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total countries/territories: 236
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Afghanistan
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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Article 20: (1) The President shall be elected by obtaining more than 50 percent of the votes cast by voters through free, universal, secret and direct polling. Elections for the new President shall be held within thirty to
sixty days prior to the end of the presidential term. If in the first round none of the candidates
gets more than fifty percent of the votes, elections for the second round shall be held within two
weeks from the date election results are proclaimed, and, in this round, only two candidates who
have received the highest number of votes in the first round shall participate.
Source:
Constitution of Afghanistan, art. 61: http://www.afghanembassy.com.pl/afg/images/pliki/TheConstitution.pdf (2014);
Afghan Electoral Law, art. 20(1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/AF/Electoral%20Law%20Eng.pdf/view (2014).
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2019/09/24
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Albania
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d. Indirectly elected by legislature
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The President of the Republic is the Head of State, elected by the People's Assembly for a five-year term. The election takes place by secret vote in the Assembly by a majority comprised of three-fifths of all its members.
A candidate for President is proposed to the Assembly by a group of not less than 20 MPs. One MP is not allowed to propose more than one candidate at the same time. The President of the Republic is elected by secret vote and without debate by the Assembly. The Assembly conducts up to five voting for the election of the President. The President is elected in the first, second or third voting when one candidate receives not less than three fifths of the votes of all the members of the Assembly. In the fourth and fifth voting, the candidate that receives more than half of the votes of all the members of the Assembly is elected President.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Albania (1998), art. 86-88
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2017/05/17
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Algeria
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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The president of Algeria is the head of state and is elected directly for a term of 5 years, by absolute majority of votes with a second round if necessary.
Source:
Constitution, art. 70, 71: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Algeria_2008?lang=en (2017);
Electoral law (Loi organique n° 12-01 du 18 Safar 1433 correspondant au 12 janvier 2012 relative au régime électoral), art. 134, 135: https://www.joradp.dz/trv/fcons.pdf
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2019/09/25
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American Samoa
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
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The President of the United States of America is the Head of State for the unincorporated US territory. The President is elected by an electoral college.
Source:
Revised Constitution of American Samoa Preamble.
Constitution of the United States of America: Art. 2:1:2
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2017/08/18
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Andorra
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h. Other
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Article 43
1.In accordance with the institutional tradition of Andorra, the
Coprinces are, jointly and indivisibly, the Head of State, and they
assume its highest representation.
2.The Coprinces, an institution which dates from the Pareatges
and their historical evolution, are in their personal and exclusive
right, the Bishop of Urgell and the President of the French
Republic. Their powers are equal and derive from the present
Constitution. Each of them swears or affirms to exercise their
functions in accordance with the present Constitution.
Article 44
1. The Coprinces are the symbol and guarantee of the permanence and continuity of Andorra as well as of its independence
and the maintenance of the spirit of parity in the traditional balanced relation with the neighbouring States. They proclaim the consent of the Andorran State to honour its international obligations in accordance with the Constitution.
2. The Coprinces arbitrate and moderate the functioning of the public authorities and of the institutions, and are regularly
informed of the affairs of the State on their own initiative, or that of the Syndic General (8) or the Head of Government.
3. Except for the cases provided for in this Constitution, the Coprinces are immune from legal action. The acts of the Coprinces are the responsibility of those who countersign them.
Source:
Constitution of the Principality of Andorra, Art.43 & 44: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/AD/andorra-constitution-1993-1/
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2023/06/09
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Angola
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
h. Other
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The President of the Republic shall be the Head of State, the Executive Power and the Commander-in-Chief of the Angolan Armed Forces.
The individual heading the national list of the political party or coalition of political parties which receives the most votes in general elections shall be elected President of the Republic and Head of the Executive.
Source:
Constitution of 3 February 2010: art. 106, 108, 109: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Angola_2010?lang=en (2017);
Electoral Law n.º 36/11 of 21 December 2011 regulating General Elections, art. 19, 20, 21: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/AO/angola-law-n.o-36-11-of-21-december-2011/view (2017)
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2017/03/28
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Anguilla
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f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
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The monarch of Great Britain is the Head of State, represented by the Governor of Anguilla.
19. (1) There shall be a Governor of Anguilla, who shall be appointed by Her Majesty and hold office during Her Majesty’s pleasure.
Source:
Constitution, art. 19 & 22
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2015/02/24
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Antigua and Barbuda
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f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
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The monarch of Great Britain is the Head of State, represented by the Governor General.
22.- There shall be a Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda who shall be a citizen appointed by Her Majesty and shall hold office during Her Majesty's pleasure and who shall be Her Majesty's representative in Antigua and Barbuda.
68. The executive authority of Antigua and Barbuda is vested in Her Majesty.
2. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive authority of Antigua and Barbuda may be exercised on behalf of Her Majesty by the Governor-General either directly or through officers subordinate to him.
