|
total countries/territories: 214
|
|---|
| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
|
Afghanistan
|
d. No information available
|
|
2019/09/24
|
|
Albania
|
d. No information available
|
|
2017/05/19
|
|
Algeria
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
The results of referenda concerning constitutional changes are always binding. Results of referenda concerning issues of national importance are not necessarily binding.
Source:
Constitution, art. 7, 77 (10), 174 - 177: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Algeria_2008?lang=en (2017)7
https://www.joradp.dz/hfr/consti.htm
|
2019/09/25
|
|
Andorra
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
IDEA International Direct Democracy Database: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/country-view/42/45
|
2023/06/09
|
|
Angola
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Constitution of 3 February 2010, art. 161 (j), 168: http://www.tribunalconstitucional.ao/uploads/%7B9555c635-8d7c-4ea1-b7f9-0cd33d08ea40%7D.pdf (2017)
|
2017/03/29
|
|
Anguilla
|
e. Not applicable
|
|
2015/02/27
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
"Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook" (2008), (http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm)
|
2009/08/20
|
|
Argentina
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
At the initiative of the House of Deputies, Congress may submit a bill to popular consultation. The law calling said consultation shall not be vetoed. With the affirmative vote of the people of the Nation, the bill shall become a law and its promulgation shall be automatic. Congress or the President of the Nation, according to their respective powers, shall call a non-binding popular consultation. In this case voting shall not be compulsory. With the vote of the absolute majority of all the members of each House, Congress shall regulate the subjects, procedures and time of the popular consultation.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la Nación Argentina — Ley 24430, texto oficial ordenado”, art. 40: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-constitucion-nacional-reformas-1994/ (2019);
Referendum Law: "Ley de Consulta popular vinculante y no vinculante — Ley 25432": http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-ley-25432-referendum-2012/ (2019)
|
2021/12/26
|
|
Armenia
|
a. Always binding
|
The draft submitted to a referendum shall be considered to have been passed if it receives more than fifty percent of the votes, but not less than one fourth of the number of registered voters.
Source:
Law on Referendum of the Republic of Armenia (2001), art. 35 (2), 36: http://res.elections.am/images/doc/hanraqve_eng.pdf (2013);
Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, art. 113: http://res.elections.am/images/doc/consist_eng.pdf (2013).
|
2015/12/01
|
|
Aruba
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
"Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook" (2008), (http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm)
|
2009/08/20
|
|
Australia
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Referendums on the basis of Constitutional Amendments are always binding.
Source:
"Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook" (2008), (https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/direct-democracy-the-international-idea-handbook_0.pdf)
Referendum (Machinery Provisions) Act 1984: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00100/f03f448e-da13-4d34-928b-688bc43735e4
|
2024/09/09
|
|
Austria
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Bills which are called to referendum by the Lower House of Austrian Parliament are binding. Bills called to referendum in the National Council are non-binding.
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Constitution of Austria, Articles 1-46
|
2012/05/29
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
a. Always binding
|
The application and execution of acts adopted by referendum shall be obligatory for citizens, the legislature, the executive and the judiciary, legal entities and municipalities only upon the publication thereof.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1995) including amendments, article 149: https://president.az/en/pages/view/azerbaijan/constitution
|
2024/11/12
|
|
Bahamas
|
a. Always binding
|
the Bill, after its passage through both Houses has been submitted to the electors qualified to vote for the elections of members of the House of Assembly and, on a vote taken in such manner as Parliament may prescribe the majority of the electors voting have approved the Bill.
Source:
Constitution Article 54.2.b.ii
|
2017/03/27
|
|
Bahrain
|
a. Always binding
|
The King may conduct a popular referendum on important laws and issues connected with the interests of the State. The issue on which the referendum has been held is considered to have been agreed upon if approved by a majority of the votes cast. The result of the referendum shall be binding on all and effective from the date it is declared, and it shall be published on the Official Gazette.
Source:
Constitution, art. 43: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Bangladesh
|
a. Always binding
|
When the President is presented with a bill for assent, it must be signed into law within 7 days or it automatically becomes law without his assent. The same applies to referendums conducted for constitutional amendments.
Source:
The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, article 142
"Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook" (2008) (http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm)
|
2012/05/30
|
|
Barbados
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
"Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook" (2008) (http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm)
|
2009/08/21
|
|
Belarus
|
a. Always binding
|
The decisions adopted by the republican referendum shall be signed by the President of the Republic of Belarus.
The decision adopted by the referendum is signed by the President of the Republic of Belarus and is subject to the immediate and obligatory official publication after its signing.
The decision adopted by the referendum enters into force in 10 days after its official publication, unless other term is established therein.
The date of adoption of the decision by the referendum is deemed to be the date of the referendum.
Legal force of the decision adopted by a referendum is determined by the edict of the President of the Republic of Belarus on calling the referendum.
The decisions adopted by the referendum may be cancelled or changed only by means of a referendum, unless otherwise determined by the referendum.
If implementing the decision, adopted by the referendum, requires the issuance of a legal act, such act shall be adopted within five months from the date of entry into force of the decision adopted by the referendum.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Belarus”, art. 74: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/BY/belarus-constitution-2021-english/ ;
Electoral Code: "Electoral Code of the Republic of Belarus”, art. 123 & 124: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/BY/belarus-electoral-code-2023-english/
|
2023/09/13
|
|
Belgium
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
"Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook", (2008) (http://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/direct-democracy-international-idea-handbook);
The Belgian Constitution
|
2019/04/25
|
|
Belize
|
a. Always binding
|
A simple majority is needed to decide the referendum.
Source:
Referendum Law: “Referendum Act, Chapter 10”: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BZ/belize-referendum-act-2020/ ;
Recall Law: “Recall of Elected Representatives Act, Chapter 9:01”, Section 5A: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BZ/belize-recall-of-elected-representatives-act-2020/
|
2025/03/24
|
|
Benin
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution of 11 December 1990, art. 4, 58, 108, 155
http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Cour-Constitutionnelle-recueil-des-textes-fondamentaux.pdf (2016);
Organic Law of 3 October 2011 on the organisation of referendum, art. 2, 33: http://www.uprbenin.org/Documents/loi_referendaire_2011/proposition.pdf (2016)
|
2019/04/05
|
|
Bermuda
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Direct Democracy, the International IDEA Handbook
http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/upload/DDH_inlay_low.pdf
|
2012/05/31
|
|
Bhutan
|
a. Always binding
|
The will of the people shall be expressed in a National Referendum. A simple majority of the total number of votes cast and counted shall be required for the referendum to be adopted.
The results of a National Referendum shall be binding on all organs of the government, public and private entities.
