the King assigns a high ranking personality among the Members of National Assembly from the elections winning party, to form
the Royal Government. This assigned high ranking personality, accompanied by his collaborators who are Members of the National Assembly or members of the parties represented at the National Assembly and who are in charge of ministerial functions within the Royal Government, solicits the confidence
from the National Assembly. Once the National Assembly has voted the confidence, the King signs the Kret appointing the whole Council of Ministers.
Source:
Constitution, art. 19, 119: http://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791.
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2023/10/11
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Cameroon
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e. Appointed
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The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister and, on the proposal of the latter, the other members of
Government. He shall define their duties.
Source:
Constitution, Article. 10, (1): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CM/cameroon-constitution-of-cameroon-2008
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2018/11/05
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Canada
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d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
|
The head of government is the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the leader of the party that commands the majority of seats (in the case of a majority government), or commands a larger number of seats than any other party in the House of Commons (in the case of a minority government). The Prime Minister is not a Constitutional title or position; the authority of the Prime Minister comes from assuming the formal role of Governor in Council, the leader of the Monarch’s Privy Council.
Source:
Constitution Acts of Canada, 1867-1982, Art. 11
http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/CONST_E.pdf
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2025/03/28
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Cape Verde
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e. Appointed
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The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, in consultation with the political parties represented in the National Assembly and given the election results, the existence of political power and the existence of coalitions or alliances.
Source:
Constitution of Cape Verde as amended in 2010, art. 194 (1): http://www.parlamento.cv/Downloads/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20de%20Cabo%20verde,%202010.pdf (2016)
|
2016/05/04
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Cayman Islands
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e. Appointed
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The Premier is appointed by the Governor following the recommendation/election of the Parliament. However, no person can hold the office of Premier for more than two consecutive terms.
Source:
Constitution: “Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009”, Section 49: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/KY/cayman-islands-constitution-2009/ ;
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2021/12/13
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Central African Republic
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e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is the Head of Government. He is appointed by the President.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 22 (4): http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=193706 (2016)
|
2021/04/19
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Chad
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic.
Source:
Constitution as amended by Constitutional Law n° 008/PR/2005, art. 79: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2005.pdf?lang=en (2016)
|
2019/04/23
|
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Chile
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is both the Head of State and of Government.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Chile (2017)”, art. 24 & 26:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-de-1/
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica Constitucional sobre Votaciones Populares y Escrutinios (2016)”, art. 109:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-ley-sobre-votaciones-populares-y-escrutinios/
|
2025/03/03
|
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China
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The National People's Congress decides on the choice of Premier upon nomination by the President.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 62
|
2012/06/04
|
|
Christmas Island
|
e. Appointed
|
The Administrator is appointed by the governor general of Australia and represents both the monarch and Australia.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kt.html
|
2009/11/30
|
|
Cocos (keeling) Islands
|
e. Appointed
|
64. Ministers of State
The Governor-General may appoint officers to administer such departments of State of the Commonwealth as the Governor-General in Council may establish.
Such officers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor-General. They shall be members of the Federal Executive Council, and shall be the Queen's Ministers of State for the Commonwealth.
(Australia's Constitution, chapter 2, art 64).
The administrator is appointed by the Australian governor general and represents both the monarch and Australia. (CIA World Factbook).
Source:
Australia's Constitution of 1901, chapter 2, art 64: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Constitution
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html
|
2019/07/06
|
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Colombia
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is both the head of state and the head of government. The President is elected by secret and direct ballot for a period of four years, by 50% plus one of the ballots. If no candidate secures the said majority, a runoff election is held three weeks later when only those two candidates who received the most votes in the first round of balloting participate. The candidate with the larger number of votes is declared President.
Source:
Constitución: “Constitución Política de Colombia”, art. 115 y 190: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CO/colombia-constitucion-politica-de-colombia-2016 (2016)
|
2024/12/11
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Comoros
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a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The president is both the head of state and the head of government. The presidency rotates every 4 years among the three islands. The President and the Vice President are elected together by universal, direct suffrage in a majority vote in one round. The primary election is held on the island of the current presidency and only those three candidates who have received the greatest number of votes may contest in the presidential election.
Source:
Constitution, art. 13: http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/com128670.pdf (2016)
|
2016/04/12
|
|
Congo (Brazzaville)
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The Head of State is also the Head of Government. He/she is elected by universal, direct suffrage for a renewable term of seven years.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 56, 57, 59: http://www.presidence.cg/files/my_files/constit200102.pdf (2017)
|
2017/03/29
|
|
Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President after consultation with the party that forms the parliamentary majority. If there is no such party, the President appoints a person who in his view will be able to form a coalition.
Source:
Constitution (2015), Art. 78: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CD/rdc-constitution-2011-english-version/view
|
2018/11/09
|
|
Cook Islands
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister shall he appointed as follows:
If the appointment is to be made while Parliament is in session, the Queen's Representative shall appoint as Prime Minister a member of Parliament who commands the confidence of a majority of the members of Parliament.
If the appointment is to be made while Parliament is not in session, the Queen's Representative shall appoint as Prime Minister a member of Parliament who in the opinion of the Queen's Representative, acting in his discretion, is likely to command the confidence of a majority of the members of Parliament...
Source:
Constitution, Art. 13
|
2014/06/05
|
|
Costa Rica
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
If 40% of valid votes is not attained, there is a second round where the two candidates who obtained the largest amount of votes in the first round participate.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica”, art. 138: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-constitucion-politica-reformas-2015.pdf/;
Electoral Law: “Ley 8765: Código Electoral”, art. 201: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-ley-8765-codigo-electoral-2018.pdf/
|
2018/01/24
|
|
Croatia
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
Art. 109:
The person to whom the President of the Republic confides the mandate to form the Government shall propose its members.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Croatia as revised in 2013, art. 109
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Croatia_2013?lang=en
|
2020/07/02
|
|
Cuba
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The National Assembly of People’s Power elects, from among its deputies, the Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República de Cuba (2019)”, art. 133, 140, 141: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CU/cuba-constitucion-2019-ace/
|
2023/09/11
|
|
Cyprus
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is both the Head of State and the Head of Government.
Source:
Constitution, Αrt. 36, 37, 39:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/CY/cyprus-constitution-1960/ (2016).
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Cyprus (North)
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
Source:
IFES Election Guide: http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=252
Constitution, Art. 106
|
2012/06/07
|
|
Czech Republic
|
e. Appointed
|
Art. 68: (2) The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President of the Republic who shall appoint on the Prime Minister's proposal the other members of the Government and shall entrust them with the direction of individual ministries or other agencies.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Czech Republic of December 16, 1992 (Amended by Act No. 515/2002 Coll.), art. 68.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Czech_Republic_2013?lang=en (2017)
|
2023/09/14
|
|
Côte d'Ivoire
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
Source:
Constitution de la République de Côte d'Ivoire (2000), art.41: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CI/cote-divoire-constitution-du-23-juillet-2000/view
|
2016/11/30
|
|
Denmark
|
e. Appointed
|
The King shall appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and the other Ministers.
Source:
Constitution, Sec.14
|
2019/05/22
|
|
Djibouti
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of State and the Head of Government. The President of the Republic is elected for five years by direct universal suffrage and majority vote in two rounds.
--It should be noted that Djibouti also has a Prime Minister, which is selected by the President--
Article 40 :The President of the Republic is assisted, in the exercise of his functions, by a Government of which the Prime Minister and the Ministers are members of plain right.
The Government is charged to assist and to be of counsel to the President of the Republic in the exercise of his functions.
The President of the Republic designates the Prime Minister, and on proposal by him, appoints the other members of the Government.
He establishes their attributions and terminates their functions.
The Prime Minister implements the policy of the President of the Republic, coordinates and animates the action of the Government.
The members of the Government are responsible before the President of the Republic.
Source:
“Djibouti’s Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010.” Constitute Project, 27 Apr. 2022, www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en.
|
2023/07/11
|
|
Dominica
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is the head of government and is appointed by the President. The elected member of the House who is supported by the majority of its members remains as Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution, Section 59: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DM/dominica-constitution-of-the-commonwealth-of/view (2014).
|
2014/12/16
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President, who is both the Head of State and the Head of Government, shall be elected for a period of four years by direct vote and may not be reelected for the following period. The President is elected by absolute majority of valid votes. If none of the candidates obtains more than 50% of the valid votes, a second round shall be held among the two candidates that have obtained the highest number of votes on the first round. The candidate who obtains the majority of valid votes on the second round is elected President.