Source:
Constitution Sections 22 & 68
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AG/Antigua%20and%20Barbuda%20-%20Constitution/view
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2014/06/04
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Argentina
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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Article 94.- The President and Vice President of the Nation shall be elected directly by the People, in a double round, as established by this Constitution. To this end, the national territory will make up a single district.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la Nación Argentina — Ley 24430, texto oficial ordenado”, art. 90, 94, 99: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-constitucion-nacional-reformas-1994/ (2019);
Electoral Code: “Código Electoral Nacional — Ley 19945”, art. 148–151: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-ley-19945-codigo-electoral-nacional-2019/ (2019)
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2021/12/26
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Armenia
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
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Article 123. Status and Functions of the President of the Republic
1. The President of the Republic shall be the head of the State.
Article 125. Procedure for Electing the President of the Republic
1. The President of the Republic shall be elected by the National Assembly.
2. Regular elections of the President of the Republic shall be held not earlier than forty and not later than thirty days prior to the expiry of the powers of the President of the Republic.
3. At least one fourth of the total number of Deputies shall have the right to nominate a candidate for the President of the Republic.
4. The candidate having received at least three fourths of votes of the total number of Deputies shall be elected as President of the Republic. In case President of the Republic is not elected, a second round of elections shall be held wherein all candidates having taken part in the first round may participate. In the second round, the candidate having received at least three fifths of votes of the total number of Deputies shall be elected as President of the Republic. In case President of the Republic is not elected, a third round of elections shall be held wherein the two candidates having received a greater number of votes in the second round may participate. In the third round, the candidate having received the majority of votes of the total number of Deputies shall be elected as President of the Republic.
5. In case President of the Republic is not elected, a new election for the President of the Republic shall be held within a period of ten days.
6. The details related to the procedure for electing the President of the Republic shall be prescribed by the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (2015), Art. 123, 125:
http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/
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2017/04/12
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Aruba
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f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
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The Dutch monarch is the Head of State. A governor appointed by the monarch represents the Head of State.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aa.html
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2017/07/07
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Australia
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f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
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2. Governor-General
A Governor-General appointed by the King shall be His Majesty’s representative in the Commonwealth, and shall
have and may exercise in the Commonwealth during the King’s pleasure, but subject to this Constitution, such powers
and functions of the King as His Majesty may be pleased to assign to him.
(Australia's Constitution, chapter 1, art. 2).
As a non-self governing territory of Australia, the head of the Islands is the British monarch, represented by the Australian governor general. (CIA World Factbook).
Source:
Australia's Constitution of 1901, chapter 1, art. 2: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Constitution
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html
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2024/09/09
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Austria
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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The Federal President is elected by the nation on the basis of equal, direct, secret and personal suffrage. If there is only one candidate, the election shall take place by way of referendum. The candidate who polls more than half of all valid votes has been elected. If no such majority results, a second ballot takes place. Votes in this can validly be cast only for one of the two candidates
who have polled the most votes in the first ballot.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 60
http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/au00000_.html
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2017/07/07
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Azerbaijan
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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Article 99: Executive power in the Republic of Azerbaijan shall be vested in the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Article 101:
I. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is elected for a 7-year term by way of universal, direct and equal suffrage, by free, personal and secret ballot. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan may call extraordinary elections of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
II. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is elected by a majority of half of the votes.
III. If required majority has not achieved in the first round of voting, then second round will be held on second Sunday after the first round. Only two candidates who gained more votes than others in the first round, or two candidates following closely the first ones, should they recall their candidatures, will take part in the second round of elections.
IV. The candidate having collected majority of votes in the second round of elections is considered to be elected the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1995) including amendments, article 99 and 101: https://president.az/en/pages/view/azerbaijan/constitution
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2024/11/12
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Bahamas
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f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
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Governor-General of The Bahamas is appointed by Her Majesty the Queen of England, holds office during Her Majesty's pleasure and is the representative of the monarchy.
Source:
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Bahamas, Sections 32 & 71
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahamas_2002?lang=en
(2017)
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2017/03/27
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Bahrain
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g. Inherited monarchy
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The King is the Head of state.
Source:
Constitution, art. 33 (A): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
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2024/11/25
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Bangladesh
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d. Indirectly elected by legislature
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There shall be a President of Bangladesh who shall be elected by members of Parliament in accordance with law. The President shall as Head of State, take precedence over all other persons in the State,and shall exercise the powers and perform the duties conferred and imposed on him by this Constitution and by any other law.
Source:
Constitution of Bangladesh, Art. 48(i&ii)
http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/bangladesh-constitution.pdf
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2012/05/30
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Barbados
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f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
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The monarch of UK is the Head of State, represented by the Governor General, who the Monarch appoints. The Monarchy is hereditary.
Source:
Constitution, art. 28 & 63
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2011/06/22
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Belarus
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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The President is the head of state, elected directly by the people of the Republic of Belarus. The elections shall be deemed to have taken place where over half the citizens of the Republic of Belarus on the electoral roll have taken part in the poll. The President shall be deemed elected where over half the citizens of the Republic of Belarus who took part in the poll voted for him. Where no candidate polls the requisite number of votes, within two weeks a second round of voting shall be conducted between the two candidates who obtained the largest number of votes. The presidential candidate who obtains more than half the votes of those who took part in the second poll shall be deemed to be elected.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Belarus”, art. 79, 81 & 82: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/BY/belarus-constitution-2021-english/
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2023/09/13
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Belgium
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g. Inherited monarchy
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The King or the Queen's constitutional powers are hereditary. In case of lack of descendant to the King/Queen, he/she may name his/her successor, with the approval of the Houses. In the absence of a nomination, the throne shall be vacant.