The decision of a National Referendum must be implemented on being approved in the National Referendum.
Source:
National Referendum Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2008, Article 60-61: https://www.ecb.bt/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/NationalReferendumActEnglish.pdf
Constitution of Bhutan, Article 34: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bhutan_2008
|
2024/08/27
|
|
Bolivia
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution; "Constitución Política del Estado", art. 11 (II-1), 240 (III), 257 (II), 259, 260 (III), 294 (II), 295 (II), 411, 162 (I-1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BO/bolivia-constitucion-politica-del-estado-vigente/ (2019).
Electoral Law; “Ley del Régimen Electoral — Ley 026-2010”, art. 15: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BO/bolivia-ley-026-2010-regimen-electoral-vigente/ (2019).
|
2024/12/10
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Once the legislative body reaches decision to organise a referendum, its final result is binding. Initiatives can be included in an agenda of the session of Parliamentary Committee, which will be decided by the members of that Committee (further, it can also be discussed at the plenary session of the Parliament).
Source:
"Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook", (2008) (http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm)
|
2025/06/26
|
|
Botswana
|
a. Always binding
|
In order to pass certain amendments to the Constitution a referendum must be conducted and approved by the majority of voters.
Source:
Constitution of Botswana art. 89 (4): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/BW/botswana-constitution-of-1966-with-amendments-up/view (2014).
Referendum Act, (Chapter 02:10): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/BW/botswana-referendum-act-chapter-02-10/view (2014).
|
2014/10/28
|
|
Brazil
|
a. Always binding
|
Law No. 9,709, of November 18, 1998:
Article 2. Plebiscites and referendums are consultations put to the people to deliberate on matters of significant relevance, of a constitutional, legislative, or administrative nature.
§ 1. The plebiscite is convened prior to a legislative or administrative act, allowing the people, through voting, to approve or deny what has been submitted to them.
§ 2. The referendum is convened after a legislative or administrative act, and it is the responsibility of the people to ratify or reject it.
Source:
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988, Article 14, 49:
https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/codigo-eleitoral/constituicao-federal/constituicao-da-republica-federativa-do-brasil
Law on Elections, Law No. 9,504/1997:
https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/codigo-eleitoral/lei-das-eleicoes/lei-das-eleicoes-lei-nb0-9.504-de-30-de-setembro-de-1997
Law No. 9,709, of November 18, 1998:
https://www.planalto.gov.br/Ccivil_03/leis/L9709.htm
Plebiscite and Referendum:
https://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/plebiscitos-e-referendos
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Brunei Darussalam
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution: http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/fdl/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Brunei_Constitution_1959_amended%202011_EN.pdf (2013)
|
2013/03/18
|
|
Bulgaria
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
http://www.parliament.bg/en/const
|
2014/10/01
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution as amended in 2015, art. 49, 147, 164, 169: http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/fr/bf/bf017fr.pdf (2015)
|
2015/12/04
|
|
Burma (Myanmar)
|
a. Always binding
|
Certain constitutional provisions shall be amended with the prior approval of more than seventy-five percent of all the representatives of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, after which in a nation-wide referendum only with the votes of more than half of those who are eligible to vote.
Source:
Constitution of Myanmar, art. 436 (a): http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
|
2015/11/20
|
|
Burundi
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution 4, 204, 282: https://acbc.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl441/files/Legislation/Countries%20legislations/BURUNDI/Constitution%20of%20Burundi%20of%20_2018_compressed.pdf
|
2025/05/08
|
|
Cambodia
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution: http://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791
|
2023/10/12
|
|
Cameroon
|
a. Always binding
|
The referendum bill shall be adopted where, at the end of the referendum, “YES” carries the majority of the valid votes cast.
Source:
Electoral Code Chapter VII section 213 (1): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CM/cameroon-electoral-code-english-2012
|
2018/11/07
|
|
Canada
|
c. Never binding
|
Source:
International Idea (2008):"Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook", (http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm).
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Cape Verde
|
a. Always binding
|
The result of the referendum is binding to all the organs of political power and public and private entities.
Source:
Constitution of Cape Verde as amended in 2010, art. 103 (5): http://www.parlamento.cv/Downloads/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20de%20Cabo%20verde,%202010.pdf (2016)
|
2016/05/04
|
|
Cayman Islands
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
People-initiated referendums are binding if more than 50 per cent of the persons registered as electors assent to them.
Source:
Constitution: “Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009”, Section 70: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/KY/cayman-islands-constitution-2009/ ;
|
2021/12/13
|
|
Central African Republic
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Electoral Law N° 09.016, Art. 136 - 151: http://ddata.over-blog.com/1/35/48/78/Centrafrique/CODE_ELECTORAL-RCA-2-octobre-2010.pdf (2016);
Constitution, Art. 19, 28, 69, 70, 107: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=193706 (2016)
|
2021/04/19
|
|
Chad
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution as amended by Constitutional Law n° 008/PR/2005, art. 82, 220 (3), 224 (3): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2005.pdf?lang=en(2016)
|
2019/04/23
|
|
Chile
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Chile (2017)”, art. 128 & 129:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-de-1/
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica Constitucional sobre Votaciones Populares y Escrutinios (2016)”, art. 172:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-ley-sobre-votaciones-populares-y-escrutinios/
|
2025/03/27
|
|
China
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2012/06/04
|
|
Cocos (keeling) Islands
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
239. Amendments to the Australian constitution must be approved in a referendum.
A double majority, comprising a majority of the national electorate and a majority in
four of the six states, is required for an amendment to be adopted. The government may
also hold non-binding referendums on other issues.
