|
total countries/territories: 236
|
|---|
| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
|
Afghanistan
|
a. Yes
|
The President shall be the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, executing his authorities in the executive, legislative and judiciary fields in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
Source:
Constitution of Afghanistan, art. 60: http://www.afghanembassy.com.pl/afg/images/pliki/TheConstitution.pdf (2015).
|
2019/09/24
|
|
Albania
|
a. Yes
|
Constitution Art. 86: The President of the Republic is the Head of State and represents the unity of the people.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Albania, art. 86-94
|
2017/05/17
|
|
Algeria
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 70: https://www.joradp.dz/trv/fcons.pdf (2017)
|
2019/09/25
|
|
American Samoa
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Revised Constitution of American Samoa Preamble
|
2017/08/18
|
|
Andorra
|
b. No
|
Article 43
1. In accordance with the institutional tradition of Andorra, the Coprinces are, jointly and indivisibly, the Head of State, and they assume its highest representation.
2. The Coprinces, an institution which dates from the Pareatges and their historical evolution, are in their personal and exclusive right, the Bishop of Urgell and the President of the French Republic. Their powers are equal and derive from the present Constitution. Each of them swears or affirms to exercise their functions in accordance with the present Constitution.
Source:
Constitution of the Principality of Andorra, Art.43-49: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/AD/andorra-constitution-1993-1/
|
2023/06/09
|
|
Angola
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of 3 February 2010: art. 108: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Angola_2010?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/03/28
|
|
Anguilla
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 19-22
|
2015/02/24
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 22 & 68
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AG/Antigua%20and%20Barbuda%20-%20Constitution/view
|
2014/06/06
|
|
Argentina
|
a. Yes
|
Article 87.- The Executive Power of the Nation will be held by a citizen with the title of 'President of the Argentine Nation'.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la Nación Argentina — Ley 24430, texto oficial ordenado”, art. 87, 90, 94, 99: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-constitucion-nacional-reformas-1994/ (2019);
Electoral Code: “Código Electoral Nacional — Ley 19945”, art. 148–151: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-ley-19945-codigo-electoral-nacional-2019/ (2019)
|
2021/12/26
|
|
Armenia
|
a. Yes
|
Article 123. Status and Functions of the President of the Republic
1. The President of the Republic shall be the head of the State.
2. The President of the Republic shall observe the compliance with the Constitution.
3. In the course of exercising his or her powers, the President of the Republic shall be impartial and shall be guided exclusively by state-wide and nation-wide interests.
4. The President of the Republic shall perform his or her functions through the powers prescribed by the Constitution.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (2015), art. 123:
http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/
|
2017/04/12
|
|
Aruba
|
b. No
|
The head of state is the Dutch monarch. The country has a prime minister.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aa.html
|
2017/07/07
|
|
Australia
|
b. No
|
61. The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the King and is exercisable by the Governor-General as the King's representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth.
Source:
Australia's Constitution of 1901, chapter 2, art 61: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Constitution
|
2024/09/09
|
|
Austria
|
a. Yes
|
The Federal President is elected by the nation on the basis of equal, direct, secret, and personal suffrage once in every six years. The president acts mostly on the advice of the Chancellor and the Cabinet.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 60-68
|
2017/07/07
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
a. Yes
|
Executive power in the Republic of Azerbaijan shall be vested in the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1995) including amendments, article 99: https://president.az/en/pages/view/azerbaijan/constitution
|
2024/11/12
|
|
Bahamas
|
b. No
|
The executive authority is exercised on behalf of Her Majesty by the Governor General.
73. (1) Whenever there shall be occasion for the appointment of a Prime
Minister, the Governor-General shall appoint as Prime Minister-
(a) the member of the House of Assembly who is the leader of the
Party which commands the support of the majority of the members of that
House.
Source:
Constitution: Sections 32,71 and 73
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahamas_2002?lang=en
(2017)
|
2017/03/27
|
|
Bahrain
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 33: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Bangladesh
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of Bangladesh, Art. 48-54
http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/bangladesh-constitution.pdf
|
2012/05/30
|
|
Barbados
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 28 & 63
|
2011/06/22
|
|
Belarus
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic of Belarus shall be the Head of the State, the guarantor of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, the rights and freedoms of man and of the citizen.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Belarus”, art. 79–89: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/BY/belarus-constitution-2021-english/
|
2023/09/13
|
|
Belgium
|
b. No
|
Article 85
The constitutional powers of the King are hereditary through the direct, natural and
legitimate descent from H.M. Leopold, George, Christian, Frederick of Saxe-Coburg, by
order of primogeniture.
The descendant mentioned in the first paragraph who marries without the King’s
consent or, in his absence, without the consent of those exercising the King’s powers
in cases provided for by the Constitution shall be deprived of his right to the crown.
Nonetheless, this right may be restored by the King or, in his absence, by those
exercising the powers of the King in cases provided for by the Constitution, but only
with the assent of both Houses.
Article 96
The King appoints and dismisses his ministers.
The Federal Government offers its resignation to the King if the House of Representatives, by an absolute majority of its members, adopts a motion of no-confidence proposing a successor to the prime minister for appointment by the King or proposes
a successor to the prime minister for appointment by the King within three days of the
rejection of a motion of confidence. The King appoints the proposed successor as prime
minister, who takes office when the new Federal Government is sworn in.
Source:
The Belgian Constitution, Article 85
http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/GrondwetUK.pdf
The Belgian Constitution, Article 96
http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/GrondwetUK.pdf
|
2019/04/25
|
|
Belize
|
b. No
|
Belize is a parliamentary democracy, whose Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor General.
Source:
Constitution: “Belize Constitution, Chapter 4”, Section 30 & 36: aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BZ/belize-en/regions/americas/BZ/belize-constitution-2022/
|
2025/03/24
|
|
Benin
|
a. Yes
|
ARTICLE 42
The President of the Republic shall be elected by direct universal suffrage for a
mandate of five years, renewable only one time.