Source:
The Belgian Constitution, Article 85
http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/GrondwetUK.pdf
The Belgian Constitution, Article 86
http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/GrondwetUK.pdf
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2019/04/25
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Belize
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f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
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Belize is part of the Commowealth. As such, the Governor-General appointed by Her Majesty must be a citizen of Belize and shall be Her Majesty's Representative in Belize.
Source:
Constitution: “Belize Constitution, Chapter 4”, Sections 30 & 36: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BZ/belize-constitution-2022/
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2025/03/24
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Benin
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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The President is the head of state and the head of government. The President of the Republic shall be elected by direct universal suffrage for a mandate of five years, renewable only once. The election of the President of the Republic shall take place with uninominal majority ballot in two rounds. The President of the Republic shall be elected by an absolute majority of votes cast. If that is not be obtained in the first round of voting, it shall be followed, after fifteen days, by a second round. The only ones who may be presented in the second round of balloting shall be the two candidates who have received the highest number of votes in the first round. The candidate having received the relative majority of votes cast in the second round shall be declared President.
Source:
Constitution of 11 December 1990, art. 42, 43, 45, 54
http://www.gouv.bj/sites/default/files/Cour-Constitutionnelle-recueil-des-textes-fondamentaux.pdf (2012);
Law 2005-26 of 6 August 2010 regulating the election of the President of the Republic, art. 1, 2
http://ddata.over-blog.com/1/35/48/78/Benin-2/Loi-presidentielle-2011.pdf (2012)
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2019/04/05
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Bermuda
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f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
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The head of state is the British Monarch who appoints a Governor as her representative.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 17
http://www.bermudalaws.bm/Laws/Consolidated%20Laws/Bermuda%20Constitution%20Order%201968.pdf
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2012/05/31
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Bhutan
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g. Inherited monarchy
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The head of state is the king, and the monarchy is hereditary.
Source:
Constitution of Bhutan, Articles 1-2: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bhutan_2008
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2024/08/27
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Bolivia
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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In the President rests the figure of Head of State and Head of Government. The President is elected by direct, universal, obligatory, free and secret suffrage for a five-year term. The candidate who receives 50% plus one of valid votes or the candidate who receives 40% of valid votes while the difference between him/her and the second candidate is 10%, is declared President. If none of the candidates fulfills these conditions, there is a second round of elections within 60 days from the first one. The candidate who receives the highest number of votes in the second round is elected as President.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Política del Estado", art. 165 (I), 166 & 168: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BO/bolivia-constitucion-politica-del-estado-vigente/ (2019).
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2024/12/09
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
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The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall consist of three Members: one Bosniac and one Croat, each directly elected from the territory of the Federation, and one Serb directly elected from the territory of the Republika Srpska.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, art. 5.
http://www.ccbh.ba/osnovni-akti/ustav/?title=clan-5
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2025/06/23
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Botswana
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
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The President, who is both the head of state and the head of government, is elected by every newly elected National Assembly and shall hold office for an
aggregate period not exceeding 10 years beginning from the date of his or her first assumption of office.
Source:
Constitution of Botswana art. 30, 32, 34, 47: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/BW/botswana-constitution-of-1966-with-amendments-up/view (2014).
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2014/10/24
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Brazil
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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Article 76:
The Executive Power is exercised by the President of the Republic, assisted by the Ministers of State.
Article 77:
The election of the President and Vice President of the Republic will take place simultaneously on the first Sunday of October in the first round, and on the last Sunday of October in the second round, if necessary, in the year prior to the end of the current presidential term.
§ 3º If no candidate obtains an absolute majority in the first vote, a new election will be held within twenty days after the proclamation of the result, with the two most-voted candidates competing, and the candidate who obtains the majority of valid votes will be considered elected.
Electoral Code:
Article 86:
In presidential elections, the jurisdiction will be the country; in federal and state elections, the state; and in municipal elections, the respective municipality.
Source:
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988, Article 76, 77:
https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/codigo-eleitoral/constituicao-federal/constituicao-da-republica-federativa-do-brasil
Electoral Code - Law No. 4,737, of July 15, 1965, Article 86:
https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/codigo-eleitoral/codigo-eleitoral-1/codigo-eleitoral-lei-nb0-4.737-de-15-de-julho-de-1965
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2024/10/22
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Brunei Darussalam
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
g. Inherited monarchy
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The supreme executive authority of Brunei Darussalam shall be
vested in His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 4: http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/fdl/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Brunei_Constitution_1959_amended%202011_EN.pdf (2013)
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2013/03/18
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Bulgaria
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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The President is the head of state. S/he is directly elected for a five year term by absolute majority of valid votes.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, art. 92-93
http://www.parliament.bg/en/const (2014)
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2014/10/01
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Burkina Faso
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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The President of Burkina Faso is elected by absolute majority. If this majority is not obtained on the first round, there shall be a second round 15 days later, where only the two candidates who have obtained the highest number of votes in the first round can participate.