Source:
International IDEA Handbook for Direct Democracy (2008), page 192: https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/direct-democracy-the-international-idea-handbook_0.pdf
|
2019/07/11
|
|
Colombia
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de Colombia”, art. 104, 170, 374, 377, 378:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CO/colombia-constitucion-politica-de-colombia-2016 (2016)
Law 134 of 1994 on political participation: “Ley 134-1994 de participación ciudadana”, art. 45, 46, 48:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CO/leyes-electorales/colombia-ley-134-de-1994-participacion-ciudadana/ (1994)
|
2024/12/13
|
|
Comoros
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Constitution: http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/com128670.pdf (2016)
|
2025/09/30
|
|
Congo (Brazzaville)
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 86, 180, 186: http://www.presidence.cg/files/my_files/constit200102.pdf (2017);
Election law of 24 November 2001, Art. 43: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CG/congo-brazzaville-electoral-law-2001/view (2017)
Election law of 24 November 2001, Amended 2016, Art. 44, 45
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CG/congo-brazzaville-electoral-law-amendments-2016/view (2017)
|
2017/03/29
|
|
Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution de la RDC (2011) Art. 5, 214, 218:http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CD/rdc-constitution-2011/
|
2016/11/30
|
|
Costa Rica
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica”, art. 102 (9): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-constitucion-politica-reformas-2015.pdf/; Referendum Law: "Ley de regulación del referéndum", art. 4: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-decreto-8492-regulacion-referendum.pdf/
Regulations for the referendum: "Reglamento para los procesos del referéndum", art. 18: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-reglamento-procesos-referendum.pdf/
|
2018/01/24
|
|
Croatia
|
a. Always binding
|
Article 87: (5) Decisions made at referenda shall be binding.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Croatia as revised on 06 July 2010, art. 87(5)
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Croatia_2013?lang=en
|
2025/04/15
|
|
Cuba
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República de Cuba (2019)”, art. 228: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CU/cuba-constitucion-2019-ace/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley No. 127, Ley Electoral”, art. 265: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CU/cuba-ley-electoral-127-2019-ace/
|
2023/09/12
|
|
Cyprus
|
d. No information available
|
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Cyprus (North)
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2012/06/07
|
|
Czech Republic
|
a. Always binding
|
--only information about EU referendum available though--
Source:
Constitution of the Czech Republic
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Czech_Republic_2013?lang=en
|
2018/03/02
|
|
Côte d'Ivoire
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 43, 126: http://cndj.ci/constitution.htm (2012)
|
2012/12/17
|
|
Denmark
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Turnout quotas
"A turnout quota is a rule specifying that the result of a referendum is not valid, binding or affirmative unless at least a minimum percentage of those entitled to vote in the referendum actually vote or unless the votes cast amount to a certain percentage of those entitled to vote. Turnout quotas exist in many jurisdictions. In Denmark, for example, referendums on constitutional change require approval by a majority of votes cast and at least 40 per cent of the electorate. Turnout quotas can prevent intense minorities (small groups who care very strongly about an issue, and who are therefore highly motivated to vote) from imposing their will on silent majorities (who, feeling less passionate about the issue, are less inclined to vote). As such, turnout quotas may increase the legitimacy of the result. However, a very high turnout quota (e.g. above 50 per cent) may make it unduly difficult to change the status quo."
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008), pg. 17-18. https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/direct-democracy-primer.pdf
|
2019/05/27
|
|
Djibouti
|
d. No information available
|
There is no explicit language on whether or not referendum results are binding
Source:
Constitution, as amended by Constitutional Law n° 134/AN/06/5 L of 21 Avril 2010 https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en (2016)
|
2018/04/02
|
|
Dominica
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2009/10/22
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitución: Constitución de la República Dominicana (2015) art. 272 párrafo III: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-constitucion-politica-2015/ (2020)
|
2020/02/05
|
|
Ecuador
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República del Ecuador”, art. 106: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/EC/ecuador-constitucion-2020/ ; Direct Democracy Law: “Ley Orgánica de Participación Ciudadana” art. 18: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/EC/ecuador-ley-participacion-ciudadana-2011/
|
2025/03/13
|
|
Egypt
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014, art.137, 151, 161, 226: http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf (2014).
|
2025/09/30
|
|
El Salvador
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de El Salvador”, art. 89: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-constitucion-2014/
|
2024/12/19
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
a. Always binding
|
A constitutional reform approved by referendum becomes definitive.
Source:
Constitution as amended by referendum of 23 November 2011, art. 133 (4)
|
2012/10/03
|
|
Estonia
|
a. Always binding
|
Referendum Act: § 4. Obligation to comply with decision of referendum
The decision of a referendum shall be binding for all state authorities.
Constitution, § 105: (3 )A law which is passed by a referendum is promptly promulgated by the President. The decision of the referendum is binding on all public bodies.
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia with latest amendment on 6 May 2015, § 105(3).
Law: Referendum Act latest amended 12 October 2016
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) (http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm)
|
2019/02/20
|
|
Ethiopia
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 39 (4 - c), 47 (3 - c,e);
Electoral Law as amended by Proclamation No. 532/2007, art. 32: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ET/ethiopia-proclamatio-no.-532-2007-amending-the/view
|
2015/05/18
|
|
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution: “Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008”, Section 27: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/FK/falkland-islands-constitution-2008/ ;
|
2022/04/19
|
|
Fiji
|
a. Always binding
|
If a Bill for the amendment of the Constitution is passed by Parliament,
the President shall refer the Bill to the Electoral Commission, which shall conduct a referendum for all registered voters in Fiji to vote on the Bill. If the outcome of the referendum is that three-quarters of the total number of
the registered voters have voted in favour of the Bill, then the President must assent to the Bill, which shall come into force on the date of the Presidential assent or on such other date as prescribed in the Bill.
Source:
Constitution, sec. 160: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/FJ/fiji-constitution-2013/at_download/file (2014).
|
2018/04/20
|
|
Finland
|
c. Never binding
|
Section 53 – Referendum and citizens’ initiative (new title, 1112/2011, entry into force 1.3.2012)
The decision to organise a consultative referendum is made by an Act, which shall contain provisions on the time of
the referendum and on the choices to be presented to the voters.
Source:
Constitution, Section 53: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf (2012);
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2019/04/02
|
|
France
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Official Website of the Constitutional Court: http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/documentation/dossiers-thematiques/2005-referendum-traite-constitution-pour-l-europe/textes/textes-relatifs-a-l-organisation-et-au-controle-du-referendum.42850.html (2012);
Constitution, Art. 3, 11, 89
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/France_2008?lang=en
|
2020/06/20
|
|
Gabon
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution (as amended in 2011), art. 2, 18, 114, 116
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gabon_1997?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Gambia
|
a. Always binding
|
63. 4. where a no confidence motion is passed in accordance with subsection (3), the speaker shall request the Independent Electoral Commission to call for a referendum within thirty days of the passing of such motion to endorse or reject the decision of the National Assembly and where such decision is endorsed the President shall vacate the office.
79. 2. The Gambia shall not-
a.enter into any engagement with any other country which causes it to lose its sovereignty without the matter first being put to a referendum and passed by such majority as may be prescribed by an Act of the National assembly;
b.become a member of any international organisation unless the National assembly is satisfied that it is in the interest of The Gambia and that membership does not derogate from its sovereignty.