In any case, no one shall be able to exercise more than two presidential mandates
Source:
Constitution of 11 December 1990, art. 42 - 54
http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Cour-Constitutionnelle-recueil-des-textes-fondamentaux.pdf (2012)
Law 2005-26 of 6 August 2010 regulating the election of the President of the Republic, art. 1, 2
http://ddata.over-blog.com/1/35/48/78/Benin-2/Loi-presidentielle-2011.pdf (2012)
|
2019/04/05
|
|
Bermuda
|
b. No
|
The Premier is the head of the government and is appointed by the Governor
Source:
Constitution, Art. 17
|
2012/05/31
|
|
Bhutan
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution of Bhutan, Articles 1-2: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bhutan_2008
|
2024/08/27
|
|
Bolivia
|
a. Yes
|
The President is elected for a five-year term who can be reelected only once. Currently, the president of Bolivia is Evo Morales Ayma, elected during 2006 elections.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Política del Estado", art. 168: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BO/bolivia-constitucion-politica-del-estado-vigente/ (2019).
|
2024/12/09
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, art. 5.
http://www.ccbh.ba/osnovni-akti/ustav/?title=clan-5
|
2025/06/23
|
|
Botswana
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of Botswana art. 30, 32, 34, 47: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/BW/botswana-constitution-of-1966-with-amendments-up/view (2014).
|
2014/10/24
|
|
Brazil
|
a. Yes
|
Article 76:
The Executive Power is exercised by the President of the Republic, assisted by the Ministers of State.
Article 77:
The election of the President and Vice President of the Republic will take place simultaneously on the first Sunday of October in the first round, and on the last Sunday of October in the second round, if necessary, in the year prior to the end of the current presidential term.
Article 78:
The President and Vice President of the Republic shall take office in a session of the National Congress, taking an oath to uphold, defend, and comply with the Constitution, observe the laws, promote the general welfare of the Brazilian people, and maintain the unity, integrity, and independence of Brazil.
Source:
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988, Article 76, 77, 78:
https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/codigo-eleitoral/constituicao-federal/constituicao-da-republica-federativa-do-brasil
|
2024/10/22
|
|
Brunei Darussalam
|
b. No
|
The head of state is the Sultan.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 4: http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/fdl/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Brunei_Constitution_1959_amended%202011_EN.pdf (2013)
|
2013/03/18
|
|
Bulgaria
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, art. 92-104
http://www.parliament.bg/en/const (2014)
|
2014/10/01
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution as amended in 2012, art. 36 - 60: http://www.ceni.bf/sites/default/files/constitution-revisee-juin-2012.pdf (2012)
|
2015/12/04
|
|
Burma (Myanmar)
|
a. Yes
|
The Head of the Union and the Head of Executive of the Union is the President.
Source:
Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 16, 57 - 73: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
|
2015/11/17
|
|
Burundi
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 96, 102: https://acbc.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl441/files/Legislation/Countries%20legislations/BURUNDI/Constitution%20of%20Burundi%20of%20_2018_compressed.pdf
|
2015/05/19
|
|
Cambodia
|
b. No
|
The King of Cambodia reigns but does not govern. The King shall be the Head of State for life.
Source:
Constitution, art. 7: http://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791.
|
2023/10/11
|
|
Cameroon
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Article. 6, (1): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CM/cameroon-constitution-of-cameroon-2008
|
2018/11/05
|
|
Canada
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution Acts of Canada, 1867-1982
http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/CONST_E.pdf
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Cape Verde
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of Cape Verde as amended in 2010, art. 109 - 114, 125 - 139: http://www.parlamento.cv/Downloads/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20de%20Cabo%20verde,%202010.pdf (2016)
|
2016/05/04
|
|
Cayman Islands
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution: “Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009”, Section 43: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/KY/cayman-islands-constitution-2009/ ;
|
2021/12/13
|
|
Central African Republic
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 22 - 37: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=193706 (2016)
|
2021/04/19
|
|
Chad
|
a. Yes
|
Article 60
The President of the Republic is the Head of State.
He sees to the respect for the Constitution.
He assures, by his arbitration, the regular functioning of the public powers as well as
the continuity of the State.
He is the guarantor of the national independence, of the sovereignty and of the unity,
of the integrity of the territory and of the respect for the treaties and international
agreements.
Article 61
The President is elected for a mandate of five years by universal direct suffrage.
It is re-eligible.
Article 66
The election of the President of the Republic takes place by uninominal majority
ballot in two rounds.
The candidate having obtained the absolute majority of the suffrage expressed[,] is
declared elected at the first round.
If no candidate has obtained the absolute majority in the first round, it proceeds, the
second Sunday following, to a second round for the two candidates arriving ahead.
The candidate having obtained the greatest number of votes at the end of the second
round, is elected President of the Republic.
Source:
Constitution as amended by Constitutional Law n° 008/PR/2005, art. 60, 61, 66: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2005.pdf?lang=en (2016)
|
2019/04/23
|
|
Chile
|
a. Yes
|
The presidential term is of 4 years, with no right to an immediate reelection.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Chile (2017)”, art. 24 - 32:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-de-1/
|
2025/03/03
|
|
China
|
a. Yes
|
The president of the People's Republic of China conducts state affairs and receives foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People's Republic of China
Source:
Constitution, Art. 79-84
|
2012/06/04
|
|
Christmas Island
|
b. No
|
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kt.html
|
2009/11/30
|
|
Cocos (keeling) Islands
|
b. No
|
61. The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor-General as the Queen's representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth.
Source:
Australia's Constitution of 1901, chapter 2, art 61: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Constitution
|
2019/07/08
|
|
Colombia
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitución: “Constitución Política de Colombia”, art. 188-199: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CO/colombia-constitucion-politica-de-colombia-2016
|
2024/12/11
|
|
Comoros
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 12 - 18: http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/com128670.pdf (2016)
|
2016/04/12
|
|
Congo (Brazzaville)
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 56: http://www.presidence.cg/files/my_files/constit200102.pdf (2017)
|
2017/03/29
|
|
Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of the State
Source:
Constitution (2015), Art. 69: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CD/rdc-constitution-2011-english-version/view
|
2018/11/09
|
|
Cook Islands
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 2-3
|
2014/06/05
|
|
Costa Rica
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica”, art. 136: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-constitucion-politica-reformas-2015.pdf/
|
2018/01/24
|
|
Croatia
|
a. Yes
|
Article 94: The President of the Republic of Croatia shall represent and act on behalf of the Republic of Croatia at home and abroad.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Croatia as revised in 2013, art. 94.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Croatia_2013?lang=en
|
2020/07/02
|
|
Cuba
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República de Cuba (2019)”, art. 125: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CU/cuba-constitucion-2019-ace/
|
2023/09/11
|
|
Cyprus
|
a. Yes
|
The President is elected directly, by universal and secret vote, for a five year-term. Currently, the President of Cyprus is Nikos Anastasiadis, elected in 2013.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 36-60:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/CY/cyprus-constitution-1960/ (2016).