Source:
Constitución: Constitución de la República Dominicana (2015) art. 122, 124, 128, 129, 209 (1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-constitucion-politica-2015/ (2020)
Ley Electoral “Ley Orgánica de Régimen Electoral No. 15-19, art. 265 (1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-ley-organica-de-regimen/ (2019)
|
2020/02/04
|
|
Ecuador
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is both the Head of State and the Head of Government.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República del Ecuador”, art. 141 & 143: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/EC/ecuador-constitucion-2020/
|
2025/03/13
|
|
Egypt
|
e. Appointed
|
The President of the Republic shall assign a Prime Minister to form the government and introduce his/her program to the House of Representatives.
Source:
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014, art. 146:
http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf (2014).
|
2018/03/18
|
|
El Salvador
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de El Salvador”, art. 80, 150 & 154: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-constitucion-2014/ ;
Electoral Law: “Decreto No. 413 — Código Electoral”, art. 216: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-recopilacion-legislacion-electoral-2021/
|
2024/12/19
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
e. Appointed
|
The President of the Republic can appoint a Prime Minister, who is selected among the members of the Government.
Source:
Constitution as amended by referendum of 23 November 2011, art. 32 (3)
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Equatorial_Guinea_2012?lang=en (2016)
|
2016/05/03
|
|
Eritrea
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Head of State is also the Head of Government, elected by the National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution, art. 39 & 41
|
2011/06/21
|
|
Estonia
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
§ 89. Within fourteen days following resignation of the Government of the Republic, the President nominates a Prime Minister candidate whom he directs to form the new Government.
The Prime Minister candidate, within fourteen days after receiving the direction to form the new Government, presents a report to the Riigikogu regarding the principles upon which he or she proposes to form the Government, after which the Riigikogu decides, without debate and by an open vote, whether to authorise the Prime Minister candidate to form the Government.
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia with latest amendment on 6 May 2015, § 89.
|
2019/02/19
|
|
Ethiopia
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Prime Minister shall be elected from among members of the House of Peoples’ Representatives. Power of Government shall be assumed by the political party or a coalition of political parties that constitutes a majority in the House of Peoples’ Representatives.
Source:
Constitution, art. 72, 73
|
2015/05/18
|
|
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
|
e. Appointed
|
The Governor of the Falkland Islands is appointed by the Queen of the United Kingdom.
Source:
Constitution: “Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008”, Section 23: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/FK/falkland-islands-constitution-2008/ ;
|
2022/04/19
|
|
Faroe Islands
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Prime Minister is confirmed by the Faroese parliament upon nomination by the Speaker. The leader of the majority party or coalition is usually elected Prime Minister.
Source:
Parliamentary Act on Home Rule in the Faroe Islands 1994; CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fo.html
|
2012/07/06
|
|
Fiji
|
d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
|
The Prime Minister is the Head of Government. After a general election, the member elected to Parliament who is the leader of one political party which won more than 50% of the total number of seats assumes office as a Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution, art. 92 (1), 93 (2-3): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/FJ/fiji-constitution-2013/at_download/file (2014).
|
2018/04/18
|
|
Finland
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Parliament elects the Prime Minister, who is thereafter appointed to the office by the President.
Source:
Constitution, Section 61: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf (2012)
|
2019/04/02
|
|
France
|
e. Appointed
|
The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister. He shall terminate the appointment of the Prime Minister when the latter tenders the resignation of the Government.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 8
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/France_2008?lang=en
|
2020/06/20
|
|
French Polynesia
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
Source:
Constitution, Section V, Article 49.
|
2004/01/15
|
|
Gabon
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
Source:
Constitution, art. 15 & 29
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gabon_1997?lang=en
(2017)
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Gambia
|
a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The president is both the head of state and the head of government. He is elected directly by a simple majority of votes.
Source:
Constitution, Chapter V, part 3, section 49 & Chapter VI, part 1, section 61: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gambia_2004?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/05/18
|
|
Georgia
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is the head of the government. He is appointed by the President and is responsible before the President and the Parliament. At the same time, the President of Georgia is authorized to convene and preside over the sittings of the Government with regard to the issues of exclusive state importance.
Source:
Constitution of Georgia, art.56:
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Georgia_2018?lang=en
|
2024/07/24
|
|
Germany
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Head of Government (Federal Chancellor) is elected by the House of Representatives (Bundestag) upon the proposal of the President. The person obtaining the votes of the majority of the members of the House of Representatives (Bundestag) is elected. The person elected is appointed by the President.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 63
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.pdf
|
2025/03/06
|
|
Ghana
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is the head of State and Head of Government, elected by absolute majority of votes.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Ghana (1996), art. 57, 63: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GH/ghana-constitution-1992-with-amendments-through/view
|
2016/09/19
|
|
Gibraltar
|
e. Appointed
|
"The Governor, acting in his discretion, shall appoint as Chief Minister the Elected Member of the Parliament who in his judgement is most likely to command the greatest measure of confidence among the Elected Members of the Parliament."
Source:
Constitution, Chapter IV, Article 45(3)
https://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/constitution/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006.pdf
|
2019/11/04
|
|
Greece
|
d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
|
The leader of the party having the absolute majority of seats in Parliament shall be appointed Prime Minister by the President of the Republic. If no party has the absolute majority, the President of the Republic shall give the leader of the party with a relative majority an exploratory mandate in order to ascertain the possibility of forming a government enjoying the confidence of the Parliament.
Source:
Constitution, art. 37
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Greece_2008?lang=en
|
2020/07/25
|
|
Greenland
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Parliament elects the Premier who then appoints his Cabinet of Ministers.
Source:
The Government of Greenland website: http://uk.nanoq.gl/Emner/Government.aspx
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.html
|
2009/12/03
|
|
Grenada
|
e. Appointed
|
There shall be a Prime Minister of Grenada, who shall be appointed by the Governor-General.
Whenever the Governor-General has occasion to appoint a Prime Minister he shall appoint a member of the House of Representatives who appears to him likely to command the support of the majority of the members of the House.
Source:
Grenada Constitution 1973, art. 58
|
2011/06/28
|
|
Guam
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Even though Guam is subject to all applicable laws of the United States, the Governor of Guam is the executive of the political authority granted to the government of Guam. The Governor is elected with the Lieutenant Governor.
Source:
1 Guam Code 400, 402:
https://law.justia.com/codes/guam/2019/title-1/chapter-4/ ;
48 U.S. Code 1422:
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/48/1422
|
2020/10/28
|
|
Guatemala
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The Head of Government and Head of State are the same person, elected by absolute majority for a four-year term with no possibility of re-election. The second round is called for between the two most-voted candidates of the first round.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala”, art. 182 & 184: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/GT/constitucion/guatemala-constitucion-politica-2012/ —
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guatemala_1993.pdf
|
2023/05/29
|
|
Guernsey
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Chief Minister is elected by the parliament (States of Deliberation).
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gk.html
|
2009/12/04
|
|
Guinea
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister, Head of the Government is appointed by the President of the Republic who may dismiss him. Constitution, art. 52
Source:
Constitution (2010), art. 52: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GN/guinea-constitution-2010-english-version/
|
2017/01/26
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is nominated by the President of the Republic in accordance with the electoral results and after consulting with political parties represented in the National People's Assembly.
Source:
Constitution, art. 98: http://www.anpguinebissau.org/leis/constituicao/constituicaoguine.pdf (2012)
|
2014/06/24
|
|
Guyana
|
e. Appointed
|
The President shall appoint an elected member of the National Assembly to be Prime Minister of Guyana.
Source:
Constitution, art. 101
|
2015/05/10
|
|
Haiti
|
e. Appointed
|
The President of the Republic shall choose a Prime Minister from among the members of the majority party of the Parliament. In the absence of such a majority, the President of the Republic shall choose his Prime Minister in consultation with the President of the Senate and the President of the House of Deputies. In either case, the President's choice must be ratified by the Parliament.
Source:
Constitution, art. 137
|
2015/07/29
|
|
Holy See (Vatican City State)
|
e. Appointed
|
The Secretary General is appointed by the Pope.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html
Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001: http://www.vatican.va/vatican_city_state/legislation/documents/scv_doc_20001126_legge-fondamentale-scv_it.html (2012)
|
2012/05/14
|
|
Honduras
|
a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The Head of State is at the same time Head of Government.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República de Honduras (2009)", art. 236 & 245: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-constitucion-politica-de-1982-2021/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley Electoral de Honduras”, art. 77, 285: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-ley-electoral-2021-con-reformas-2021/
|
2025/08/07
|
|
Hong Kong
|
f. Other
|
The Chief Executive is the head of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and is accountable to the Central People's Government and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. He is also the head of government.