Source:
Constitution, sections 63 (4, 5), 79 (2), 102 (d), 226: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GM/constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-gambia/view
|
2017/03/21
|
|
Georgia
|
a. Always binding
|
Legislative and executive authorities of Georgia are obliged to harmonize Georgian legislation and other legal acts with the referendum results within one month. A decision made as a result of the referendum may be changed or cancelled only by holding another referendum. The Constitutional Court of Georgia has the right to invalidate the referendum results under the procedures as provided for by the law
Source:
The Election Code of Georgia, art. 183:
https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/1557168?publication=87
|
2024/07/25
|
|
Germany
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 29
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html
|
2021/11/29
|
|
Ghana
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
The President shall, under clause (1) of this article, and acting in accordance with the results of the referendum held under clauses (4) and (5) of this article, issue a constitutional instrument giving effect, or enabling effect to be given, to the results. Constitution, art. 5
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Ghana (1996), art. 5: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GH/ghana-constitution-1992-with-amendments-through/view
|
2016/10/05
|
|
Gibraltar
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2019/11/04
|
|
Greece
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
The result of the referendum regarding important social matters is binding when at least fifty percent (50%) of the registered voters participated in the voting procedure.
Source:
Constitution, art. 44;
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Greece_2008?lang=en
Law 4023/2011, art. 16 (4): http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/bcc26661-143b-4f2d-8916-0e0e66ba4c50/d-dhmops-pap.pdf (2013)
|
2020/07/26
|
|
Greenland
|
d. No information available
|
|
2012/06/14
|
|
Grenada
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2009/10/23
|
|
Guam
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
3 Guam Code Ch. 16:
http://www.guamcourts.org/CompilerofLaws/GCA/03gca/3gc016.PDF
|
2020/10/28
|
|
Guatemala
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Electoral Law: “Ley Electoral y de Partidos Políticos”, art. 250 bis: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/GT/guatemala-lepp-y-reglamentos-2023/
|
2023/05/29
|
|
Guinea
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution (2010), art. 51, 152: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GN/guinea-constitution-2010-english-version/
|
2017/01/26
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 85 (b): http://www.anpguinebissau.org/leis/constituicao/constituicaoguine.pdf (2012)
|
2014/06/24
|
|
Haiti
|
e. Not applicable
|
|
2015/04/08
|
|
Holy See (Vatican City State)
|
e. Not applicable
|
|
2012/05/14
|
|
Honduras
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Referendum’s result shall be binding if at least 51% of the citizens registered in the electoral roll cast their vote, or if the majority of valid votes approve the consultation.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de 1982", art. 5: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-constitucion-politica-de-1982-2021/ ;
Direct Democracy Law: "Ley de mecanismos de participación ciudadana (2013)”, art. 31: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-ley-democracia-directa-2013/
|
2025/08/07
|
|
Hong Kong
|
d. No information available
|
|
2021/06/07
|
|
Hungary
|
a. Always binding
|
"A national referendum shall be valid if more than half of all voters have cast valid votes, and it shall be conclusive if more than half of those voting validly have given the same answer to a question."
Source:
The Fundamental Law of Hungary (Amended to 2013), The State, Article 8(4): http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=140968.322953.
|
2018/07/30
|
|
Iceland
|
c. Never binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2012/06/20
|
|
India
|
d. No information available
|
Legal provisions for direct democracy measures are not found in the Constitution or Representation of the Peoples Act.
Source:
The Constitution of India: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/IN/india-constitution-as-amended-to-2007/view
Representation of the People Act, 1950: http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf
Representation of the People Act, 1951: http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/04_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201951.pdf
|
2024/09/11
|
|
Indonesia
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/ID/indonesia-constitution/view
|
2014/04/02
|
|
Iran, Islamic Republic of
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
IFES: "Duality By Design: The Iranian Electoral System" (2011). Electoral Management Bodies https://www.sssup.it/UploadDocs/14620_2_R_Duality_by_Design__The_Iranian_Electoral_System_Yasmin_Alem.pdf
|
2024/11/19
|
|
Iraq
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Iraqi Constitution, Articles 126 (2, 3, 4,), 131, & 142 (3, 4): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/IQ/Full%20Text%20of%20Iraqi%20Constitution.pdf/view
|
2018/04/19
|
|
Ireland
|
a. Always binding
|
1° In every case in which the President decides that a Bill the subject of a petition under this Article contains a proposal of such national importance that the will of the people thereon ought to be ascertained, he shall inform the Taoiseach and the Chairman of each House of the Oireachtas accordingly in writing under his hand and Seal and shall decline to sign and promulgate such Bill as a law unless and until the proposal shall have been approved either
i by the people at a Referendum in accordance with the provisions of section 2 of Article 47 of this Constitution within a period of eighteen months from the date of the President's decision, or
ii by a resolution of Dáil Éireann passed within the said period after a dissolution and re-assembly of Dáil Éireann.
Every proposal for an amendment of this Constitution which is submitted by Referendum to the decision of the people shall, for the purpose of Article 46 of this Constitution, be held to have been approved by the people, if, upon having been so submitted, a majority of the votes cast at such Referendum shall have been cast in favour of its enactment into law.
2 1° Every proposal, other than a proposal to amend the Constitution, which is submitted by Referendum to the decision of the people shall be held to have been vetoed by the people if a majority of the votes cast at such Referendum shall have been cast against its enactment into law and if the votes so cast against its enactment into law shall have amounted to not less than thirty-three and one-third per cent. of the voters on the register.
2° Every proposal, other than a proposal to amend the Constitution, which is submitted by Referendum to the decision of the people shall for the purposes of Article 27 hereof be held to have been approved by the people unless vetoed by them in accordance with the provisions of the foregoing sub-section of this section.
3 Every citizen who has the right to vote at an election for members of Dáil Éireann shall have the right to vote at a Referendum.
4 Subject as aforesaid, the Referendum shall be regulated by law.
Source:
Direct Democracy Database: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/country?country=107&database_theme=309
Constitution, Art. 47, 27(5): https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html
|
2024/11/21
|
|
Israel
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
International IDEA Direct Democracy Handbook:
https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/direct-democracy-the-international-idea-handbook.pdf
|
2019/06/13
|
|
Italy
|
a. Always binding
|
There is one specific example of consultative referendum in Italy. In 1989, an ad hoc Constitutional Law ("Legge Costituzionale 3 aprile 1989, n.2") amended the constitution for one specific case: to confer constitutional-drafting powers to the European Parliament.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 71, 75, 123, 132 and 138
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Italy_2012?lang=en
|
2020/07/18
|
|
Japan
|
a. Always binding
|
The Constitution of Japan, ChIX, Art.96
"...Amendments when so ratified shall immediately be promulgated by the Emperor in the name of the people, as an integral part of this Constitution."