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Cyprus (North)
|
a. Yes
|
The executive duties and powers shall be carried out and exercised by the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers in accordance with the Constitution and laws.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 5
|
2012/06/07
|
|
Czech Republic
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of State.
Source:
Constitution as amended by Act 71/2012 Sb., art. 54: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Czech_Republic_2013?lang=en (2017)
|
2023/09/14
|
|
Côte d'Ivoire
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution de la République de Côte d'Ivoire (2000), art.34: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CI/cote-divoire-constitution-du-23-juillet-2000/view
|
2016/11/30
|
|
Denmark
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, Pt. 3 Sec. 14
|
2019/05/22
|
|
Djibouti
|
a. Yes
|
Term limits were removed from the Constitution in 2010
Source:
Constitution, as amended by Constitutional Law n° 134/AN/06/5 L of 21 Avril 2010, art. 21 : https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en (2016)
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/djibouti
|
2023/07/11
|
|
Dominica
|
a. Yes
|
There shall be a President of Dominica who shall be elected by the House and shall hold office for a term of five years.
Source:
Constitution, Sections 18 - 28: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DM/dominica-constitution-of-the-commonwealth-of/view (2014).
|
2014/12/16
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
a. Yes
|
The President is elected by popular vote for a four-year term. Currently, the President of Dominican Republic is Danilo Medina Sánchez, chosen one during 2012 elections.
Source:
Constitución: Constitución de la República Dominicana (2015) art. 122 - 133: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-constitucion-politica-2015/ (2020)
|
2020/02/04
|
|
Ecuador
|
a. Yes
|
The President is elected for a four-year term and can run for re-election.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República del Ecuador”, art. 144: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/EC/ecuador-constitucion-2020/
|
2025/03/13
|
|
Egypt
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic is the head of State and the head of executive power.
Source:
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014, art. 139:
http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf (2014).
|
2018/03/18
|
|
El Salvador
|
a. Yes
|
The president is elected for a five-year term. Immediate re-election is not allowed.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de El Salvador”, art. 80, 150 & 154: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-constitucion-2014/ ;
Electoral Law: “Decreto No. 413 — Código Electoral”, art. 2: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-recopilacion-legislacion-electoral-2021/
|
2024/12/19
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution as amended by referendum of 23 November 2011, art. 33 - 45
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Equatorial_Guinea_2012?lang=en (2016)
|
2016/05/03
|
|
Eritrea
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 39
|
2011/06/21
|
|
Estonia
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia with latest amendment on 6 May 2015, § 77-85.
|
2019/02/19
|
|
Ethiopia
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is the Head of State.
Source:
Constitution, art. 69 - 71
|
2015/05/18
|
|
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution: “Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008”, Section 23 & 56: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/FK/falkland-islands-constitution-2008/ ;
|
2022/04/19
|
|
Faroe Islands
|
b. No
|
Source:
Parliamentary Act on Home Rule in the Faroe Islands 1994; CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fo.html
|
2012/07/06
|
|
Fiji
|
a. Yes
|
In order to be eligible for the office of President, a person must have had a distinguished career in any aspect of national or international life, whether in the public or private sector; holds only a Fijian citizenship; not be a member of or hold any office in any political party, not be a candidate for election to any other office in the State, and have not, at any time during the 6 years immediately before being nominated, been convicted of any offence under any law.
Source:
Constitution, art. 81 - 89: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/FJ/fiji-constitution-2013/at_download/file (2014).
|
2018/04/18
|
|
Finland
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Sections 54 - 59: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf (2012)
|
2019/04/02
|
|
France
|
a. Yes
|
Art 5.
The President of the Republic shall ensure due respect for the Constitution. He shall ensure, by his arbitration, the proper functioning of the public authorities and the continuity of the State.
He shall be the guarantor of national independence, territorial integrity and due respect for Treaties.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 5 - 19
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/France_2008?lang=en
|
2020/06/20
|
|
French Polynesia
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Section II, Articles 5-19.
|
2004/01/15
|
|
Gabon
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 8 - 27
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gabon_1997?lang=en
(2017)
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Gambia
|
a. Yes
|
President is both head of state and government.
Source:
Constitution, Chapter V, part 3, section 49 & Chapter VI, part 1, section 61: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gambia_2004?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/03/21
|
|
Georgia
|
a. Yes
|
The President of Georgia is the Head of the state of Georgia and is the guarantor of the country's unity and national independence.
Source:
Constitution of Georgia, art. 49:
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Georgia_2018?lang=en
|
2024/07/24
|
|
Germany
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 54 - 61
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.pdf
|
2025/03/06
|
|
Ghana
|
a. Yes
|
There shall be a President of the Republic of Ghana who shall be the Head of State and Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ghana.Constitution, art.57
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Ghana (1996), art. 57:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GH/ghana-constitution-1992-with-amendments-through/view
|
2016/09/19
|
|
Gibraltar
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, Chapter II, Article, 19
https://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/constitution/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006.pdf
|
2009/12/03
|
|
Greece
|
a. Yes
|
The President is the regulator of the Regime and is elected by the Parliament for 5 years.
To be eligible for election to the presidency, a person must be a Greek citizen for at least five years, be of Greek descendence from the father's line, have attained the age of forty and be legally entitled to vote.
Source:
Constitution, art. 30-50
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Greece_2008?lang=en
|
2020/07/25
|
|
Greenland
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution (Denmark), Art. 1-3
|
2012/06/14
|
|
Grenada
|
b. No
|
Source:
Grenada Constitution 1973, art. 19 and 58
|
2011/06/28
|
|
Guam
|
a. Yes
|
As Guam is an unincorporated territory of the US, the president of Guam is the president of the USA.
The Governor of Guam acts as Guam's Head of Government for all political authority of Guam where U.S. laws do not apply.