The Chief Executive is elected by Election Committee appointed by the Central People's Government, composed of 800 members. 200 members are from the industrial, financial and commercial sectors, 200 are professors, 200 are from labor, social services, religious and other sectors and 200 are members of the legislative council, representatives of district based organizations, Hong Kong deputies to the National People's Congress, and representatives of Hong Kong members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Source:
The Basic Law of the Hong Kong, Art.43-48, 60 & Annex I:
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/HK/hong-kong-the-basic-law-of-the-hong-kong-2016/view
|
2021/06/03
|
|
Hungary
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Prime Minister shall be elected by Parliament on the recommendation of the President of the Republic.
Source:
Constitution: The Fundamental Law of Hungary (as Amended to 2013), The State, Article 16 (3): http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=140968.322953.
|
2018/07/30
|
|
Iceland
|
e. Appointed
|
The President appoints Ministers and discharges them. He determines their number and assignments. Ministerial meetings shall be held in order to discuss new legislative proposals and important State matters. Furthermore, ministerial meetings shall be held if a Minister wishes to raise a matter there. The meetings shall be presided over by the Minister called upon by the President of the Republic to do so, who is designated Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 15 & 17 as amended in 2013
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iceland_2013?lang=en
|
2020/07/27
|
|
India
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Source:
The Constitution of India, Article 75: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/IN/india-constitution-as-amended-to-2007/view
|
2024/06/12
|
|
Indonesia
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Article 6A(3): Any candidate for President who obtains more than fifty percent of the total number of votes during the general election and in addition polls at least twenty percent of the votes in more than half of the total number of provinces in Indonesia shall be elected President.
(4): In the event that there is no candidate for President elected, the two candidates that have obtained the first and second highest total of votes in the general election shall participate in a second round, and the candidate who receives the highest number of votes shall be elected President.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Art. 4(1), 6A: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/ID/indonesia-constitution/view
|
2024/02/07
|
|
Iran, Islamic Republic of
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is elected for a four-year term by the direct vote of the people. His reelection for a successive term is permissible only once.
The President is elected by an absolute majority of votes polled by the voters. But if none of the candidates is able to win such a majority in the first round, voting will take place a second time on Friday of the following week. In the second round only the two candidates who received greatest number of votes in the first round will participate. If, however, some of the candidates securing greatest votes in the first round withdraw from the elections, the final choice will be between the two candidates who won greater number of votes than all the remaining candidates.
Source:
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, articles 114 and 117: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iran_1989
|
2024/11/19
|
|
Iraq
|
d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
|
The President of the Republic shall charge the nominee of the largest Council of Representatives bloc with the formation of the Council of Ministers within fifteen days from the date of the election of the President of the Republic.
Source:
Iraqi Constitution, Article 76(1):http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/IQ/Full%20Text%20of%20Iraqi%20Constitution.pdf/view
|
2018/04/15
|
|
Ireland
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The President shall, on the nomination of Dáil Éireann (the National Assembly), appoint the Taoiseach, that is, the head of the Government or Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 13 (1): https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html
|
2024/11/21
|
|
Israel
|
d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
|
Once a new governmentmust be formed, after consulting the representatives of the Parliamentary Groups, the President of the State shall assign the task of forming a Government to one of the Knesset Members, who has agreed to do so. The President shall assign the said task within seven days from the publication of the election results, or from the day on which the need to form a new government was created, and in the case of the death of the Prime Minister - within 14 days of his death.
Source:
BASIC LAW: THE GOVERNMENT (5761 - 2001), Art. 7a: https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/Documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawTheGovernment.pdf
|
2019/05/01
|
|
Italy
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister ("Presidente del Consiglio") is appointed by the President and confirmed by Parliament with a confidence vote.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 92 and 94
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Italy_2012?lang=en
|
2020/07/18
|
|
Jamaica
|
e. Appointed
|
Whenever the Governor-General has occasion to appoint a Prime Minister he, acting in his discretion, shall appoint the member of the House of Representatives who, in his judgment, is best able to command the confidence of a majority of the members of that House and shall, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, appoint from among the members of the two Houses such number of other Ministers as the Prime Minister may advise.
Source:
Constitution, art. 70
|
2011/05/23
|
|
Japan
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Prime Minister shall be designated from among the members of the Diet by a resolution of the Diet.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 67:
https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html
|
2021/09/17
|
|
Jersey
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
Source:
The States of Jersey Law, art. 19
|
2009/12/07
|
|
Jordan
|
e. Appointed
|
The King appoints the Prime Minister and may dismiss him or accept his resignation. He appoints the Ministers; he also dismisses them or accepts their resignation, upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution, art. 35: http://www.representatives.jo/sites/default/files/الدستور.pdf (2015)
|
2016/07/28
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the Head of Government.
The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall after consultation with the factions of political parties represented in the Mazhilis of the Parliament, recommend the candidacy of the Prime Minister of the Republic to the Mazhilis for approval. with the approval of the Mazhilis of the Parliament, appoint the Prime Minister of the Republic; dismiss the Prime Minister of the Republic; on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, determine the structure of the Government
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 1995, amended March 10, 2017 art. 44.
https://www.akorda.kz/en/constitution-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-50912
|
2024/09/12
|
|
Kenya
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Ibid ES001. The Head of Government is also The Head of State
Source:
The Constitution of Kenya Art. 131(1)
|
2024/12/06
|
|
Kiribati
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is both the Head of State and the Head of Government, elected by absolute majority of votes in direct elections, from candidates selected by the Parliament.
Source:
Article 30 and 32(2), Constitution
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kiribati_2013
|
2024/11/24
|
|
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) elects the Premier of the Cabinet.
Source:
Constitution of DPRK, Art. 91 (7)
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Korea, Republic of
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly.
If the office of the presidency is vacant or the President is unable to perform his or her duties for any reason, the Prime Minister or the members of the State Council in the order of priority as determined by Act shall act for him or her.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Article 86, 87: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?lang=ENG&hseq=1
|
2024/08/28
|
|
Kuwait
|
e. Appointed
|
The Amir shall, after the traditional consultations, appoint the Prime Minister and relieve him of office. The Amir shall also appoint Ministers and relieve them of office upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution, art. 56: http://www.pm.gov.kw/en/state_Of_Kuwait/kuwaitConstitution.jsp (2013)
|
2013/01/30
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
f. Other
|
The President shall:
1) determine the structure and composition of the Cabinet of Ministers;
2) with the consent of the Jogorku Kenesh, appoint the Chairperson of the Cabinet of
Ministers, his/her deputies and other members of the Cabinet of Ministers;
The Executive power in the Kyrgyz Republic is exercised by the President.
The structure and composition of the Cabinet of Ministers shall be determined by the
President
Source:
Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic (2021), art. 70 and 84: https://constsot.kg/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/constitution-of-the-kyrgyz-republic.pdf
|
2025/05/07
|
|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is appointed or removed by the President of the State after the approval of the National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 67 (3), 72: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LA/Lao-People2019s-Democratic-Republic-Constitution/view
|
2021/02/16
|
|
Latvia
|
e. Appointed
|
Article 55. The Cabinet shall be composed of the Prime Minister and the Ministers chosen by the Prime Minister.
Article 56. The Cabinet shall be formed by the person who has been invited by the President to do so.
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia as amended on 8 April 2009, art. 55-56: http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/4777/file/Latvia_Constitution_am2009_en.pdf (2014)
|
2022/09/12
|
|
Lebanon
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is the head of the government and its representative. The president shall designate the Prime Minister in consultation with the president of the Chamber of deputies based on parliamentary consultations which shall be binding and the content of which the President shall formally disclose to the Prime Minister. The President alone shall issue the decree which designates the Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution, art. 53 (2, 3), 64: http://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Documents/Lebanese%20Constitution.pdf
|
2024/11/20
|
|
Lesotho
|
e. Appointed
|
The Government is headed by the Prime Minister who is appointed by the King on the advice of the Council of State and must enjoy the support of the majority of the National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Lesotho, art. 87
|
2017/07/19
|
|
Liberia
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President shall be elected by universal adult suffrage of
registered voters in the Republic and shall hold office for a term of six years commencing at noon on the third working in January of the year immediately following the elections. No person shall serve as President for more than two terms.
The first round shall be determined by an absolute majority of the valid votes cast. If no candidate obtains an absolute majority (fifty percent plus one vote) in the first ballot, a second ballot shall be conducted on the second Tuesday following the announcement of the results of the first
ballot. The two candidates who obtain the highest number of valid votes at the first ballot shall be designated to participate in the run-off election and the candidate who obtains the majority of the valid votes cast at the second ballot is elected.