Source:
Constitution as amended in 2012, art. 36, 37, 39: http://www.ceni.bf/sites/default/files/constitution-revisee-juin-2012.pdf (2012);
Electoral Code as amended in 2015, art. 132, 133: http://www.ceni.bf/sites/default/files/Code_électoral_BF-Version_21.05.2015.pdf (2015)
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2015/12/04
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Burma (Myanmar)
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
h. Other
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The military junta assumed power in September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration Council. The 'head of state' is the Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) since 1992. The SPDC oversees the Cabinet.
The new Constitution passed in 2008 sets provision for an election of the President by presidential electoral college. The head of the state will also be the head of the government.
Source:
Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 16, 60, 199: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
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2015/11/17
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Burundi
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a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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The President is Head of State. The President of the Republic is elected by direct universal suffrage for a renewable
term of seven years. No one can hold more than two consecutive terms
Source:
Constitution, art. 96-97, 102: https://acbc.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl441/files/Legislation/Countries%20legislations/BURUNDI/Constitution%20of%20Burundi%20of%20_2018_compressed.pdf
|
2025/05/08
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Cambodia
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e. Elected by electoral college or committee
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The King is the Head of State for life. The Cambodian monarchy is an elective monarchy. The King can not appoint His heir to the throne. The new King of Cambodia shall be elected by the Crown Council. The membership of the Crown Council shall be composed of:
-The President of the Senate
-The President of the National Assembly
-The Prime Minister
-The Supreme Patriarchs of the two religious orders, Mahanikaya and Dhammayutikanikaya
-The First and Second Vice-Presidents of the Senate
-The First and Second Vice-Presidents of the National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution, art. 7, 10, 13: http://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791.
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2023/10/11
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Cameroon
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b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
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The President of the Republic shall be elected by a majority of the votes cast through direct, equal and secret universal
suffrage.
Source:
Constitution, Article. 6, (1): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CM/cameroon-constitution-of-cameroon-2008
|
2018/11/05
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Canada
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f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
Canada is a constitutional monarchy and its head of state is His Majesty King Charles III, King of Canada. The monarch’s representative in Canada is the Governor General. In 1953, a Canadian law, the Royal Style and Titles Act, formally conferred upon Elizabeth II the title of "Queen of Canada", the first monarch to be separately proclaimed Sovereign of Canada. The proclamation reaffirmed the new monarch's position as Queen of Canada, independent from her role as Queen of the United Kingdom or other Commonwealth realms. This remains the case with King Charles III.
Source:
Constitution Acts of Canada, 1867-1982, Art. 9-10; http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/CONST_E.pdf
The Royal Style and Titles Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. R-12): http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/R-12/page-1.html
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2025/03/28
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Cape Verde
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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The candidate who obtains the absolute majority of valid votes cast is elected President. If none of the candidates obtains the absolute majority of votes, there shall be a second round between the two candidates that obtained the highest number of votes on the first round.
Source:
Constitution of Cape Verde as amended in 2010, art. 109, 113, 114, 125: http://www.parlamento.cv/Downloads/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20de%20Cabo%20verde,%202010.pdf (2016)
|
2016/05/04
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Cayman Islands
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f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
As a British overseas territory, a Governor is appointed by the Queen of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Government to represent her.
Source:
Constitution: “Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009”, Section 29 & 43: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/KY/cayman-islands-constitution-2009/ ;
|
2021/12/13
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Central African Republic
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of State. He is elected by universal, secret, direct vote by absolute majority in 2 rounds, for 5 years.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 22, 24: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=193706 (2016)
|
2021/04/19
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Chad
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Article 60 • International law
The President of the Republic is the Head of State.
He sees to the respect for the Constitution.
He assures, by his arbitration, the regular functioning of the public powers as well as
the continuity of the State.
He is the guarantor of the national independence, of the sovereignty and of the unity,
of the integrity of the territory and of the respect for the treaties and international
agreements.
Article 61 • Head of state term length
The President is elected for a mandate of five years by universal direct suffrage.
It is re-eligible.
Article 66
The election of the President of the Republic takes place by uninominal majority
ballot in two rounds.
The candidate having obtained the absolute majority of the suffrage expressed[,] is
declared elected at the first round.
If no candidate has obtained the absolute majority in the first round, it proceeds, the
second Sunday following, to a second round for the two candidates arriving ahead.
The candidate having obtained the greatest number of votes at the end of the second
round, is elected President of the Republic.
Source:
Constitution as amended by Constitutional Law n° 008/PR/2005, art. 60, 61, 66: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2005.pdf?lang=en (2016)
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2019/04/23
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Chile
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is both the Head of State and of Government. He/she is elected directly by absolute majority of votes with a second round if necessary.
Constitution: Artículo 26.-
"El Presidente de la República será elegido en votación directa y por mayoría absoluta de los
sufragios válidamente emitidos."