Source:
Organic Act of Guam, 1421 (a) ;
1 Guam Code 400:
https://law.justia.com/codes/guam/2019/title-1/chapter-4/
|
2020/10/28
|
|
Guatemala
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala”, art. 182 & 184: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/GT/constitucion/guatemala-constitucion-politica-2012/ —
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guatemala_1993.pdf
|
2023/05/29
|
|
Guernsey
|
b. No
|
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gk.html
|
2009/12/04
|
|
Guinea
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of the State. He presides over the Council of Ministers. Constitution, art. 45
Source:
Constitution (2010), art. 45: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GN/guinea-constitution-2010-english-version/
|
2017/01/26
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 62 - 72: http://www.anpguinebissau.org/leis/constituicao/constituicaoguine.pdf (2012)
|
2012/12/06
|
|
Guyana
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 89 - 98
|
2015/05/10
|
|
Haiti
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 134 - 154
|
2015/07/29
|
|
Holy See (Vatican City State)
|
a. Yes
|
a) The Cardinal President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
Source:
Official Website of the Vatican City State: http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/StateDepartments/Legislative_and_executive_bodies.htm (2012);
Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001, Art. 1 (1): http://www.vatican.va/vatican_city_state/legislation/documents/scv_doc_20001126_legge-fondamentale-scv_it.html (2012)
|
2012/05/14
|
|
Honduras
|
a. Yes
|
The presidential term shall be four years and shall begin on the 27th day of January following the date on which the election was held.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República de Honduras (2009)", art. 237: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-constitucion-politica-de-1982-2021/
|
2025/08/07
|
|
Hong Kong
|
a. Yes
|
As Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, the head of state is the Chinese President.
Source:
Constitution of People's Republic of China, Art. 79-84: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Constitution/node_2825.htm
|
2021/06/03
|
|
Hungary
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: The Fundamental Law of Hungary (as Amended to 2013), The State, 9-14: http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=140968.322953.
|
2018/07/30
|
|
Iceland
|
a. Yes
|
The President of Iceland is elected by popular vote for a term of 4 years.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 3-30 as amended in 2013
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iceland_2013?lang=en
|
2020/07/27
|
|
India
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
The Constitution of India, Articles 52- 62: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/IN/india-constitution-as-amended-to-2007/view
|
2024/06/12
|
|
Indonesia
|
a. Yes
|
Article 4(1): The President of the Republic of Indonesia shall hold the power of government in accordance with the Constitution.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Art. 4(1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/ID/indonesia-constitution/view
|
2024/01/31
|
|
Iran, Islamic Republic of
|
a. Yes
|
The President is the head of government.
Source:
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, article 113-132: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iran_1989
|
2024/11/19
|
|
Iraq
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of the State and a symbol of the unity of the country and represents the sovereignty of the country. He shall guarantee the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq’s independence,
sovereignty, unity, and the safety of its territories, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
Source:
Iraqi Constitution, Articles 61(3), 67 - 75: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/IQ/Full%20Text%20of%20Iraqi%20Constitution.pdf/view
|
2018/04/15
|
|
Ireland
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 12 - 14: https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html
|
2024/11/21
|
|
Israel
|
a. Yes
|
The State is headed by a President.
Source:
BASIC LAW: The President of the State: https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/Documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawThePresident.pdf
|
2019/05/01
|
|
Italy
|
a. Yes
|
The President is the Head of State and represents the national unity. He is the "guarantor" of the Constitution.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 87
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Italy_2012?lang=en
|
2020/07/18
|
|
Jamaica
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 27
|
2011/05/23
|
|
Japan
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 1-2:
https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html
|
2019/07/09
|
|
Jersey
|
b. No
|
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/je.html
|
2009/12/07
|
|
Jordan
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 28, 30: http://www.representatives.jo/sites/default/files/الدستور.pdf (2015)
|
2016/07/28
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the head of the state, holder of the highest office determining the main guidelines of the domestic and foreign policy of the state and representing Kazakhstan within the country and in international relations.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 1995, amended March 10, 2017 art. 40-48.
https://www.akorda.kz/en/constitution-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-50912
|
2024/09/12
|
|
Kenya
|
a. Yes
|
the executive comprises of the President, Deputy President and the cabinet.
Source:
The Constitution of Kenya Article 130
|
2024/12/06
|
|
Kiribati
|
a. Yes
|
There shall be a president of Kiribati, who shall be known as Beretitenti.
Source:
Constitution
|
2024/11/24
|
|
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
|
a. Yes
|
The DPRK and the entire Korean people will uphold the great leader Comrade Kim Il Sung as the eternal President of the Republic, defend and carry forward his ideas and exploits and complete the Juche revolution under the leadership of the Workers ' Party of Korea.
Source:
Constitution of DPRK, Preamble
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Korea, Republic of
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Korea: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?lang=ENG&hseq=1
|
2024/08/28
|
|
Kuwait
|
b. No
|
There is no president. The head of state is the Amir.
Source:
Constitution, art. 4, 54: http://www.pm.gov.kw/en/state_Of_Kuwait/kuwaitConstitution.jsp (2013)
|
2013/01/30
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
a. Yes
|
The President shall be the head of State.
Source:
Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic (2021), art. 66: https://constsot.kg/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/constitution-of-the-kyrgyz-republic.pdf
|
2025/05/07
|
|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 65 - 68: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LA/Lao-People2019s-Democratic-Republic-Constitution/view
|
2021/02/16
|
|
Latvia
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia as amended on 8 April 2009, art. 35-54: http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/4777/file/Latvia_Constitution_am2009_en.pdf (2014)
|
2022/09/12
|
|
Lebanon
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic is the head of the state.
Source:
Constitution, art. 49: http://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Documents/Lebanese%20Constitution.pdf (2012)
|
2024/11/20
|
|
Lesotho
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Lesotho, art. 44, 45 & 91
|
2017/07/19
|
|
Liberia
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
The 1986 Constitution of the Republic of Liberia, Art. 50, http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LR/liberia-amended-electoral-laws-2014/view
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|
b. No
|
Before the liberation the National Transitional Council shall be complete as approved by the latter. It shall represent the highest authority of the Libyan state and be responsible for running the country until the election of the General National Congress.