Source:
The 1986 Constitution of the Republic of Liberia, Art. 50, http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LR/liberia-amended-electoral-laws-2014/view
The New Elections Law (2016, with amendments up until and including 2014), Chapter 4, Art. 4.1, http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LR/liberia-amended-electoral-laws-2014/view
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The National Transitional Council shall appoint an executive board or interim government composed of a president and a sufficient number of members for the management of the different sectors of the country.
The General National Congress shall do the following within a period not exceeding thirty days since its first meeting:
Designate a Prime Minister who in turn shall propose the names of the members of his government, provided that they obtain the confidence of the National General Congress before they start working as members of the interim government. The Congress shall also proceed to the designation of the heads of sovereign functions.
Source:
The Constitutional Declaration (Transitional National Council of Libya), Art. 24 & 30: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Libya_2011
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Reigning Prince with the agreement of Parliament and on its proposal.
Source:
Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Art. 79 (2):
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Lithuania
|
e. Appointed
|
Article 92: (1) The Prime Minister shall, upon the assent of the Seimas, be appointed and released by the President of the Republic.
(3)The Prime Minister, within 15 days of his appointment, shall form and present to the Seimas the Government, approved by the President of the Republic, and shall submit the programme of the formed Government for consideration by the Seimas.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania (25 October 1992, as last amended on 25 April 2006), art. 92 (1, 3)http://www3.lrs.lt/home/Konstitucija/Constitution.htm
|
2020/06/05
|
|
Luxembourg
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is appointed by the Grand Duke.
Source:
Constitution, art. 77; https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Luxembourg_2009
Official web site of the Government: http://www.gouvernement.lu/dossiers/viepol/formation-gouvernement-2009/index.html (2012)
|
2024/11/20
|
|
Macau
|
f. Other
|
The head of the Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region shall be the Chief Executive of the Region. The Chief Executive shall be elected by a broadly representative Election Committee, composed of 300 members: 100 are from industrial, commercial and financial sectors, 80 are from cultural and educational sectors and other professions, 80 are from labour, social services, religious and other sectors and 40 are Representatives of members of the Legislative Council, representatives of members of the municipal organs, Macao deputies to the National People's Congress, and representatives of Macao members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Source:
Basic Law, art. 45, 50 & 62
Basic Law, Annex I
|
2009/12/08
|
|
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
|
d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
|
The President of the Republic of Macedonia is obliged, within 10 days of the constitution of the Assembly, to entrust the mandate for constituting the Government to a candidate from the party or parties which has/have a majority in the Assembly. Within 20 days from the day of being entrusted with the mandate, the mandator submits a programme to the Assembly and proposes the composition of the Government. The Government is elected by the Assembly on the proposal of the mandator and on the basis of the programme by a majority vote of the total number of Representatives. (Art. 90)
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia, art. 90:
https://www.sobranie.mk/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-macedonia-ns_article-constitution-of-the-republic-of-north-macedonia.nspx
|
2024/11/19
|
|
Madagascar
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is the Head of Government. He/she is selected by the party or coalition that has the majority in the National Assembly and is appointed by the President.
Source:
Constitution, art. 54, 63, 65: http://www.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/constitution.pdf (2013)
|
2013/02/07
|
|
Malawi
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is both the Head of State and Government. The President shall be elected by a majority of more than fifty
percent of the valid votes cast through direct, universal and equal suffrage and,where such majority is not obtained by any candidate in the first poll, a second poll shall be held within sixty days after the declaration of the result in which the candidates who obtained the highest votes cast in the first poll shall be the only candidates.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, art. 78 & 80
|
2025/04/14
|
|
Malaysia
|
e. Appointed
|
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) shall first appoint as Perdana Menteri (Prime Minister) to preside over the Cabinet a member of the House of Representative who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House. If the Prime Minister ceases to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the House of Representatives, then, unless at his request the Yang di-Pertuan Agong dissolves Parliament, the Prime Minister shall tender the resignation of the Cabinet.
Source:
Constitution, art. 40a (2-a), 43: http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/malaysia.pdf (2013)
|
2013/03/21
|
|
Maldives
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The president is both the head of state and the head of government. S/he is elected directly by the people by universal and secret suffrage, by absolute majority of votes. If no candidate obtains such majority, a run-off election must be held within twenty one days after the first election. The run-off election shall be contested only by the two candidates receiving the highest number of votes in the first election
Source:
Constitution 2008, art. 106, 108, 111: http://www.majlis.gov.mv/en/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-english.pdf (2018)
|
2019/02/11
|
|
Mali
|
e. Appointed
|
The head of state is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President.
Source:
Constitution, art. 38 % 55
|
2009/12/08
|
|
Malta
|
e. Appointed
|
The President shall appoint as Prime Minister the member of the House of Representatives who, in his judgment, is best able to command the support of a majority of the members of that House and shall, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, appoint the other Ministers from among the members of the House of Representatives.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 80: http://www.parlament.mt/constituion-of-malta?l=1 (2012)
|
2012/05/22
|
|
Man, Isle of
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The head of government is the Chief Minister, elected by Tynwald for a five year term.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/im.html
|
2009/12/14
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Head of Government is also the Head of State. S/he is elected by the majority of the Nitijela (Parliament).
Source:
Constitution, art. 5 (3).
|
2023/10/12
|
|
Mauritania
|
e. Appointed
|
The President appoints the Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution as amended by Constitutional Law n° 2012-015, art. 30: www.mauritania.mr (2012)
|
2024/10/28
|
|
Mauritius
|
e. Appointed
|
The President, acting in his own deliberate judgment, shall appoint as Prime Minister the member of the Assembly who appears to him best able to command the support of the majority of the members of the Assembly, and shall, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, appoint the Deputy Prime Minister, the Attorney-General and the other Ministers from among the members of the Assembly.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius, art. 59
|
2012/02/25
|
|
Mayotte
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
|
2009/11/12
|
|
Mexico
|
a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The president of the Republic is both the Head of State and of Government.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos", art. 81: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-constitucion-2024/ ;
Electoral Law: "Ley General de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales", art. 12: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-lgipe-2024/
|
2024/04/12
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
Art. 10, Sec. 1: The executive power of the national government is vested in the President of the Federated States of Micronesia. He is elected by Congress for a term of four years by a majority vote of all the members. He may not serve for more than 2 consecutive terms.
Source:
Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia Art. 10, Section 1:
http://www.fsmlaw.org/fsm/constitution/article10.htm
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Moldova, Republic of
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
After a consultation with the parliamentary fractions the President of the Republic of Moldova designates a candidate for the office of Prime Minister.
Source:
The Constitution of The Republic of Moldova (1994, rev. 2016), article 98: 1
|
2021/03/30
|
|
Monaco
|
e. Appointed
|
The head of government is the Minister of State who represents the Prince and exercises the executive power. He is appointed by the Prince and reports to him.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 43, 44, 50
https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-REF(2013)021-e
|
2023/09/11
|
|
Mongolia
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Prime Minister is appointed by the Parliament.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 25 (1, §6), 40 (2), 41 (1): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001?lang=en (2017)
|
2020/02/17
|
|
Montenegro
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
Article 82: The Parliament shall: 12) Elect and dismiss from duty: the Prime Minister and members of the Government.
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Republic of Montenegro, SU-SK Ref. no. 01-514/12, 19 October 2007, art. 82(12).
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Montenegro_2013?lang=en
|
2023/09/25
|
|
Montserrat
|
e. Appointed
|
33.—(1) The Governor shall appoint as the Premier the elected member of the Legislative Assembly who demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Governor that he or she commands the confidence of a majority of the elected members of the Assembly.
Source:
Constitution, art. 33
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Morocco
|
e. Appointed
|
Article 47: The King appoints the Head of Government from within the political party arriving ahead in the elections of the members of the Chamber of Representatives, and with a view to their results.
Source:
Morocco's Constitution of 2011, Article 47: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Mozambique
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of Mozambique is both Head of State and Government and is elected by absolute majority. In case no candidate obtains an absolute majority, there shall be a second round among the top two candidates.
Source:
Constitution of 21 January 2005, art. 146 (3), 148: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/mozambique-constitution-portuguese-version/view (2014);
Law No. 8/2013 of 27 February 2013 regulating presidential and legislative elections (as amended by Law No. 12/2014), art. 133: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/Mozambique-Law-No.-12-2014-of-13-April-2014/view (2014)
|
2024/12/04
|
|
Namibia
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is the Head of State and Government. The President is elected through direct universal adult suffrage by and absolute majority and is restricted to two terms of office of five years each. The Prime Minister is the leader of Government business in Parliament, co-ordinates the work of the Cabinet and advises and assists the President in the execution of the functions of Government.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Namibia, art. 27-29 & 36
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Nauru
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
"There shall be a President of Nauru, who shall be elected by Parliament."