Source:
The Constitution of Japan, Ch IX, Art.96:
https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html
|
2019/07/10
|
|
Jersey
|
c. Never binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2009/10/23
|
|
Jordan
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution: http://www.representatives.jo/pdf/constitution_en.pdf (2012)
|
2012/08/17
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
a. Always binding
|
Adopted at the referendum Constitution, constitutional acts, laws, additions and changes to them, decisions on other questions, put to the referendum, shall entry into force from the date of publication of the official statement on the referendum results in the case if the Constitution, constitutional act, law, additions and changes to them, the decision adopted at referendum shall not set another date.
1. Decision taken at referendum shall have a binding force throughout the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and shall not need any confirmation by the acts of the President and bodies of state power of theRepublic.
2. Inconsistency between the decision adopted by the referendum and the Constitution, constitutional acts, laws and other normative acts of the Republic shall removed by bringing the Constitution, constitutional acts, laws and other normative acts in compliance with the decision, adopted by the referendum.
Source:
Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Republican Referendum (dated May 1999), Article 34, 35:
https://www.election.gov.kz/eng/election-legal-framework/on-the-republican-referendum.php
|
2024/10/24
|
|
Kiribati
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution of Kiribati, Art 59 and 69: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kiribati_2013
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/direct-democracy-international-idea-handbook?lang=en
|
2020/05/03
|
|
Korea, Republic of
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Any voter, who has an objection to the validity of the national referendum, may bring an action to the Supreme Court against the chairman of the Central Election Management Commission with the support of one hundred thousand or more voters within twenty days from the voting day.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Article 130: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?lang=ENG&hseq=1
National Referendum Act Article 92-93: http://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=15810&type=part&key=3 (2017)
|
2024/08/28
|
|
Kuwait
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution: http://www.pm.gov.kw/en/state_Of_Kuwait/kuwaitConstitution.jsp (2013)
|
2013/01/30
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
a. Always binding
|
The decision adopted at the referendum shall be mandatory for all, shall not require additional approval
and be effective in the whole territory of the Kyrgyz Republic.
Source:
Constitutional Law on Referendum in Kyrgyz Republic 2016 (amended in 2019) art. 40: https://legislationline.org/sites/default/files/documents/d2/KYRG_Const%20Law%20on%20Referendum.pdf
|
2025/05/07
|
|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LA/Lao-People2019s-Democratic-Republic-Constitution/view
|
2021/02/28
|
|
Latvia
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) (http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm)
|
2014/10/03
|
|
Lebanon
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution: http://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Documents/Lebanese%20Constitution.pdf
|
2024/11/20
|
|
Lesotho
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008)
|
2017/07/19
|
|
Liberia
|
a. Always binding
|
Each proposed constitutional amendment shall be ratified if it receives the approval of two-third of registered voters, voting in the Referendum.
Source:
The 1986 Constitution of the Republic of Liberia, Art. 91, http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LR/liberia-amended-electoral-laws-2014/view
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
The Constitutional Declaration, Art. 30. (National Transitional Council of Libya): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Libya_2011
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Articles 66, 66bis.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Lithuania
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Mandatory referendums result is always binding. Consultative referendums result is only advisory but must be deliberated in the Seimas.
Source:
Republic of Lithuania, Law on Referendum (4 June 2002, As last amended on 6 May 2014 — No XII-860), art. 3-5
https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/7b65c002233a11e6acbed8d454428fb7?jfwid=nz8qn8fey
|
2020/06/05
|
|
Luxembourg
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
No revision will be adopted if it has not obtained at least two-thirds of the votes of the members of the Chamber; votes by proxy will not be admitted.
The text adopted in the first reading by the Chamber of Deputies is submitted to a referendum, which substitutes for the second vote of the Chamber, if in the two months following the first vote demand for it is made[,] either by more than a quarter of the members of the Chamber, or by twenty-five thousand electors inscribed in the electoral lists for legislative elections. The revision can only be adopted if it receives the majority of the valid suffrage expressed. The law governs the modalities of organization of the referendum.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 114: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Luxembourg_2009
|
2024/11/21
|
|
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Constitution:
Article 73:
The decision made in a referendum is binding.
Law on Referendum:
Article 27
For the purpose of prior consultation with the citizens regarding issues of wider importance for the
Republic of Macedonia, referendum at state level may be scheduled for consulting the citizens
(referendum for consultation).
Article 29
(1) The decision for changing the border of the Republic of Macedonia and the decision for joining in
and joining out of an association or community with other states shall be adopted at referendum if
the majority of the total number of citizens registered in the Electoral list has voted them at the
referendum.
(2) The decision referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article adopted at referendum shall be
compulsory
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia, art. 73.
https://www.sobranie.mk/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-macedonia-ns_article-constitution-of-the-republic-of-north-macedonia.nspx
Law on Referendum and other forms of direct vote of citizens, art. 27 and 29:
https://legislationline.org/sites/default/files/documents/a9/NMAC_on%20referendum.pdf
|
2024/11/20
|
|
Madagascar
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 5, 55 (5), 137 (5), 162 (3): http://www.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/constitution.pdf (2013)
|
2013/02/12
|
|
Malawi
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2012/06/12
|
|
Malaysia
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution: http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/malaysia.pdf (2013)
|
2013/03/21
|
|
Maldives
|
a. Always binding
|
Constitution (2008)
264 (c). If the Bill is approved by a majority in the public referendum specified in article (b), the President shall assent to the Bill within fifteen days and publish it in the Government Gazette.
265.Where the Bill amending this Constitution passed by the People’s Majlis does not receive a majority approval in the public referendum, it shall be deemed to have been defeated.
Source:
Constitution 2008, art. 265: http://www.majlis.gov.mv/en/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-english.pdf (2018)
|
2019/02/15
|
|
Mali
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2009/10/23
|
|
Malta
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Where the majority of voters, voting in a referendum, approve the proposal regarding the provision of the enactment the repeal of which is requested, the said provision shall no longer have effect and the President of Malta shall issue a Proclamation accordingly.
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm (2012);
The Referenda Act (Cap.237), Art. 20: http://www.maltadata.com/ref-act.htm (2012)
|
2012/05/22
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
a. Always binding
|
Constitutional Amendments cannot pass without passage of a referendum. If a referendum calling for a Constitutional Convention passes, a Constitutional Convention must be held.