After the declaration of liberation, the National Transitional Council shall take its principal seat in Tripoli. It shall establish an interim government within a period not exceeding thirty days, within a total period of not more than ninety days since the declaration of liberation. The Council shall do the following:
Adopt a statute providing for the election of the National General Congress.
Appoint the National High Commission on Elections.
Convoke the elections for the National General Congress.
Source:
The Constitutional Declaration (Transitional National Council of Libya), Art. 18 & 30: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Libya_2011
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Art. 7,8;
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Lithuania
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania (25 October 1992, as last amended on 25 April 2006)http://www3.lrs.lt/home/Konstitucija/Constitution.htm
|
2020/06/05
|
|
Luxembourg
|
b. No
|
b) The Grand Duke is the head of the State, the symbol of its unity and the guarantee of national independence. He exercises the executive power according to the Constitution and the laws of the country.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 33: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Luxembourg_2009
|
2024/11/20
|
|
Macau
|
a. Yes
|
As Macau is a special administrative region of China, the head of state is the Chinese president.
Source:
Constitution (People's Republic of China), art. 79-84
|
2009/12/08
|
|
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic, the Members of Parliament, the Members of Councils and the Mayorof the municipalityshall be elected at general, direct, and free elections, insecret ballot. (Electoral Code, Art 3(1))
Article 79 The President of the Republic Macedonia represents the Republic. The president of the Republic is Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Macedonia. The President of the Republic exercises his/her rights and duties on the basis and within the framework of the Constitution and laws. (Constitution, Art. 79)
Source:
Electoral Code of the Republic of Macedonia including 2021 amendments, article. 4 (1): https://www.ifes.org/document/northmacedoniaelectoralcodeupdatesseptember2021pdf
Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia, art. 79-90.
https://www.sobranie.mk/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-macedonia-ns_article-constitution-of-the-republic-of-north-macedonia.nspx
|
2024/11/19
|
|
Madagascar
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 44 - 62: http://www.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/constitution.pdf (2013)
|
2013/02/07
|
|
Malawi
|
a. Yes
|
The President who is both Head of State and Government is restricted to two five year terms.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, art. 78 and 83 (1).
|
2025/04/14
|
|
Malaysia
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 32: http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/malaysia.pdf (2013)
|
2013/03/21
|
|
Maldives
|
a. Yes
|
109. A person elected as President shall have the following qualifications:
(a)be a Maldivian citizen born to parents who are Maldivian citizens, and who is not also a citizen of a foreign country;
(b)be a Muslim and a follower of a Sunni school of Islam;
(c)be at least thirty-five years of age;
(d)be of sound mind;
(e)not have an undischarged decreed debt;
(f)not have been convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to a term of more than twelve months, unless a period of three years has elapsed since his release, or pardon for the offence for which he was sentenced; and
(g)despite the provisions of article (f), not have been convicted of an offence for which a hadd is prescribed in Islam or of fraud, deception or criminal breach of trust.
Source:
Constitution 2008, art. 106 - 128: http://www.majlis.gov.mv/en/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-english.pdf (2018)
|
2019/02/11
|
|
Mali
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 29-52
Electoral Code, art. 140
|
2009/12/08
|
|
Malta
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 48, 49, 50: http://www.parlament.mt/constituion-of-malta?l=1 (2012)
|
2012/05/22
|
|
Man, Isle of
|
b. No
|
Source:
Isle of Man Constitution: Parliament
http://www.gov.im/isleofman/parliament.xml
|
2009/12/14
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
a. Yes
|
The President functions as both Head of State and Head of Government.
Source:
Constitution, art. 5 (3). https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Marshall_Islands_1995
|
2023/10/12
|
|
Mauritania
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution as amended by Constitutional Law n° 2012-015, art. 23: www.mauritania.mr (2012)
|
2024/10/28
|
|
Mauritius
|
a. Yes
|
The President is the Head of State and is elected by Parliament.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius, art. 28 & 29
|
2012/02/25
|
|
Mayotte
|
a. Yes
|
|
2009/11/12
|
|
Mexico
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos", art. 80–83: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-constitucion-2024/
|
2024/04/12
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
a. Yes
|
Art. 10, Sec. 1: The executive power of the national government is vested in the President of the Federated States of Micronesia.
Source:
Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia Art. 10: http://www.fsmlaw.org/fsm/constitution/article10.htm
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Moldova, Republic of
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
The Constitution of The Republic of Moldova (1994, rev. 2016), article 77-84
|
2021/03/30
|
|
Monaco
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 10 - 16
|
2023/09/11
|
|
Mongolia
|
a. Yes
|
The President of Mongolia shall be the Head of State and the embodiment of the unity of Mongolian people.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 30 - 37: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001?lang=en (2017)
|
2020/02/17
|
|
Montenegro
|
a. Yes
|
Constitution, art. 11: Montenegro shall be represented by the President of Montenegro.
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Republic of Montenegro, SU-SK Ref. no. 01-514/12, 19 October 2007.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Montenegro_2013?lang=en
|
2023/09/25
|
|
Montserrat
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 22
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Morocco
|
b. No
|
Source:
Morocco's Constitution of 2011, Title III: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Mozambique
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of 21 January 2005, art. 146 - 163: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/mozambique-constitution-portuguese-version/view (2014)
|
2024/12/04
|
|
Namibia
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Namibia, art. 27-34
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Nauru
|
a. Yes
|
"There shall be a President of Nauru, who shall be elected by
Parliament."
Source:
Constitution 1968, Art. 16. (http://www.naurugov.nr/media/21406/constitution_19.5.1968.pdf)
|
2012/06/28
|
|
Nepal
|
a. Yes
|
There shall be a President of Nepal. The President shall be the head of state of Nepal. He or she shall perform his or her functions in accordance with the Constitution and the Federal law.
Source:
Article The Constitution of Nepal, 2015 Article 76 (1 and 2) www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/documents/2016/01/constitution-of-nepal-2.pdf
|
2018/04/03
|
|
Netherlands
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Netherlands, Art. 24; 43: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Netherlands_2008?lang=en
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
b. No
|
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nt.html
|
2009/11/12
|
|
New Caledonia
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Section II, Articles 5 -19.
|
2004/01/14
|
|
New Zealand
|
b. No
|
The Sovereign (or the Sovereign's appointed Governor-General) serves as the Head of State. The Prime Minister serves as the Head of Government.