"Parliament shall elect a President (a) whenever the office of President is vacant; (b) at the first sitting of Parliament next following its dissolution..."
Source:
Constitution 1968, Art. 16. (http://www.naurugov.nr/media/21406/constitution_19.5.1968.pdf)
|
2019/07/01
|
|
Nepal
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The President shall appoint the leader of a parliamentary party that commands majority in the House of Representatives as the Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers shall be constituted under his or her chairpersonship. In cases where no party has a clear majority in the House of Representatives the President shall appoint as the Prime Minister a member of the House of Representatives who can command majority with the support of two or more parties representing to the House of Representatives.
Source:
Article The Constitution of Nepal, 2015, Article 76 (1 and 2) www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/documents/2016/01/constitution-of-nepal-2.pdf
|
2018/04/03
|
|
Netherlands
|
e. Appointed
|
Article 43: "The Prime Minister and the other Ministers shall be appointed and dismissed by Royal Decree."
Source:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Netherlands, Art. 43: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Netherlands_2008?lang=en
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
|
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nt.html
|
2009/11/12
|
|
New Caledonia
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
Source:
Constitution, Section V, Article 49.
|
2004/01/14
|
|
New Zealand
|
e. Appointed
|
"The Prime Minister is appointed by warrant by the Governor-General" who is required by constitutional convention to "act on the outcome of the electoral process and subsequent discussions between political parties" which identify the party or group of parties "able to command the confidence of the House of Representatives," "and therefore has a mandate to govern the country." Constitutional convention also requires the Governor-General to "act on the outcome of the political process by which the person who will lead the government as Prime Minister is identified."
This means that the leader of the majority party, or leader of the ruling coalition parties, in the House becomes the Prime Minister.
Source:
https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-business-units/cabinet-office/supporting-work-cabinet/cabinet-manual/2-ministers-crown-1
https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/living-in-nz/history-government/our-constitution
|
2024/07/02
|
|
Nicaragua
|
a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President of the Republic is both the Head of State and the Head of Government.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de Nicaragua (2014)”, art. 144, 146, 147 (1):
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/NI/constitucion/constitucion-politica-de-nicaragua-con-reformas-a/ (2016);
Electoral Law No. 331: “Ley Electoral No. 331 (enmendada por la ley No. 790 del 23/05/2012)”, art. 145:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/NI/leyes-electorales/nicaragua-ley-no.-331-ley-electoral-2012/ (2016).
|
2016/06/07
|
|
Niger
|
e. Appointed
|
The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution of 25 November 2010 with its amendments, art. 56: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/NE/niger-constitution-english-version-2010/view
|
2017/02/01
|
|
Nigeria
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is the Head of State as well as the Head of Government.
A candidate for an election to the office of President shall be deemed to have been duly elected to such office where, being the only candidate nominated for the election -
(a) he has a majority of YES votes over NO votes cast at the election; and
(b) he has not less than one-quarter of the votes cast at the election in each of at least two-thirds of all the States in the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja
A candidate for an election to the office of President shall be deemed to have be been duly elected, where, there being only two candidates for the election -
(a) he has the majority of votes cast at the election; and
(b) he has not less than one-quarter of the votes cast at the election in each of at least two-thirds of all the States in the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
A candidate for an election to the office of President shall be deemed to have been duly elected where, there being more than two candidates for the election-
(a) he has the highest number of votes cast at the election;
(b) he has not less than one-quarter of the votes cast at the election each of at least two-thirds of all the States in the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
Source:
Constitution 1999 (as amended), art. 130, 133, 134: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179202 (2013)
|
2015/03/30
|
|
Niue
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Premier is elected by an absolute majority of the members present and voting at the first meeting of the Niue Assembly after a general election.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 4.
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Norfolk Islands
|
e. Appointed
|
There shall be an Administrator of the Territory, who shall administer the government of the Territory as a Territory under the authority of the Commonwealth. The Administrator shall be appointed by the Governor General by Commission and shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor General.
Source:
Norfolk Island Act, art. 5-6
|
2010/01/07
|
|
Northern Mariana Islands
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The executive power is vested in a governor who is jointly elected with the lieutenant governor for a four year term. Each voter casts a single vote applicable to both offices. After the Commonwealth Election Commission certifies the results of a general election and if no candidates receive more than one half of the total votes cast and counted for the offices of the governor and lieutenant governor, on the fourteenth day thereafter, a runoff election shall be held between the candidates for governor and the lieutenant governor receiving the highest and second highest number of votes cast and counted for those offices.
Source:
Constitution, art. III, sec. 4
https://cnmilaw.org/cons.php#gsc.tab=0
|
2024/11/28
|
|
Norway
|
e. Appointed
|
Constitution (Art. 12): The King himself chooses a Council from among Norwegian citizens who are entitled to vote. This Council shall consist of a Prime Minister and at least seven other Members.
Constitution (Art. 15): Any person who holds a seat in the Council of State has the duty to submit his application to resign once the Storting has passed a vote of no confidence against that Member of the Council of State or against the Council of State as a whole.
The King is bound to grant such an application to resign.
The leader of the majority party or coalition is usually appointed Prime Minister by the Monarch with the approval of the Parliament.
Source:
Constitution(last amended May 2014), Art. 12, Art. 15.
|
2017/05/19
|
|
Oman
|
e. Appointed
|
The Sultan presides over the Council of Ministers and he may appoint a Prime Minister. However, at the moment he is both the head of state and the head of government (since July 1972).
Source:
Basic Statute of the State, as amended by Royal Decree No. 99/2011, art. 42, 48:
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Oman_2011.pdf?lang=en
|
2025/04/30
|
|
Pakistan
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The Prime Minister shall be elected by the votes of the majority of the total membership of the National Assembly:
Provided that, if no member secures such majority in the first poll, a second poll shall be held between the members who secure the two highest numbers of votes in the first poll and the member who secures a majority of votes of the members present and voting shall be declared to have been elected as Prime Minister:
Provided further that, if the number of votes secured by two or more members securing the highest number of votes is equal, further poll shall be held between them until one of them secures a majority of votes of the members present and voting.
Source:
Constitution, art. 91: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Pakistan_2017
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Palau
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is both the head of state and the head of government, elected by popular vote in a two round system.
Source:
Constitution, Art. VIII (1 & 4); Voting Rights Act of 1981 as amended, Sec. 1701 (23 PNCA §1701).
|
2016/11/04
|
|
Palestine
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President.
Source:
Palestinian Basic Law, art. 45, 64 (1): http://www.osservatorioiraq.it/sites/default/files/Palestinian%20Basic%20Law%20with%20Amendements%20-%20english.pdf (2013)
|
2013/04/08
|
|
Panama
|
a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The president of the Republic is both the head of State and the head of government. They are elected for a five-year term by simple majority of votes. Re-election is not allowed for two immediate terms.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Panamá”, art. 175–178: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PA/panama-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-2004
|
2024/12/05
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister shall be appointed, at the first meeting of the Parliament after a general election and otherwise from time to time as the occasion for the appointment of a Prime Minister arises, by the Head of State, acting in accordance with a decision of the Parliament.
Source:
Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, Section 142: http://www.igr.gov.pg/constitution.pdf (2012)
|
2017/03/16
|
|
Paraguay
|
h. Not applicable
|
The president qho is the head of state and the head of government is elected together with a vice-president directly by simple majority in general elections.
Source:
Constitución: Constitución Nacional de la República del Paraguay art. 238: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PY/constitucion/Paraguay%20%281992%29.pdf/ (1992)
|
2023/03/16
|
|
Peru
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is both the head of state and the head of government and is elected directly by an absolute majority of votes. If none of the candidates receives an absolute majority of votes, there is a second round of elections for the two candidates who have received the highest number of votes in the first round.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política del Perú”, art. 111: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-constitucion-politica-2019/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley 26859, orgánica de elecciones”, art. 17: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-ley-26859-organica-elecciones-2019/
|
2020/01/28
|
|
Philippines
|
a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The executive power is vested in the President. The President is elected together with the Vice-President by direct vote of the people for a term of six years. The person having the highest number of votes shall be proclaimed elected, but in case two or more shall have an equal and highest number of votes, one of them shall forthwith be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the Members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately.