"Si a la elección de Presidente de la República se presentaren más de dos candidatos y ninguno de ellos obtuviere más de la mitad de los sufragios válidamente único emitidos, se procederá a una segunda votación que se circunscribirá a los candidatos que hayan obtenido las dos más altas mayorías relativas y en ella resultará electo aquél de los candidatos que obtenga el mayor sufragios."
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Chile (2017)”, art. 24 & 26:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-de-1/
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica Constitucional sobre Votaciones Populares y Escrutinios (2016)”, art. 109:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-ley-sobre-votaciones-populares-y-escrutinios/
|
2025/03/03
|
|
China
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President of China is elected by National People's Congress for a five year term.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 62 & 79
|
2012/06/04
|
|
Christmas Island
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
As Christmas Island is a non-self governing territory of Australia, the head of state is the British monarch, represented by governor general.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kt.html
|
2009/11/30
|
|
Cocos (keeling) Islands
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
2. Governor-General
A Governor-General appointed by the Queen shall be Her Majesty’s representative in the Commonwealth, and shall
have and may exercise in the Commonwealth during the Queen’s pleasure, but subject to this Constitution, such powers
and functions of the Queen as Her Majesty may be pleased to assign to him.
(Australia's Constitution, chapter 1, art. 2).
As a non-self governing territory of Australia, the head of the Islands is the British monarch, represented by the Australian governor general. (CIA World Factbook).
Source:
Australia's Constitution of 1901, chapter 1, art. 2: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Constitution
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ck.html
|
2019/07/05
|
|
Colombia
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is both the head of state and the head of government. The President is elected by secret and direct ballot for a period of four years, by 50% plus one of the ballots. If no candidate secures the said majority, a runoff election is held three weeks later when only those two candidates who received the most votes in the first round of balloting participate. The candidate with the larger number of votes is declared President.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de Colombia”, art. 115, 190:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CO/colombia-constitucion-politica-de-colombia-2016 (2016)
|
2024/12/11
|
|
Comoros
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The president is both the head of state and the head of government. The presidency rotates every 4 years among the three islands. The President and the Vice President are elected together by universal, direct suffrage in a majority vote in one round. The primary election is held on the island of the current presidency and only those three candidates who have received the greatest number of votes may contest in the presidential election.
Source:
Constitution, art. 12 - 13: http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/com128670.pdf (2016)
|
2016/04/12
|
|
Congo (Brazzaville)
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The Head of State is also the head of government, elected by universal, direct suffrage for a renewable term of seven years. The president is elected by absolute majority of votes cast. If s/he does not obtain the required amount of votes in the first round, the second round takes place 21 days after the first round. Only the two candidates who have received the highest number of votes in the first round contest in the second round.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 56, 57, 59: http://www.presidence.cg/files/my_files/constit200102.pdf (2017)
|
2017/03/29
|
|
Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President of the Republic is elected by direct universal vote in one turn. The whole country forms a constituency and an absolute majority of votes cast is required. The President serves a term of 5 years and can be reelected once.
Source:
Constitution (2015), article 71: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CD/rdc-constitution-2011-english-version/view
|
2018/11/09
|
|
Cook Islands
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand shall be the Head of State of the Cook Islands. There shall be a representative of Her Majesty the Queen in the Cook Islands, to be known as the High Commissioner of the Cook Islands and shall hold office for a period of three years
Source:
Constitution, Art. 2-3
|
2014/06/05
|
|
Costa Rica
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica”, art. 138 & 139: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-constitucion-politica-reformas-2015.pdf/; Electoral Law: “Ley 8765: Código Electoral”, art. 201: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-ley-8765-codigo-electoral-2018.pdf/
|
2018/01/24
|
|
Croatia
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Article 95: The President of the Republic shall be elected in direct elections by secret ballot, on the basis of universal and equal suffrage, for a term of five years.
No one shall be elected the President of the Republic more than twice.
The President of the Republic shall be elected by a majority of vote of all electors who have voted. If none of the candidates has obtained such a majority, new elections shall be held after 14 days. The two candidates who obtained the largest number of votes in the first election shall have the right to stand at the new election. If one of these candidates withdraws, the candidate who is next in the number of votes obtained shall acquire the right to stand for the new election.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Croatia as revised in 2013, art. 95
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Croatia_2013?lang=en
|
2020/07/02
|
|
Cuba
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The National Assembly of People’s Power elects, from among its deputies, the President.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República de Cuba (2019)”, art. 109, 126: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CU/cuba-constitucion-2019-ace/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley No. 127, Ley Electoral”, art. 224: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CU/cuba-ley-electoral-127-2019-ace/
|
2023/09/11
|
|
Cyprus
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Article 39: The election of the President shall be direct, by universal and secret suffrage. The candidate who receives more than 50% of the validly cast votes shall be elected. If none of the candidates attains the required majority, a second-round shall take place between the two candidates who received the greater number of the votes.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 36, 37, 39:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/CY/cyprus-constitution-1960/ (2016).
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Cyprus (North)
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is elected by direct popular vote in two rounds to serve a 5 year term.