Source:
Constitution, art. XII (3-4). https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Marshall_Islands_1995
|
2023/10/12
|
|
Mauritania
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution as amended by Constitutional Law n° 2012-015, art. 38, 78 (2), 99, 100, 101:(2012)
|
2024/10/28
|
|
Mauritius
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2012/02/25
|
|
Mexico
|
a. Always binding
|
The result of the "referendum" shall be binding whenever turnout amounts to at least 40% of the voters' list.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos", art. 35 (IX.2): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-constitucion-2024/ ;
Referendum Law: "Ley Federal de Consulta Popular", arts. 5 & 64: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-lfcpo-2024/ ;
Recall Law: “Ley Federal de Revocación de Mandato”: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-lfrm-2022/
|
2024/04/12
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Territory may be added to the Federated States of Micronesia upon approval of Congress, and by vote of the inhabitants of the area, if any, and by vote of the people of the Federated States of Micronesia. If the territory is to become part of an existing state, approval of the state legislature is required.
Source:
Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia Art. 1, Section 3; Art. 14, Section 2: http://www.fsmlaw.org/fsm/constitution/constitution.htm
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Moldova, Republic of
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2021/03/30
|
|
Monaco
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution
|
2012/04/27
|
|
Mongolia
|
a. Always binding
|
25.1.16 The outcome of a referendum in which the majority of citizens who are qualified for elections have participated, and to consider the question which obtained a majority vote as decided
68. A referendum receiving a 2/3 majority of the State Great Hural is binding.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 25 (1.16), 68 https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001?lang=en (2012)
|
2020/02/17
|
|
Montenegro
|
a. Always binding
|
Article 4: The outcome of a referendum shall be binding on the assembly calling the referendum.
Source:
Law: Law on Referendum as of 19 February 2001, art. 4.
http://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/3934
|
2021/12/25
|
|
Morocco
|
a. Always binding
|
Article 174(b): The revision of the Constitution is definitive after having been adopted by way [vole] of referendum.
Source:
Morocco's Constitution of 2011, Article 174: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Mozambique
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 73, 136, 159 (c), 179 (2-f), 292 (2): http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/Legisla/constituicao_republica/constituicao.pdf (2013)
|
2013/04/15
|
|
Namibia
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) (http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2012/06/12
|
|
Nauru
|
a. Always binding
|
Required for Constitutional amendments.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 84.
|
2019/07/11
|
|
Nepal
|
c. Never binding
|
it is not clear in the constitution
Source:
The constitution of Nepal, 2015, Article 257
http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/documents/2016/01/constitution-of-nepal-2.pdf
|
2018/04/06
|
|
Netherlands
|
e. Not applicable
|
While the Advisory Referendum Act was in place, referenda results were never binding.
Source:
Wet raadgevend referendum: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0036443/2015-07-01
|
2022/08/02
|
|
New Zealand
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Citizens initiated referenda are indicative.
Government initiated referenda can be either binding or indicative.
Source:
Elections New Zealand Official Website: Elections New Zealand Official Website: http://www.elections.org.nz/voting-system/referenda (2017);
Electoral Referendum Act 1993: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0086/latest/DLM307166.html?search=ts_act_electoral_resel (2017);
Electoral Referendum Act 2010: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2010/0139/latest/whole.html?search=ts_act_electoral+referendum+act+2010_resel&p=1 (2017);
Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0101/latest/DLM317193.html?search=ts_act_citizens_resel (2017);
|
2024/09/04
|
|
Nicaragua
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Electoral Law No. 331: “Ley Electoral No. 331 (enmendada por la ley No. 790 del 23/05/2012)”, art. 138:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/NI/leyes-electorales/nicaragua-ley-no.-331-ley-electoral-2012/ (2016).
|
2016/06/07
|
|
Niger
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution of 25 November 2010 with its amendments, art. 60 (3), 174 (2): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Niger_2010.pdf (2016);
Ordinance No. 2010-96 of 28 December 2010 establishing the Electoral Code, art. 132, 133: http://www.electionpassport.com/files/Niger-Electoral-Code-2010.pdf (2016)
|
2016/05/04
|
|
Nigeria
|
c. Never binding
|
The result of the referendum must be approved by a simple majority of all the States of the Federation supported by a simple majority of members of the Houses of Assembly.
Source:
Constitution 1999 (as amended), art. 8: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179202 (2013)
|
2015/03/30
|
|
Niue
|
a. Always binding
|
All Constitutional referenda are binding. Proposed amendments addressing Sections 2-9 of the Constitution must pass in a referendum with a two-thirds majority. All other proposed amendments require a simple majority in a referendum.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 35.
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Northern Mariana Islands
|
d. No information available
|
|
2024/12/11
|
|
Norway
|
c. Never binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2012/05/22
|
|
Oman
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Basic Statute of the State, as amended by Royal Decree No. 99/2011: hhttps://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Oman_2011.pdf?lang=en
|
2025/05/12
|
|
Pakistan
|
d. No information available
|
This isn't clear because nothing is stated in the Constitution about it.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 48 (6)
https://na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1333523681_951.pdf
|
2024/02/07
|
|
Palau
|
a. Always binding
|
All referenda as provided in the Constitution lead to binding results.
Source:
Constitution, Art. II, VIII, XIII
|
2016/11/09
|
|
Palestine
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Palestinian Basic Law: http://www.osservatorioiraq.it/sites/default/files/Palestinian%20Basic%20Law%20with%20Amendements%20-%20english.pdf (2013)
|
2013/04/09
|
|
Panama
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Electoral Code: “Código Electoral”, art. 486, 497: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PA/panama-codigo-electoral-2023/
|
2024/12/05
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea: http://www.igr.gov.pg/constitution.pdf (2012)
|
2017/03/16
|
|
Paraguay
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
Electoral Law: Código Electoral Paraguayo (Ley 834/96), art. 259:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PY/paraguay-codigo-electoral-2014/ (2014)
|
2023/03/16
|
|
Peru
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution as amended by Law N° 29402 of 2011, art. 2 (17), 31, 32, 190, 206:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/constitucion/peru-constitucion-politica-2011/ (2016);
Law Nº 26300 on Political participation and control rights of the citizens:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-ley-de-los-derechos-de-participacion-y/ (2016)
|
2016/02/18
|
|
Philippines
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. VI, Sec. 32; Art. XVI, Sec. 2; Art. XVII, Sec. 2, 3, 4; Art. XVII, Sec. 25: http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ (2016)
|
2016/05/12
|
|
Poland
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
A result of a nationwide referendum shall be binding, if more than half of the number of those having the right to vote have participated in it.
Source:
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2nd April, 1997, as amended in 2009, article 125 (3): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Poland_2009
|
2024/11/13
|
|
Portugal
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Article 115(11):
Referenda only have binding effect when the number of voters exceeds half the number of registered electors.