Source:
Constitution Act 1986, Art. 2: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/whole.html#DLM94210 (2017)
https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-business-units/cabinet-office/supporting-work-cabinet/cabinet-manual/2-ministers-crown-1
|
2024/07/02
|
|
Nicaragua
|
a. Yes
|
The President shall exercise their functions for five years. The constitutional reform of 2014 allows the indefinite presidential re-election. Currently, the president of Nicaragua is Daniel Ortega, elected in 2006 and reelected in 2011.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de Nicaragua (2014)”, art. 144 - 150:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/NI/constitucion/constitucion-politica-de-nicaragua-con-reformas-a/ (2016).
|
2016/06/07
|
|
Niger
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of 25 November 2010 with its amendments, art. 46 - 72: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/NE/niger-constitution-2010/
|
2017/02/01
|
|
Nigeria
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution 1999 (as amended), art. 130-152: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179202 (2013)
|
2015/02/14
|
|
Niue
|
b. No
|
The head of state of Niue is the British monarch.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 1.
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Norfolk Islands
|
b. No
|
Source:
Norfolk Island Act, Preamble, p. 1 & art. 6
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nf.html
|
2010/01/07
|
|
Northern Mariana Islands
|
a. Yes
|
The head of state is the President of the United States.
Source:
Constitution, Preamble
https://cnmilaw.org/cons.php#gsc.tab=0
|
2010/01/07
|
|
Norway
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution(last amended May 2014), Art. 3:
|
2017/05/19
|
|
Oman
|
b. No
|
The head of state is the Sultan.
Source:
Basic Statute of the State, as amended by Royal Decree No. 99/2011, art. 41 - 43: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Oman_2011.pdf?lang=en
|
2025/04/30
|
|
Pakistan
|
a. Yes
|
There shall be a President of Pakistan who shall be the Head of State and shall represent the unity of the Republic.
Source:
Constitution, art. 41: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Pakistan_2017
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Palau
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. VIII.
|
2012/07/11
|
|
Palestine
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Palestinian Basic Law, art. 34: http://www.osservatorioiraq.it/sites/default/files/Palestinian%20Basic%20Law%20with%20Amendements%20-%20english.pdf (2013);
Elections Law 2 September 2007 regulating general elections, art. 3: http://www.elections.ps/Portals/0/pdf/Election_Law_%282007-Sept_02%29-EN.pdf (2013)
|
2013/04/08
|
|
Panama
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Panamá”, art. 175–193: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PA/panama-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-2004
|
2024/12/05
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, Section 82: http://www.igr.gov.pg/constitution.pdf (2012)
|
2017/03/16
|
|
Paraguay
|
a. Yes
|
The executive power is exercised by the president.
Source:
Constitution: Constitución Nacional de la República del Paraguay, art. 226:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PY/constitucion/Paraguay%20%281992%29.pdf/ (1992)
|
2023/03/16
|
|
Peru
|
a. Yes
|
Currently, the President of Peru is Ollanta Humala Tasso, chosen one into the second electoral round for five years during 2011 elections.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política del Perú”, art. 112: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-constitucion-politica-2019/
|
2020/01/28
|
|
Philippines
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. VII:
http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/#article-vii (2016)
http://www.asianlii.org/ph/legis/const/1987/8.html (2016)
|
2019/04/24
|
|
Pitcairn Islands
|
b. No
|
"33.—(1) The executive authority of Pitcairn is vested in Her Majesty.
(2) Subject to this Constitution, the executive authority of Pitcairn shall be exercised on behalf of Her Majesty by the Governor, either directly or through officers subordinate to the Governor."
Source:
Constitution Part 4, Article 33(1-2)
http://www.government.pn/Pitcairn%20Islands%20Constitution%20Order%202010.pdf
Pitcairn Order 1970, art. 4
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1970/1434/made
|
2010/01/08
|
|
Poland
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic of Poland shall be the supreme representative of the Republic of Poland and the guarantor of the continuity of State authority.
Source:
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2nd April, 1997, as amended in 2009: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Poland_2009
|
2024/11/13
|
|
Portugal
|
a. Yes
|
Article 120
(Definition)
The President of the Republic represents the Portuguese Republic, guarantees national independence, the
unity of the state and the proper operation of the democratic institutions, and is ex officio Commander-inChief of the Armed Forces.
Source:
Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, Seventh Revision, 2005, Articles 120-140:
https://www.parlamento.pt/Legislacao/Paginas/ConstituicaoRepublicaPortuguesa.aspx - Portuguese
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/pt/pt045en.pdf - English
|
2024/10/26
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
a. Yes
|
The Head of State of the Free Associated State of Puerto Rico is the president of the United States.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico”, art. 1: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PR/puerto-rico-constitucion-1970/
|
2020/11/03
|
|
Qatar
|
b. No
|
The Emir is the head of State. His person shall be inviolable and he must be respected by all.
Source:
Constitution, art. 64: https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/permanent_constitution_state_qatar_en.pdf
|
2025/05/08
|
|
Romania
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Romania, amended in 2003, art. 80-101.https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Romania_2003?lang=en
|
2020/08/22
|
|
Russian Federation
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Russian Federation shall be the head of the State.
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. 80: http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm
|
2024/03/22
|
|
Rwanda
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution (2023), Art. 97 - 115: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/RW/constitution-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-last/view
|
2024/12/04
|
|
Saint Helena
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 26
|
2010/01/12
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
b. No
|
Source:
Article 21, Constitution
|
2020/04/14
|
|
Saint Lucia
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 19
|
2011/06/28
|
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
b. No
|
The executive authority is vested on Her Majesty, exercised on her behalf by the Governor General.
Source:
Constitution of St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1979, art. 19 & 50
|
2021/12/26
|
|
Samoa
|
d. Not applicable
|
There shall be a Head of State of Samoa to be known as O le Ao o le Malo. Samoa has a Head of State who is elected by the Legislative Assembly to hold office for 5 years.