Source:
IFES Election Guide: http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=252
Constitution, Art. 83
http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Cyprus%20-%20North%20Constitution.pdf
|
2012/06/07
|
|
Czech Republic
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is elected directly in a national popular vote. The candidate having received more than a half majority of valid votes of rightful voters is elected for the office of the President of the Republic. In the event of absence of such a candidate a second electoral round should be held 14 days after commencement of the first electoral round which the two most successful candidates from the first electoral round proceed onto. Should the candidates receive equal number of votes, all candidates having received the plurality of votes of rightful voters shall proceed onto the second electoral round and should there not be at least two such candidates, also candidates having received the second highest number of votes of rightful voters shall proceed onto the second electoral round.
Source:
Constitution as amended by Act 71/2012 Sb., art. 54, 56: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Czech_Republic_2013?lang=en (2017)
|
2023/09/14
|
|
Côte d'Ivoire
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Source:
Constitution de la République de Côte d'Ivoire (2000), art. 36: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CI/cote-divoire-constitution-du-23-juillet-2000/view
|
2016/11/30
|
|
Denmark
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
Head of State is the King or Queen - Royal power is inherited by men and women in accordance with the provisions of the Succession to the Throne Act, 27th March, 1953.
Source:
Constitution, Sec. 2
|
2019/05/22
|
|
Djibouti
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The executive power is assured by the President of the Republic who is also Head of the Government.The President of the Republic is elected for �ve years by direct universal suffrage and by majority ballot in two rounds. He is re-eligible under the conditions speci�ed in Article 23 (Any candidate to the functions of President of the Republic must be of Djiboutian nationality, to the exclusion of any other, enjoy their civil and political rights and be forty years of age at least, and of seventy-�ve years at most on the date of the deposit of his candidature.)
Source:
“Djibouti’s Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010.” Constitute Project, 27 Apr. 2022, www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en.
|
2023/07/11
|
|
Dominica
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President is the head of state, elected for a five-year term by the parliament.
Source:
Constitution, Sections 18 - 19: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DM/dominica-constitution-of-the-commonwealth-of/view (2014).
|
2014/12/16
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President, who is both the Head of State and the Head of Government, shall be elected for a period of four years by direct vote and may not be reelected for the following period. The President is elected by absolute majority of valid votes. If none of the candidates obtains more than 50% of the valid votes, a second round shall be held among the two candidates that have obtained the highest number of votes on the first round. The candidate who obtains the majority of valid votes on the second round is elected President.
Source:
Constitución: Constitución de la República Dominicana (2015) art. 122, 124, 128, 129, 209 (1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-constitucion-politica-2015/ (2020)
Ley Electoral “Ley Orgánica de Régimen Electoral No. 15-19, art. 265 http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-ley-organica-de-regimen/ (2019)
|
2020/02/04
|
|
Ecuador
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is both the Head of State and the Head of Government. A second round of voting shall not be necessary if one candidate has obtained at least 40% of the valid votes and a 10-point lead over the nearest contender.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República del Ecuador”, art. 141 & 143: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/EC/ecuador-constitucion-2020/
|
2025/03/13
|
|
Egypt
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is the Head of State and chief of the executive authority. The President of the Republic is elected by direct secret ballot, with an absolute majority of valid votes.
Source:
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014, art. 143:
http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf (2014).
|
2018/03/18
|
|
El Salvador
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Second round will take place within the following 30 days. Only the two political parties or coalitions that obtained the highest number of valid votes on the first round will participate.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de El Salvador”, art. 80, 150 & 154: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-constitucion-2014/ ;
Electoral Law: “Decreto No. 413 — Código Electoral”, art. 216: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-recopilacion-legislacion-electoral-2021/
|
2024/12/19
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President of the Republic shall be the Head of State, the symbol of national unity and shall represent the Nation. He shall be elected by simple majority of the valid votes cast through direct, equal and secret universal suffrage.
Source:
Constitution as amended by referendum of 23 November 2011, art. 33 (1)
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Equatorial_Guinea_2012?lang=en (2016)
|
2016/05/03
|
|
Eritrea
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President of Eritrea is the Head of the State and the Government of Eritrea and the Commander-in-Chief of the Eritrean Defence Forces.
The President shall be elected from amongst the members of the National Assembly by an absolute majority vote of its members. A candidate for the office of the President must be nominated by at least 20 percent vote of all the members of the National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution, art. 39 & 41
|
2011/06/21
|
|
Estonia
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
§ 79:
The President of the Republic shall be elected by the Riigikogu, or, in the case provided by paragraph four of this section, by the by the Electoral College.
The President is elected by secret ballot. Each member of the Riigikogu has one vote. The candidate who receives the votes of two thirds of the members of the Riigikogu is deemed elected. If no candidate receives the required majority, a new round of voting is held on the next day. Before the new round of voting, a new nomination of candidates takes place. If no candidate receives the required majority in the second round of voting, a third round of voting is held on the same day between the two candidates who received the greatest number of votes in the second round. If the President is not selected in the third round of voting, the Electoral College is convened by the President of the Riigikogu within one month to select the President.