Source:
Constitution, Art. VII, Sec. 1, 4:
http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/#article-vii(2016)
http://www.asianlii.org/ph/legis/const/1987/8.html (2019)
|
2019/04/24
|
|
Pitcairn Islands
|
a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
Constitution
"27.—(1) There shall be a Governor of Pitcairn, who shall be appointed by Her Majesty by Commission under Her Sign Manual and Signet and shall hold office during Her Majesty’s pleasure.
(2) The Governor shall have such functions as are conferred or imposed on him or her by this Constitution or any other law and such other functions as Her Majesty may from time to time be pleased to assign to him or her through a Secretary of State."
Laws of Pitcairn
"3.—[(1) There shall be the following elected officials to be known as Island Officers—
(a) the Mayor, who shall be:
(i) elected for a term of 3 years;
(ii) eligible, upon expiry of his or her term of office, to be elected Mayor for a second term of 3 years;
(b) the Deputy Mayor, who shall be elected for a 2 year 197
Island Officers."
(c) [five Councillors, who shall each be elected for a
2 year term.]
Source:
Constitution Part 3, Article 27(1-2)
http://www.government.pn/Pitcairn%20Islands%20Constitution%20Order%202010.pdf
Laws of Pitcairn Chapter XI Local Government Ordinance, Part II, Article 3(1)
http://www.government.pn/Laws/Cap%2011%20-%20Local%20Government%20Ordinance.pdf
|
2019/11/05
|
|
Poland
|
e. Appointed
|
The President of the Republic shall nominate a Prime Minister who shall propose the composition of a Council of Ministers. The President of the Republic shall, within 14 days of the first sitting of the Sejm or acceptance of the resignation of the previous Council of Ministers, appoint a Prime Minister together with other members of a Council of Ministers and accept the oaths of office of members of such newly appointed Council of Ministers.
Source:
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2nd April, 1997, as amended in 2009, article 154 (1): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Poland_2009
|
2024/11/13
|
|
Portugal
|
e. Appointed
|
Article 133
(Competences in relation to other entities)
In relation to other entities and organs the President of the Republic has the competences:
f) To appoint the Prime Minister pursuant to Article 187(1);
Article 187
(Formation)
1. The President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister after consulting the parties with seats in
Assembly of the Republic and in the light of the electoral results.
Source:
Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, Seventh Revision, 2005, Articles 133 (f), 187(1):
https://www.parlamento.pt/Legislacao/Paginas/ConstituicaoRepublicaPortuguesa.aspx - Portuguese
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/pt/pt045en.pdf - English
|
2024/10/26
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
According to the special legal system of Puerto Rico, the General Governor is head of Government who is elected by universal suffrage through the principle of simple majority vote, for a four-year term.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico”, art. IV (s. 1) and VI (s. 4): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PR/puerto-rico-constitucion-1970/
|
2020/11/03
|
|
Qatar
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prince appoints the Prime Minister, accepts his resignation and relieves him from his post by a Princely Order.
Source:
Constitution, art. 72: https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/permanent_constitution_state_qatar_en.pdf
|
2025/05/08
|
|
Romania
|
e. Appointed
|
Article 85: (1) The President of Romania shall designate a candidate to the office of Prime Minister and appoint the Government on the basis of the vote of confidence of Parliament.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Romania, amended in 2003, art. 85.https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Romania_2003?lang=en
|
2020/08/22
|
|
Russian Federation
|
e. Appointed
|
The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma.
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. 83: http://archive.government.ru/eng/gov/base/54.html
|
2024/03/22
|
|
Rwanda
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister shall be nominated, appointed and removed from office by the President of the Republic.
Source:
Constitution (2023), Art. 116 : https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/RW/constitution-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-last/view
|
2024/12/04
|
|
Saint Helena
|
e. Appointed
|
The executive authority of St Helena is vested in Her Majesty, exercised on her behalf by the Governor, who is appointed by her. There shall be an Executive Council for St Helena, which shall consist of: five of the Elected Members of the Legislative Council, three ex officio members, namely the Chief Secretary, the Financial Secretary and the Attorney General and temporary members as may be appointed according to subsection 2 of article 35 of the Constitution.
Source:
Constitution, art. 34-35
|
2010/01/12
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
e. Appointed
|
(1) There shall be a Prime Minister of Saint Christopher and Nevis who shall be appointed by the
Governor-General.
(2) Whenever the Governor-General has occasion to appoint a Prime Minister he or she shall appoint a
Representative who appears to him or her likely to command the support of the majority of the Representatives.
Source:
Article 52, Constitution
|
2020/04/14
|
|
Saint Lucia
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is appointed by Governor General. Whenever the Governor-general has occasion to appoint a Prime Minister he shall appoint a member of the House who appears to him likely to command the support of the majority of the members of the House.
Source:
Constitution, art. 60
|
2011/06/28
|
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor General. Whenever the Governor General has occasion to appoint a Prime Minister he shall appoint a Representative who appears to him likely to command the support of the majority of the Representatives.
Source:
Constitution of St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1979, art, 51
|
2021/12/26
|
|
Samoa
|
h. Not applicable
|
|
2021/04/09
|
|
San Marino
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Head of Government is Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs who is elected by the Great and General Council for a five year term.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 3 (Available on the Official Website of the Parliament: http://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm)
|
2012/05/25
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is designated by the President of the Republic, taking into consideration the electoral results
Source:
Constitution, Art. 110: https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Sao_Tome_and_Principe_2003.pdf?lang=en
|
2021/06/17
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
f. Other
|
The King is the head of the government and presides over the Council of Ministers.
Source:
The Basic Law of Governance, art. 56: http://www.boe.gov.sa/ViewSystemDetails.aspx?lang=en&SystemID=4 (2012)
|
2012/08/20
|
|
Senegal
|
e. Appointed
|
The head of Government is the Prime Minister who is appointed by the President.
Source:
Constitution 2012, art. 49, 53 (1): http://www.assemblee-nationale.sn/images/stories/PDF/constitution_du_senegal.pdf (2017)
English: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2009?lang=en (2017)
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Serbia
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The President of the Republic shall propose to the National Assembly a candidate for the Prime Minister, after considering views of representatives of elected lists of candidates.
By means of majority vote of all deputies the National Assembly shall elect members of the Government and decide on the end of the term of office of the Government and ministers
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, art. 105(9), 112(3).
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/RS/constitution-of-the-republic-of-serbia-2006/view
|
2022/07/05
|
|
Seychelles
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Source:
- Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles (2011), art. 50
-Pre-election Assessment Mission report, Presidential election of 2015, EISA (2015)
|
2025/02/25
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The president is both the head of state and the head of government. S/he is elected by receiving 55% of votes in the first round of elections, or if that is not attained, the two candidates with the highest numbers of votes from the first round go to the second round, in which the candidate who receives the highest number of votes is declared President.
Source:
Constitution (2008), art. 40 & 42: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SL/sierra-leone-constitution-2008/
|
2017/01/12
|
|
Singapore
|
e. Appointed
|
The President shall appoint as Prime Minister a Member of Parliament who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the Members of Parliament.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, Art. 25: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Singapore_2010?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Slovakia
|
e. Appointed
|
The President appoints and removes the Prime Minister and other members of the government. The government is obliged within 30 days of its nomination, to present itself to the National Council of the Slovak Republic, submit ist government program and ask for a vote of confidence.
Source:
The Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Article 110 & 113: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/SK/constitution-of-the-slovak-republic-as-amended-to/view
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Slovenia
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
After consultation with the leaders of parliamentary groups the President of the Republic proposes to the National Assembly a candidate for Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is elected by the National Assembly by a majority vote of all deputies. Voting is by secret ballot.
Source:
Constitution, art. 111
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Slovenia_2013?lang=en
|
2017/03/30
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
Art. 33 (1): There shall be a Prime Minister who shall be elected as such by the members of Parliament from among their number in accordance with the provisions of Schedule 2 to this Constitution
Source:
Constitution of 1978, Amended 2014: Art. 33 (1).
Constitution (2014): https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Solomon_Islands_2014.pdf?lang=en
Amendment 2018: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/SB/solomon-islands-constitution-amendment-2018
|
2019/02/28
|
|
Somalia
|
e. Appointed
|
The powers and responsibilities of the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia are to:
Appoint the Prime Minister, and to dissolve the Federal Government if it does not get the
required vote of confidence from the House of the People of the Federal Parliament by a
simple majority (50% +1);
Source:
Transitional Constitution of 2012, Art. 90 (d), 100: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SO/somalia-provisional-constitution-of-2012/view
|
2016/11/25
|
|
South Africa
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The President is the Head of State and of government, as well as Commander in Chief of the armed forces. The President is elected by the National Assembly from among its members.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Articles 83, 86 & 202: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ZA/south-africa-electoral-act-2010/view
|
2014/05/01
|
|
South Sudan
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic of South Sudan is the head of State and Government, the Commander-in-Chief of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army and the Supreme Commander of all the other regular forces. The incumbent elected President of the Government of Southern Sudan shall be the President of the Republic of South Sudan.