Source:
Samoa Constitution Article 16 and 19: https://www.palemene.ws/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-Eng.pdf (2021)
|
2021/04/09
|
|
San Marino
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 3 (Available on the Official Website of the Parliament: http://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm)
|
2012/05/25
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 77: https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Sao_Tome_and_Principe_2003.pdf?lang=en
|
2021/06/17
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
b. No
|
The system of governance in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia shall be monarchical. Governance shall be limited to the sons of the Founder King.
Source:
The Basic Law of Governance, art. 5: http://www.boe.gov.sa/ViewSystemDetails.aspx?lang=en&SystemID=4 (2012)
|
2012/08/20
|
|
Senegal
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution 2012, art. 26 - 52: http://www.assemblee-nationale.sn/images/stories/PDF/constitution_du_senegal.pdf (2017)
English: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2009?lang=en (2017)
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Serbia
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 111-121
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/RS/constitution-of-the-republic-of-serbia-2006/view
|
2022/07/05
|
|
Seychelles
|
a. Yes
|
Constitution, Art. 50: There shall be a President of Seychelles who shall be the Head of State, Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces of Seychelles.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles (2011), art. 50
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SC/seychelles-constitution-2011/view
|
2025/02/25
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
a. Yes
|
There shall be a President of the Republic of Sierra Leone who shall be Head of State, the supreme executive authority of the Republic and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The President shall be the Fountain of Honour and Justice and the symbol of national unity and sovereignty.
Source:
Constitution (2008), Art. 40 - 72: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SL/sierra-leone-constitution-2008/
|
2017/01/12
|
|
Singapore
|
a. Yes
|
There shall be a President of Singapore who shall be the Head of State.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, Art. 17 - 22: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Singapore_2010?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Slovakia
|
a. Yes
|
The President is the head of state of the Slovak Republic. The President represents
the Slovak Republic both outwardly and through his decisions ensures due performance of
constitutional bodies. The President performs his office according to his/her best
conscience and conviction, and is not bound by any orders.
Source:
The Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Article 101: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/SK/constitution-of-the-slovak-republic-as-amended-to/view
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Slovenia
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 102
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Slovenia_2013?lang=en
|
2017/03/30
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution of 1978, Amended 2014: Art. 1 (2) and 27 (1).
Constitution (2014): https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Solomon_Islands_2014.pdf?lang=en
Amendment 2018: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/SB/solomon-islands-constitution-amendment-2018
|
2019/02/28
|
|
Somalia
|
a. Yes
|
http://www.somaligov.net/President.html
Source:
Transitional Constitution of 2012, Art. 87 - 96: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SO/somalia-provisional-constitution-of-2012/view
|
2016/11/25
|
|
South Africa
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Articles 83, 86 & 202: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ZA/south-africa-electoral-act-2010/view
|
2014/05/01
|
|
South Sudan
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic of South Sudan is the head of State and Government, the Commander-in-Chief of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army and the Supreme Commander of all the other regular forces. The incumbent elected President of the Government of Southern Sudan shall be the President of the Republic of South Sudan.
Source:
Transitional Constitution 2011, art. 97: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e269a3e2.html%C2%A0 (2012)
|
2021/06/02
|
|
Spain
|
a. Yes
|
The Head of Government is the president, and he/she is proposed by the monarch and elected by the Congress of the Deputies (Lower Chamber) following legislative elections.
The 'President of the Government' is equivalent to the function of Prime Minister.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Española", art. 99:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/ES/espana-constitucion-espanola-2011-2016/
|
2025/04/01
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 30, 31, 94: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LK/sri-lanka-constitution-as-amended-up-to-9/at_download/file
|
2016/01/28
|
|
Sudan
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
The Interim National Constitution of 2005, art. 51 - 64: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ba749762.html (2012)
|
2012/08/31
|
|
Suriname
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 90: http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Suriname/english.html (2012)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Swaziland
|
b. No
|
Swaziland is a hereditary monarchy.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, art. 1, 4 & 5
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Sweden
|
b. No
|
Source:
The Instrument of Government, Ch. 1, Art. 5: Official Website of the Parliament: http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Start/Bestall/Sprakversioner/English---engelska1/Sveriges-grundlagar-och-riksdagsordningen1/ (2012);
Act of Succession, Art. 1 - 8
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Switzerland
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Confederation chairs the Federal Council, which is the supreme governing and executive authority of the Confederation.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 176: https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/201506140000/101.pdf (2015)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Syrian Arab Republic
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 83 - 117
|
2014/06/02
|
|
Taiwan
|
a. Yes
|
The President shall be the Chief of State and shall represent the Republic of China in foreign relations.
Source:
Articles 35, Constitution of the Republic of China
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Taiwan_2005.pdf
|
2020/04/13
|
|
Tajikistan
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic of Tajikistan shall be the head of state and executive authority (the Government).
The President shall be the protector of the Constitution, laws, and rights and liberties of the individual and citizen, the guarantor of national independence, unity and territorial integrity, stability, and continuity of the state, and the ensure of the functioning and cooperating of the bodies of state powers and Tajikistan's observance of international treaties.
The citizens of Tajikistan on the basis of universal, direct, and equal suffrage shall elect the President by secret ballot for a term of 7 years.
A person who is at least 30 years old, has citizenship of the Republic of Tajikistan only, a University Degree, knows state language and has been living within the republic at least 10 years shall run for president of the Republic of Tajikistan.
Only a person whose nomination is signed by at least five percent of the electorate shall be eligible for candidacy to the post of President.
One person shall not be elected consecutively to the position of President for more than two term of office.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, amended as of May 22, 2016, art. 64-65.
|
2025/02/14
|
|
Tanzania, United Republic of
|
a. Yes
|
There shall be a President of the United Republic of Tanzania.
Source:
Constitution, art. 33 (1): http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf
|
2015/10/21
|
|
Thailand
|
b. No
|
Thailand has an inherited monarchy.
Source:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, Sec. 1: https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2017-05/CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+KINGDOM+OF+THAILAND+(B.E.+2560+(2017)).pdf
|
2023/10/04
|
|
Timor-Leste
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of State and the symbol and guarantor of national independence and unity of the State and of the smooth functioning of democratic institutions.