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia with latest amendment on 6 May 2015, § 79
|
2019/02/19
|
|
Ethiopia
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The House of Representatives shall nominate the candidate for President. The nominee shall be elected President if a joint session of the House of Peoples’ Representatives and the House of the Federation approves his candidacy by a two thirds majority vote.
Source:
Constitution, art. 69, 70
|
2015/05/18
|
|
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
There shall be a Governor of the Falkland Islands who shall be appointed by Her Majesty by Commission under Her Sign Manual and Signet and shall hold office during Her Majesty’s pleasure.
Source:
Constitution: “Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008”, Section 23 & 56: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/FK/falkland-islands-constitution-2008/ ;
|
2022/04/19
|
|
Faroe Islands
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
The head of state is the Danish monarch, represented by the High Commissioner appointed by the monarch.
Source:
CIA World Factbook. (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fo.html)
|
2012/07/06
|
|
Fiji
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The executive authority of the State is vested in the President who is the Head of State. The President shall be appointed by Parliament. The Prime Minister and the leader of the Opposition shall nominate one candidate each to the Speaker of the Parliament. The person who receives the support of the majority of the members of the Parliament present shall be appointed as the President.
Source:
Constitution, art. 81 (2), 84: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/FJ/fiji-constitution-2013/at_download/file (2014).
|
2018/04/18
|
|
Finland
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Constitution, Section 54: "The President of the Republic is elected by a direct vote for a term of six years... The candidate who receives more than half of the votes cast in the election shall be elected President."
Source:
Constitution, Section 54: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf (2012)
|
2019/04/02
|
|
France
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 6, 7
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/France_2008?lang=en
|
2020/06/20
|
|
French Polynesia
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Source:
Constitution, Section II, Articles 6 and 7.
|
2004/01/15
|
|
Gabon
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The president is elected for a 7 year term by direct, universal suffrage. He can be reelected. The candidate who obtains the greatest number of votes is declared President.
Source:
Constitution, art. 8, 9
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gabon_1997?lang=en
(2017)
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Gambia
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
There shall be an election for the office of the President in the three month before the expiration of the term of the incumbent President. The dates for the nomination of candidates and for holding the election shall be determined by the Independent. Electoral Commission.No person shall be elected as President on a first ballot unless the votes cast in his or her favour at the election are more than fifty per cent of the total number of votes.
Source:
Constitution, Chapter V, part 3, section 49 & Chapter VI, part 1, section 61: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gambia_2004?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/03/21
|
|
Georgia
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
The President of Georgia shall be elected for a term of 5 years by the Electoral College, without debates and by open ballot. The same person may be elected President of Georgia only twice.
Source:
Constitution of Georgia, art. 50:
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Georgia_2018?lang=en
|
2024/07/24
|
|
Germany
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
The Federal President is elected by the Federal Convention. The Federal Convention consists of the members of the House of Representatives (Bundestag) and an equal number of members elected by the parliaments of the States (Länder) according to the principles of proportional representation
Source:
Constitution, Art. 54
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.pdf
|
2025/03/06
|
|
Ghana
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
There shall be a President of the Republic of Ghana who shall be the Head of State and Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ghana.Constitution, art. 57
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Ghana (1996), art. 57, 63.
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GH/ghana-constitution-1992-with-amendments-through/view
|
2016/09/19
|
|
Gibraltar
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
"There shall be a Governor and Commander-in-Chief for Gibraltar who shall be appointed by Her Majesty and shall hold office during Her Majesty’s pleasure and who shall be Her Majesty’s representative in Gibraltar."
Source:
Constitution, Chapter II, Article, 19
https://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/constitution/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006.pdf
|
2019/11/04
|
|
Greece
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President is elected by the Parliament for a term of 5 years. The person receiving a two-thirds majority of the total number of Members of Parliament shall be elected President of the Republic.
Source:
Constitution, art. 30:1
Constitution, Articles 31 and 32
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Greece_2008?lang=en
|
2020/07/25
|
|
Greenland
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The head of state is the Danish monarch, represented by the High Commissioner.
Source:
Constitution (Denmark), Art. 1-3
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.html
|
2012/06/14
|
|
Grenada
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
There shall be a Governor-General of Grenada who shall be appointed by Her Majesty and shall hold office during Her Majesty's pleasure and who shall be Her Majesty's representative in Grenada.
Source:
Grenada Constitution 1973, art. 19 & 57
|
2011/06/28
|
|
Guam
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President of the United States acts as the Head of State of Guam.
The President is not elected directly by citizens, they are chosen by electors through a process called the "Electoral College." The Electoral College is not always required to elect the same candidate who won the popular vote in any state. A candidates must win over half of the electors (at least 270) to win. If no candidate wins 270 electoral votes, the House of Representatives chooses the president among the top three candidates; the Senate then chooses the vice president from the remaining two candidates. When choosing the president in the House of Representatives, each state gets a single vote.