Source:
Transitional Constitution 2011, art. 97: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e269a3e2.html%C2%A0 (2012)
|
2021/06/02
|
|
Spain
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The head of government is also referred to as the President of the Government (equivalent to Prime Minister). The King, consulting with the representatives appointed by the political groups represented in the parliament, and through the Speaker of the Congress, nominates a candidate for the Presidency of the Government. The candidate then submits to the Congress the political program of the Government he/she intends to form and seeks the confidence of the House. If the Congress, by vote of the overall majority of its members, grants its confidence to the candidate, the King shall appoint him/her as President. If overall majority is not obtained, the same proposal shall be submitted for a fresh vote forty-eight hours after the previous one, and confidence shall be deemed to be secured if granted by single majority.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Española", art. 99:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/ES/espana-constitucion-espanola-2011-2016/
|
2025/04/01
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
f. Other
|
The President of the Republic shall be elected by the People, and shall hold office for a term of six years
At the election of the President every voter while casting his vote for any candidate may where there are three candidates for election, specify his second preference and where there are more than three candidates for election, specify his second and third preferences.
The candidate, if any, who receives more than one-half of the valid votes cast shall be declared elected as President. Where no candidate is declared elected, the candidate or candidates, other than the candidates who received the highest and second highest number of such votes, shall be eliminated from the contest, and the second preference of each voter whose vote had been for a candidate eliminated from the contest, shall, if it is for one or the other of the remaining two candidates, be counted as a vote for such candidate and be added to the votes counted in his favour and the third preference of each voter whose second preference is not counted under that sub-paragraph shall, if it is for one or the other of the remaining two candidates, be counted as a vote for such candidate and be added to the votes counted in his favour. The candidate who receives the majority of the votes so counted shall be declared elected as President.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 30(2), 94(1-2): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LK/sri-lanka-constitution-as-amended-up-to-9/at_download/file
|
2016/01/28
|
|
Sudan
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is both the head of state and the head of government, directly elected by absolute majority of votes.
Source:
The Interim National Constitution of 2005, art. 52, 54 & 70: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ba749762.html (2012)
|
2012/08/31
|
|
Suriname
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The President is Head of State of the Republic of Suriname, Head of Government, Chairman of the Council of State and of the Security Council. He is elected by the National Assembly for five years.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 90, 91: http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Suriname/english.html (2012)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Swaziland
|
e. Appointed
|
The Prime Minister is appointed by the King from among members of the House acting on the recommendation of King's Advisory Council and may be removed from office by the King.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, art. 67 & 68
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Sweden
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
c) The head of government is the Prime Minister. When the Prime Minister is to be appointed the Speaker of the Riksdag summons for consultation representatives from every party group in the Riksdag. The Speaker confers with the Deputy Speakers before placing a proposal before the Riksdag. The Riksdag shall proceed to vote on the proposal no later than the fourth day following, without prior preparation in committee. If more than half the members of the Riksdag vote against the proposal, it is rejected. In any other case, it is adopted. If the Riksdag rejects the Speaker's proposal four times, the procedure for appointing a Prime Minister shall be abandoned and be resumed after a new election to the Riksdag has been held.
Source:
The Instrument of Government, Ch. 6, Art. 1 - 6: Official Website of the Parliament: http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Start/Bestall/Sprakversioner/English---engelska1/Sveriges-grundlagar-och-riksdagsordningen1/ (2012)
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Switzerland
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
The Federal Council is the supreme governing and executive authority of the Confederation and as a collective organ is the head of state and the head of government. It is composed of 7 members, out of whom one is elected to be the President of the Confederation. The President of the Confederation chairs the Federal Council. The President and the Vice-President of the Federal Council are elected by the Federal Assembly from the members of the Federal Council for a term of office of one year.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184: https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/201506140000/101.pdf (2015)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Syrian Arab Republic
|
e. Appointed
|
The President appoints the Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution, art. 97
|
2014/06/02
|
|
Taiwan
|
e. Appointed
|
|
2020/04/13
|
|
Tajikistan
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic of Tajikistan is the head of State and executive power (the Government).
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, amended as of May 22, 2016, art. 64.
|
2025/02/19
|
|
Tanzania, United Republic of
|
a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The president is the Head of State, the Head of Government and the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Any presidential candidate shall be declared duly elected President only if he has obtained majority of votes.
Source:
Constitution, art. 41: http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf
|
2015/10/21
|
|
Thailand
|
e. Appointed
|
The King appoints the Prime Minister and not more than thirty-five other Ministers to constitute the Council of Ministers having the duty to carry out the administration of State affairs with collective accountability. The Prime Minister must be a member of the House of Representatives. The President of the House of Representatives shall countersign the Royal Command appointing the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister shall not hold office for more than eight consecutive years.The resolution of the House of Representatives approving the appointment of a person as Prime Minister shall be passed by the votes of more than one-half of the total number of the existing members of the House of Representatives.
Source:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, Sec. 158, 159: https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2017-05/CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+KINGDOM+OF+THAILAND+(B.E.+2560+(2017)).pdf
|
2023/10/04
|
|
Timor-Leste
|
e. Appointed
|
The head of government is the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister shall be designated by the most-voted political party or alliance of political parties with parliamentary majority and shall be appointed by the President of the Republic, after consultation with the political parties sitting in the National Parliament.
Source:
Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, article 104 (1) and 106 (1): https://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf
|
2024/11/14
|
|
Togo
|
e. Appointed
|
The head of government is the Prime Minister. The President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister from the party that has parliamentary majority.
Source:
Constitution, art. 66, 78: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,LEGAL,,LEGISLATION,TGO,456d621e2,48ef43c72,0.html (2013)
|
2013/01/03
|
|
Tokelau
|
f. Other
|
Article 3: General Fono
The General Fono consists of the following members -
The Faipule and Pulenuku of each village, and
One delegate from each village for every 100 inhabitants of that village, based on the latest available census figures rounded to the nearest 100 inhabitants.
Article 5: Executive powers of the General Fono
It is the duty of the General Fono to manage the following matters in the interests of the nation -
National budget appropriation and national financial management;
National public service;
The relationship of Tokelau with New Zealand;
International relations;
National integrity;
National resources;
National transport;
Telecommunications;
Postal services;
Policy and structures for national health and education;
Tokelau currency for coin collectors; and
Any matters related to any of these items and any matter referred by the Taupulega of each village to the General Fono for its consideration, decision, or legislative action.
The capacity of Tokelau to enter into treaties and other international arrangements shall be exercised by the Council for the Ongoing Government.
Any treaty or other international arrangement may be entered into by Tokelau only following a resolution of the General Fono to that effect.
No provision of a treaty or other international arrangement shall have the effect of law unless approved by the General Fono by Rule.
Every document that must be signed by Tokelau may be signed on behalf of Tokelau by the three Faipule, or the Ulu, as they decide.
Article 6: Council for the Ongoing Government
When the General Fono is not in session, the executive business of the General Fono shall be conducted by the Council for the Ongoing Government, which shall, after such consultation as it thinks fit, take the decisions necessary for the effective administration of Tokelau.
The Council shall include the three Faipule and the three Pulenuku, and portfolios shall be allocated to each member of the Council.
The National Government is represented by the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau (which functions as the Cabinet), consisting of 3 Faipule (village leaders) and 3 Pulenuku (village mayors). The position of the head of government ('Ulu-o-Tokelau' - the leader of Tokelau) rotates among the 3 Faipule on an annual basis.
Source:
Constitution of Tokelau 2007, Article 3, 5-6
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/TK/tokelau-constitution
'Tokelau Islands Information Paper, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade': http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/Tokelau.php
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tl.html
|
2020/01/22
|
|
Tonga
|
e. Appointed
|
The Cabinet or ministers of the King shall consist of the Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Lands, the Minister of Police and any other ministers whom His Majesty may be pleased to appoint.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 51: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/TO/Tonga%20Act%20of%20Constitution%201988.pdf/view (2021)
|
2021/09/13
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
e. Appointed
|
The person appointed by the President as Prime Minister can be either the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives or, if there is no majoritarian party, the member of the House who is most likely to command the support of the majority of members of that House.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago”, Section 76: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TT/trinidad-and-tobago-constitution-2016/
|
2020/08/22
|
|
Tunisia
|
d. Leader of the party which forms the government becomes Head of Government
|
Head of Government is the Prime Minister, who is candidate of the party or the electoral coalition which won the largest number of seats in the Assembly of the Representatives of the People and is appointed by the President.