Source:
Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, article 74: https://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf
|
2024/11/14
|
|
Togo
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 58 - 75: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,LEGAL,,LEGISLATION,TGO,456d621e2,48ef43c72,0.html (2013)
|
2013/01/03
|
|
Tokelau
|
b. No
|
Article 5: Executive powers of the General Fono
It is the duty of the General Fono to manage the following matters in the interests of the nation -
National budget appropriation and national financial management;
National public service;
The relationship of Tokelau with New Zealand;
International relations;
National integrity;
National resources;
National transport;
Telecommunications;
Postal services;
Policy and structures for national health and education;
Tokelau currency for coin collectors; and
Any matters related to any of these items and any matter referred by the Taupulega of each village to the General Fono for its consideration, decision, or legislative action.
The capacity of Tokelau to enter into treaties and other international arrangements shall be exercised by the Council for the Ongoing Government.
Any treaty or other international arrangement may be entered into by Tokelau only following a resolution of the General Fono to that effect.
No provision of a treaty or other international arrangement shall have the effect of law unless approved by the General Fono by Rule.
Every document that must be signed by Tokelau may be signed on behalf of Tokelau by the three Faipule, or the Ulu, as they decide.
Source:
Constitution of Tokelau 2007, Article 5
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/TK/tokelau-constitution
'Tokelau Islands Information Paper, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade': http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/Tokelau.php
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tl.html
|
2020/01/22
|
|
Tonga
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 30, 31: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/TO/Tonga%20Act%20of%20Constitution%201988.pdf/view (2021)
|
2021/09/13
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
a. Yes
|
The President is voted for by an Electoral College made up of all the members of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago”, Section 22: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TT/trinidad-and-tobago-constitution-2016/
|
2020/08/22
|
|
Tunisia
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of State and the symbol of its unity.
Source:
The Constitution of 26 January 2014, art. 72: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/TN/tunisia-constitution-of-26-january-2014/view (2014)
|
2019/08/05
|
|
Turkey
|
a. Yes
|
Executive power and function shall be exercised and carried out by the President of the Republic in conformity with the Constitution and laws.
Source:
Unofficial Translation Of The Amendments To The Constitution, art. 8: http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-REF(2017)005-e
|
2016/01/21
|
|
Turkmenistan
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of Turkmenistan (2016), Article 68: http://www.osce.org/odihr/262336?download=true.
|
2013/03/05
|
|
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution: “The Constitution of the Turks and Caicos Islands”: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TC/turks-and-caicos-constitution-2014/
|
2020/10/08
|
|
Tuvalu
|
b. No
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 48 & 54-55: http://tuvalu-legislation.tv/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1986/1986-0001/ConstitutionofTuvalu_1.pdf
|
2012/06/19
|
|
Uganda
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, art. 98, 103: http://www.ec.or.ug/docs/Constitution_1995.pdf (2016)
|
2016/02/08
|
|
Ukraine
|
a. Yes
|
The President of Ukraine is the Head of State. S/he shall be elected by the citizens of Ukraine for a five-year term, on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage, by secret ballot, for more than two consecutive terms. The candidate who obtains the absolute majority of votes shall be elected President.
Source:
Constitution, articles 102, 103: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80
|
2019/03/11
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
a. Yes
|
The Supreme Council of the Union shall elect from among its members a President of the Union and a Deputy to the President of the Union. The Deputy President of the Union shall exercise all the powers of the President in the event of his absence for any reason.
Source:
Constitution, art. 51 - 54: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/United_Arab_Emirates_2009?lang=en
|
2019/09/25
|
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
b. No
|
Source:
Official Website of the UK Government: https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/prime-minister
|
2025/06/12
|
|
United States of America
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Article II, Section 1, United States Constitution
|
2024/09/30
|
|
Uruguay
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: Constitución de la República de Uruguay, arts. 149-159, https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/UY/uruguay-constitucion-de-la-republica-2004-vigente/view (2004).
|
2024/12/18
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
a. Yes
|
The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the head of the state and ensures confirmed functioning and interaction of the state authorities.
Source:
The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Chapter 19, Article 105: https://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#chapter25
|
2024/08/26
|
|
Vanuatu
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 33: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/VU/vanuatu-constitution-of-the-republic-of-vanuatu/at_download/file
|
2016/01/26
|
|
Venezuela
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela”, art. 225–237: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/venezuela-constitucion-reforma-2009/
|
2020/11/15
|
|
Viet Nam
|
b. No
|
President of the National Assembly
duration: 5 years (term of House)
elected by all Members of the Assembly
- the election is held at the beginning of the first session of the newly elected Assembly
- after the Members' mandates have been validated and after the Members have been sworn in
Source:
Constitution of 1992 as amended, art. 101 - 108: http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=10450 (2016)
|
2021/04/07
|
|
Virgin Islands, British
|
b. No
|
The British Virgin Islands are a British Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom, which means that ultimate executive authority rests with the Queen who then appoints a Governor.
Source:
The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, Article 35(1)
http://www.bvi.gov.vg/sites/default/files/constitution.pdf
The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, Article 46(1)
http://www.bvi.gov.vg/sites/default/files/constitution.pdf
|
2019/02/08
|
|
Virgin Islands, U.S.
|
a. Yes
|
The president of the USA is the head of state.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vq.html
|
2009/11/26
|
|
Wallis and Futuna
|
c. No information available
|
Source:
Constitution, Section II, Articles 5-19.
|
2009/08/14
|
|
Western Sahara
|
c. No information available
|
|
2009/08/14
|
|
Yemen
|
a. Yes
|
The President is the Head of State and is selected by absolute majority of popular votes in direct elections.
Source:
Constitution, art. 106, 108: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/category,LEGAL,,,YEM,3fc4c1e94,0.html (2012)
|
2012/08/22
|
|
Zambia
|
a. Yes
|
The President is both the Head of State and the Head of Government.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Zambia, art. 47 & 91 (1)
http://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/amendment_act/Constitution%20of%20Zambia%20%20(Amendment),%202016-Act%20No.%202_0.pdf
|
2016/06/28
|
|
Zanzibar
|
a. Yes
|
There shall be a President of Zanzibar who shall be the Head of Govemment ofZanzlbar and Chairman of the Revolutionary Council.
Source:
The Constitution of Zanzibar, art. 26
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/tz/tz028en.pdf (2016)
|
2016/04/05
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
a. Yes
|
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013; art 89, 92
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Zimbabwe_2013
|
2023/09/25
|