Source:
Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, Seventh Revision [2005], Articles 115(11):
https://www.parlamento.pt/sites/EN/Parliament/Documents/Constitution7th.pdf
|
2024/10/10
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico”, art. VII (s. 1, 2): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PR/puerto-rico-constitucion-1970/ ;
Electoral Law: “Código Electoral de Puerto Rico de 2020”, art. 11.001–11.010: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PR/puerto-rico-ley-58-2020-codigo-electoral-2020/
|
2020/11/03
|
|
Qatar
|
a. Always binding
|
The Emir shall seek public opinion on important issues pertaining to the interests of the State in a referendum. The subject of such referendum shall be deemed acceptable if acknowledged by the majority of voters; and the results of the referendum shall be binding and effective from the date of its announcement. The results shall be published in the official Gazette.
Source:
Constitution, art. 75: https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/permanent_constitution_state_qatar_en.pdf
|
2025/05/08
|
|
Romania
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) (http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm)
|
2014/10/29
|
|
Russian Federation
|
a. Always binding
|
Article 73: 1. A decision adopted at a referendum shall be binding and shall not need any additional approval.
Source:
Law: Russian Federation Federal Law "On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right of Citizens of the Russian Federation to Participate in a Referendum", amended as of July 4, 2003, art. 73(1): https://legislationline.org/taxonomy/term/12320
|
2024/03/29
|
|
Rwanda
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution (2015), Art. 167,175: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/RW/rwanda-constitution-versions-francaise-et-anglaise/
|
2018/11/02
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2020/04/26
|
|
Saint Lucia
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2009/10/26
|
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Electoral Law
|
2021/12/27
|
|
Samoa
|
d. No information available
|
|
2021/04/10
|
|
San Marino
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
The proposal submitted to a referendum is approved if it receives the majority of valid votes, and not less than 32% of the votes of registered electors.
Source:
Law n.101 of 28 November 1994 "New Rules for referendum and people's legislative initiative", Art. 31, 32: http://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/contents/instance18/files/document/21630leggi_5165.pdf (2012)
|
2012/05/28
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 123(2): http://www.gov.st/data/filestorage/docs/constistp.pdf (2016)
|
2016/06/28
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
The Basic Law of Governance: http://www.boe.gov.sa/ViewSystemDetails.aspx?lang=en&SystemID=4 (2012)
|
2012/08/20
|
|
Senegal
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution 2012, art. 103: http://www.assemblee-nationale.sn/images/stories/PDF/constitution_du_senegal.pdf (2013)
English: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2009?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/03/22
|
|
Serbia
|
a. Always binding
|
Article 25
A decision adopted in the referendum is binding.
If the citizens previously declared on a certain issue in the referendum, the body adopting the act prescribing the issue concerned is obliged to adopt it in accordance with the citizens’ will expressed in the referendum in accordance with the act on the announcement of the referendum and not later than within 60 days from the date of the referendum.
If the citizens had approved an act by voting in the referendum, the act shall be considered adopted on the date of the referendum and shall be proclaimed on the date of the proclamation of the act concerned.
If the citizens had voted against the act in the referendum, it shall be deemed that the act had never been adopted.
Source:
Electoral Law: The Law on Referendum and Civil Initiative, art. 25.
Republic Electoral Commission-implementation of referendums
http://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/referendumi.php
|
2017/03/15
|
|
Seychelles
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles (2011).
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SC/seychelles-constitution-2011/view
|
2025/03/03
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution (2008), art. 37 & 108: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SL/sierra-leone-constitution-2008/
|
2017/01/16
|
|
Singapore
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
The results of referenda are binding when the referendum is supported by not less than two-thirds of the total number of votes cast by the electors registered.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, Art. 5, 6, 8: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Singapore_2010?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Slovakia
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
"The results of the referendum are valid if more than one-half of eligible voters participated in it and if the decision was endorsed by more than one half of the participants in the referendum." The Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Article 98(1).
Source:
The Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Article 98-100: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/SK/constitution-of-the-slovak-republic-as-amended-to/view
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Slovenia
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution Article 90, 170 https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Slovenia_2013?lang=en
|
2017/03/30
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
e. Not applicable
|
Source:
Constitution of 1978,amended 2014: https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Solomon_Islands_2014.pdf?lang=en.(2019)
|
2019/03/01
|
|
Somalia
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Transitional Constitution of 2012, Art. 132 (10), 136 (2), 137, 141:http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SO/somalia-provisional-constitution-of-2012/view
|
2016/11/25
|
|
South Africa
|
c. Never binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2014/05/01
|
|
South Sudan
|
a. Always binding
|
Any matter submitted for a referendum shall be deemed to have been approved by the people of South Sudan if it has obtained more than half of the number of votes cast. Any matter which has been approved by the people of South Sudan in a referendum shall have authority above any legislation. It shall not be annulled save by another referendum.
Source:
Transitional Constitution 2011, art. 193 (2, 3): http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e269a3e2.html%C2%A0 (2012)
|
2021/06/02
|
|
Spain
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
Constitution, "Constitucion Espanola", art. 92, 167, 168:
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/ES/espana-constitucion-espanola-2011-2016/
|
2025/04/24
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 83, 85, 86: http://www.parliament.lk/constitution/constitution.jsp (2012);
The Referendum Act of 1981: http://www.commonlii.org/lk/legis/num_act/ra7o1981166/index.html (2012)
|
2016/02/15
|
|
Sudan
|
a. Always binding
|
Any resolution which has achieved the consent of the people by referendum shall have authority above any other legislation. It shall not be annulled save by another referendum.
Source:
The Interim National Constitution of 2005, art. 217 (3): http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ba749762.html (2012)
|
2012/09/04
|
|
Suriname
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 186: http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Suriname/english.html (2012)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Swaziland
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2012/06/12
|
|
Sweden
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
The following two conditions must be met for a referendum to be binding. The number of those voting against the proposal must be greater than those in favour. In addition to this, those who have voted against must constitute more than half of those who have cast valid votes in the parliamentary election. If this majority is obtained, the newly elected Riksdag may not make any change to the Constitution.
Source:
The Instrument of the Government Ch. 8, Section 16: Official Website of the Parliament: http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Start/Bestall/Sprakversioner/English---engelska1/Sveriges-grundlagar-och-riksdagsordningen1/ (2012);
Fact sheet on referenda provided by the Information Department of the Riksdag: www.riksdagen.se/.../Faktablad_E14.pdf (2012)
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Switzerland
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 140, 141, 142, 195: https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/201506140000/101.pdf (2015)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Syrian Arab Republic
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2014/06/03
|
|
Taiwan
|
a. Always binding
|
|
2020/04/13
|
|
Tajikistan
|
a. Always binding
|
Decisions made by national referendum have the highest legal power and need no confirmation and are applicable all over the territory of Tajikistan.