Source:
The Constitution of 26 January 2014, art. 89: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/TN/tunisia-constitution-of-26-january-2014/view (2014)
|
2019/08/05
|
|
Turkey
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The Turkish Constitution was amended in 2017 that fused the role of the head of government and the head of the state in one person: the president. The amendment removed the post of Prime Minister.
If the simple majority is not obtained in the first round of Presidential elections, a second round of voting is held according to procedure stated in Article 101.
Source:
Unofficial Translation Of The Amendments To The Constitution, art. 77: http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-REF(2017)005-e
|
2018/06/07
|
|
Turkmenistan
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of Turkmenistan is the head of the state and executive power. The Cabinet of Ministers (Government) of Turkmenistan shall be the executive and administrative body. The President of Turkmenistan shall be the Chairperson of the Cabinet of Ministers.
Source:
Constitution of Turkmenistan (2016), Article 68 & 91: http://www.osce.org/odihr/262336?download=true.
|
2013/03/05
|
|
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
e. Appointed
|
The Governor appoints as Premier the elected member of the House of Assembly who demonstrates in writing that he or she commands the support of a majority of elected members of the House.
Source:
Constitution: “The Constitution of the Turks and Caicos Islands”, Section 31: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TC/turks-and-caicos-constitution-2014/
|
2020/10/08
|
|
Tuvalu
|
c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
|
Constitution, art. 63(1) The Prime Minister shall be elected by the members of Parliament in accordance with Schedule 2 (Election and Appointment of Prime Minister).
Source:
Constitution, art. 63:http://tuvalu-legislation.tv/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1986/1986-0001/ConstitutionofTuvalu_1.pdf
|
2019/02/25
|
|
Uganda
|
b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
There shall be a President of Uganda who shall be the Head of State, Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Uganda People’s Defence Forces
and the Fountain of Honour. The election of the President shall be by universal adult suffrage through a secret ballot. A candidate shall not be declared elected as President unless the number of votes cast in favour of that candidate at the presidential election is more than fifty percent of valid votes cast at the election. Where at a presidential election no candidate obtains the percentage of votes, a second election shall be held within thirty days after the declaration of the results in which election the two candidates who obtained the highest number of votes shall be the only candidates.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, art. 98 (1), 103 (1, 4, 5, 6): http://www.ec.or.ug/docs/Constitution_1995.pdf (2016)
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2016/02/08
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Ukraine
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c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
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The Prime Minister of Ukraine is appointed by the Parliament of Ukraine (Verkhovna Rada) upon the submission by the President of Ukraine. The name of a candidate for the office of the Prime Minister of Ukraine is put forward by the President of Ukraine upon the proposal by the parliamentary coalition or by a parliamentary faction whose People's Deputies of Ukraine make up a majority of the constitutional membership of the Parliament.
Source:
Constitution, article 114
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/474-14
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2019/03/11
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United Arab Emirates
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e. Appointed
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The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, with the consent of the Supreme Council.
Source:
Constitution, art. 54 (5): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/United_Arab_Emirates_2009?lang=en
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2019/09/25
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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e. Appointed
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After a general election, the appointment of a Prime Minister is the prerogative of the Sovereign. The Head of Government is the Prime Minister.
The leader of the party with an overall majority of seats in the House of Commons is usually appointed to the role of Prime Minister, but there could still be exceptional circumstances when the reigning monarch might need to exercise discretion. In appointing a Prime Minister, the Sovereign is guided by constitutional conventions. The main requirement is to find someone who can command the confidence of the House of Commons.
Although she is a constitutional monarch who remains politically neutral, The Queen retains the ability to give a regular audience to a Prime Minister during his or her term of office.
Source:
Official Website of the UK Parliament: https://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/principal/government-opposition/
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2025/06/12
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United States of America
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h. Not applicable
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The President (Executive) is the Head of State and Head of Government.
Source:
U.S. Constitution, Art. II:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/US/united-states-of-america-constitution-1992/view
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2024/09/30
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Uruguay
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b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
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The president, who is both the head of state and the head of government, is elected by absolute majority of votes. If none of the candidates obtains the required majority, a second round of elections is held between the two candidates with the most votes on the last Sunday of the month of November of the same year.
Source:
Constitution: Constitución de la República de Uruguay, arts. 149, 150, 151, https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/UY/uruguay-constitucion-de-la-republica-2004-vigente/view (2004).
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2024/12/18
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Uzbekistan
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c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
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Candidacy of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan for consideration and approval by the Legislative Chamber shall be submitted by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan following consultations with all factions of political parties within a month after the election of officials and the formation of the bodies of the chambers of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan or within a month after the release from office or resignation of the Prime Minister and the current composition of the Cabinet of Ministers.
The Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall consider the candidacy of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan submitted by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan within ten days from the date of the submission.
Source:
The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Chapter 20, Article 118: https://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#chapter25
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2024/08/26
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|
Vanuatu
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c. Indirectly elected by legislature/chosen by parliament
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The Prime Minister is elected by the absolute majority of the members of parliament by secret ballot.
Source:
Constitution, art. 41 & schedule 2: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/VU/vanuatu-constitution-of-the-republic-of-vanuatu/at_download/file
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2016/01/26
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Venezuela
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a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
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The President who is both the head of state and the head of government is directly elected by the majority of valid votes.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela”, art. 228: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/venezuela-constitucion-reforma-2009/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales”, art. 7: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/venezuela-ley-organica-procesos-electorales-2009/
|
2020/11/15
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|
Viet Nam
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e. Appointed
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The Prime Minister is the head of government. The president recommends the election of the Prime Minister to the National Assembly. The Prime Minister needs to be a representative in the National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution of 1992 as amended, art. 103, 110: http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=10450(2016)
|
2021/04/07
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|
Virgin Islands, British
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e. Appointed
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52.—(1) The Premier shall be appointed by the Governor as follows—
(a) if a political party gains a majority of the seats of elected members of the House of
Assembly the Governor shall appoint as Premier the elected member of the House
recommended by a majority of the elected members of the House who are members of
that party;
(b) if no political party gains such a majority or if no recommendation is made under
paragraph (a), the Governor, acting in his or her discretion, shall appoint as Premier the
elected member of the House of Assembly who, in his or her judgement, is best able to
command the support of a majority of the elected members of the House.
Source:
The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, Article 52(1)
http://www.bvi.gov.vg/sites/default/files/constitution.pdf
|
2019/02/08
|
|
Virgin Islands, U.S.
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b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The head of government is the Governor who is elected together with the Lieutenant Governor by a majority of the votes cast by the people who are qualified to vote for the members of the legislature of the Virgin Islands. If no candidates receive a majority of the votes cast in any election, on the 14th day thereafter a runoff election shall be held between the candidates for governor and lieutenant governor receiving highest and second highest numbers of votes cast.
Source:
Revised Organic Act (1954), art. 11
|
2009/11/26
|
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Wallis and Futuna
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g. No information available
|
|
2009/08/14
|
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Western Sahara
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g. No information available
|
|
2009/08/14
|
|
Yemen
|
e. Appointed
|
The President appoints the Prime Minister, who as a head of government, forms the Council of Ministers.
Source:
Constitution, art. 119 (4), 130: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/category,LEGAL,,,YEM,3fc4c1e94,0.html (2012)
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2012/08/22
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Zambia
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a. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
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Elections to the office of President shall be conducted
directly, under a majoritarian electoral system, where the winning
candidate must receive more than fifty percent of the valid votes
cast
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Zambia, art. 47 & 91 (1)
http://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/amendment_act/Constitution%20of%20Zambia%20%20(Amendment),%202016-Act%20No.%202_0.pdf
|
2016/06/28
|
|
Zanzibar
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e. Appointed
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There shall be a Chief Minister appointed by the President from amongst members of the House of Representatives. The Chief Minister shall be the Leader of Government business of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar in the House of Representatives.
Source:
The Constitution of Zanzibar, art. 39
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/tz/tz028en.pdf (2016)
|
2016/04/05
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Zimbabwe
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b. Directly elected in general elections, absolute majority (with 2nd round if necessary)
|
From the 2013 Constitution, the President is the Head of State and Government
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013; art 89, 92
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Zimbabwe_2013
|
2023/09/25
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