The ultimate direct expression of the power of the people is a national referendum and elections.
Source:
Constitutional Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on Referendum in the Republic of Tajikistan (1995), art. 1, 2:
Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, art. 6.
|
2025/02/18
|
|
Tanzania, United Republic of
|
a. Always binding
|
The majority of votes given in the referendum shall determine the decision of the votes on such question in the referendum and the referendum results declared by the National Electoral Commission shall be binding on the Government of the United Republic and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar.
Source:
The Constitutional Review Act No. 8 of 2011 as amended by the Act No. 2 of 2012, art. 36: http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/8Eng-2011.pdf (2013)
|
2013/03/13
|
|
Thailand
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, Art. 165: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Thailand_2017
|
2023/10/11
|
|
Timor-Leste
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
A referendum shall only be binding where the number of voters is higher than half of the registered electors.
Source:
Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, article 66 (4): https://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf
|
2024/11/14
|
|
Togo
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 4, 144: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,LEGAL,,LEGISLATION,TGO,456d621e2,48ef43c72,0.html (2013)
|
2013/01/10
|
|
Tonga
|
e. Not applicable
|
There are no provisions on referenda in the electoral law or in the constitution.
Source:
Constitution of Tonga: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/TO/Tonga%20Act%20of%20Constitution%201988.pdf/view (2021)
|
2021/09/15
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
e. Not applicable
|
There are no legal provisions in this regard.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago”: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TT/trinidad-and-tobago-constitution-2016/ ;
Electoral Law: “Representation of the People Act”: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TT/trinidad-and-tobago-rop-2016/
|
2020/08/22
|
|
Tunisia
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
The President of the Republic may, in exceptional circumstances, within the deadlines for return of a draft law, submit for a referendum draft laws related to the ratification of treaties, to freedoms and human rights, or personal status, which were adopted by the Assembly of the Representatives of the
People. The submission to referendum shall be deemed a waiver of the right to return the draft law to the Assembly. If the result of the referendum is the ratification of the draft law, the President of the Republic shall sign it and order to publish it within a period not exceeding ten days from the date of announcement of the results of the referendum.
Source:
The Constitution of 26 January 2014, art. 82: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/TN/tunisia-constitution-of-26-january-2014/view (2014).
|
2019/08/05
|
|
Turkey
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook, 2008: http://www.idea.int/publications/direct_democracy/index.cfm
|
2015/06/01
|
|
Turkmenistan
|
a. Always binding
|
Decisions made by a referendum may be repealed or changed only by referendum.
Source:
Constitution of Turkmenistan (2008), art. 94, 117: http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/constitutions/country/51 (2013);
Law on Referendum of Turkmenistan (1993), art. 28 & 29
|
2013/03/06
|
|
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
e. Not applicable
|
There is no reference to direct democracy instruments in the law.
Source:
Constitution: “The Constitution of the Turks and Caicos Islands”: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TC/turks-and-caicos-constitution-2014/ ;
Final Report of the Electoral Observation Mission conducted by the British Islands and Mediterranean Region (BIMR) of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA UK) between 8th and 18th December 2016: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TC/turks-and-caicos-cpa-uk-bimr-eom-final-report-2016/
|
2020/10/08
|
|
Tuvalu
|
e. Not applicable
|
There are no provisions for referenda in the Constitution.
Source:
Constitution.
|
2012/06/20
|
|
Uganda
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, art. 68, 69, 74, 255, 260: http://www.ec.or.ug/docs/Constitution_1995.pdf (2016)
|
2016/02/08
|
|
Ukraine
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, (last amended in 2016) art. 72, 73, 156:
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80
|
2019/03/12
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
e. Not applicable
|
There are no provisions for referenda.
Source:
Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/United_Arab_Emirates_2009?lang=en
|
2019/09/25
|
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
b. Sometimes binding
|
Source:
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008)
http://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/direct-democracy-the-international-idea-handbook.pdf
Political Parties Elections and Referendums Act 2000
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/41/contents
|
2025/06/30
|
|
United States of America
|
e. Not applicable
|
The U.S. Constitution and subsequent national-level legislation do not allow for national referendums.
Source:
U.S. Constitution:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/US/united-states-of-america-constitution-1992/view
|
2024/10/15
|
|
Uruguay
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution: Constitución de la República de Uruguay, art. 331, https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/UY/uruguay-constitucion-de-la-republica-2004-vigente/view (2004).
|
2024/12/19
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
a. Always binding
|
Article 41: The decision taken at the referendum is binding throughout the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan and does not need any confirmation by acts of state authorities of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Source:
On Introducing Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Referendum of the Republic of Uzbekistan" (2001), Article 41:https://lex.uz/docs/-81253
|
2024/08/26
|
|
Vanuatu
|
a. Always binding
|
Referenda on Constitutional Amendments regarding the status of Bislama, English and French, the electoral system, or the parliamentary system, passed by Parliament under Article 85, are always binding.
Source:
Constitution, art. 86: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/VU/vanuatu-constitution-of-the-republic-of-vanuatu/at_download/file
|
2016/01/27
|
|
Venezuela
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela”, arts. 16 (2), 71, 72, 73, 74, 197, 204 (5, 7), 205, 218, 341 (3, 4), 344: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/venezuela-constitucion-reforma-2009/
|
2020/11/15
|
|
Viet Nam
|
d. No information available
|
Source:
Constitution of 1992 as amended, art. 53, 84 (14), 91 (12):
http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=10450 (2016)
|
2021/03/25
|
|
Virgin Islands, British
|
d. No information available
|
|
2019/03/05
|
|
Virgin Islands, U.S.
|
d. No information available
|
|
2009/08/14
|
|
Western Sahara
|
d. No information available
|
|
2009/08/14
|
|
Yemen
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 101 (a), 158: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/category,LEGAL,,,YEM,3fc4c1e94,0.html (2012)
|
2012/08/22
|
|
Zambia
|
a. Always binding
|
Source:
Electoral Law: Referendum Act (Chapter 14).
http://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/acts/Referendum%20Act.pdf (2016)
|
2016/06/28
|
|
Zanzibar
|
a. Always binding
|
The majority of votes given in a referendum shall determine the decision of the voters on such question or issue in referendum and the referendum results
declared by the Commission shall be binding to the Government.
Source:
Referendum Act No. 6 of 2010, art. 11
http://www.zec.go.tz/en/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Referendum-Act-No6-2010.pdf (2016)
|
2016/04/05
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
d. No information available
|
|
2023/09/25
|