Source:
1 Guam Code 400, 402:
https://law.justia.com/codes/guam/2019/title-1/chapter-4/ ;
Article II, Section 1, United States Constitution ;
National Archives: Electoral College: https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/faq#no270 ; https://www.usa.gov/election
|
2020/10/28
|
|
Guatemala
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President and the Vice-President of the Republic are elected through universal and secret suffrage for a single four-year term. If none of the candidates secures an absolute majority, a second round takes place within a period of no more than sixty, or less than forty-five days, counting from the first round, between the two most-voted candidates.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala”, art. 182 & 184: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/GT/constitucion/guatemala-constitucion-politica-2012/ —
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guatemala_1993.pdf
|
2023/05/29
|
|
Guernsey
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
The head of state is the British monarch represented by Lieutenant Governor who is appointed by the monarch.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gk.html
|
2010/01/12
|
|
Guinea
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is elected by universal direct suffrage. He/she is elected by absolute majority with a second round if necessary. Constitution, art. 27 & 32
Source:
Constitution (2010), art. 27, 32:http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GN/guinea-constitution-2010-english-version/
|
2017/01/26
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is elected by an absolute majority of the valid votes cast. If no candidate obtains the absolute majority, there will be, within 21 days, a second round, among the two candidates that obtained the highest number of votes.
Source:
Constitution, art. 62, 63, 64: http://www.anpguinebissau.org/leis/constituicao/constituicaoguine.pdf (2012)
|
2014/06/24
|
|
Guyana
|
h. Other
|
The President is popularly elected in direct elections. Any list of candidates for an election shall designate not more than one of those candidates as a Presidential candidate. An elector voting as such an election in favour of a list shall be deemed to be also voting in favour of the Presidential candidate named in the list.
Source:
Constitution, art. 89, 91 & 177
|
2015/05/10
|
|
Haiti
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
ARTICLE 133:
The Executive power is vested in:
a. The President of the Republic, who is the Head of State.
ARTICLE 134:
The President of the Republic is elected in direct universal suffrage by an absolute majority of votes. If that majority is not obtained in the first election, a second election is held.
Only the two (2) candidates who, if such be the case, after the withdrawal of more favored candidates, have received the largest number of votes in the first election may run in the second election.
Source:
Constitution, art. 133-134
|
2015/07/29
|
|
Holy See (Vatican City State)
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
The Head of State is the Pope who is elected for life by the College of Cardinals.
Source:
Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001, Art. 1 (1): http://www.vatican.va/vatican_city_state/legislation/documents/scv_doc_20001126_legge-fondamentale-scv_it.html (2012)
|
2012/05/14
|
|
Honduras
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President of the Republic shall be elected directly by the people, by a simple majority of votes. The election shall be announced by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal and, in default thereof, by the National Congress or by the Supreme Court of Justice.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República de Honduras (2009)", art. 235–237 & 245: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-constitucion-politica-de-1982-2021/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley Electoral de Honduras”, art. 77, 285: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-ley-electoral-2021-con-reformas-2021/
|
2025/08/07
|
|
Hong Kong
|
h. Other
|
Since Hong Kong is a special administrative region of People's Republic of China, it comes directly under the Central People's Government, and the head of state is Chinese President.
The President of China is elected by National People's Congress for a five year term.
Source:
Basic Law of the Hong Kong, Art.12-13:https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/HK/hong-kong-the-basic-law-of-the-hong-kong-2016/view
Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Art. 62 (4):
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/CN/china-constitution-2016/view
|
2021/06/03
|
|
Hungary
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The Head of State of Hungary shall be the President of the Republic, who shall embody the unity of the nation and be the guardian of the democratic functioning of the state
organisation.
Source:
Constitution: The Fundamental Law of Hungary (as Amended to 2013), The State, Art.9 (1): http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=140968.322953.
|
2018/07/30
|
|
Iceland
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President shall be elected by direct, secret ballot of those who are eligible to vote in elections to Althingi. A presidential candidate shall be proposed by not less than 1500 voters and not more than 3000. The candidate, if there is more than one, who receives the most votes is duly elected President. If there is only one candidate, he is duly elected without a vote.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 5, as amended in 2013
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iceland_2013?lang=en
|
2020/07/27
|
|
India
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
The President shall be elected by the
members of an electoral college consisting of—
(a) the elected members of both Houses of Parliament; and
(b) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
Source:
The Constitution of India, Articles 53-55: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/IN/india-constitution-as-amended-to-2007/view
|
2024/06/12
|
|
Indonesia
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Article 6A(3): Any candidate for President who obtains more than fifty percent of the total number of votes during the general election and in addition polls at least twenty percent of the votes in more than half of the total number of provinces in Indonesia shall be elected President.
(4): In the event that there is no candidate for President elected, the two candidates that have obtained the first and second highest total of votes in the general election shall participate in a second round, and the candidate who receives the highest number of votes shall be elected President.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Art. 4(1), 6A: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/ID/indonesia-constitution/view
|
2024/01/31
|
|
Iran, Islamic Republic of
|
h. Other
|
The task of appointing the Leader shall be vested with the experts elected by the people. The experts will review and consult among themselves concerning all the 'fuqaha' possessing the qualifications specified in Articles 5 and 109 (of the Constitution). In the event they find one of them better versed in Islamic regulations, the subjects of the fiqh, or in political and social issues, or possessing general popularity or special prominence for any of the qualifications mentioned in Article 109, they shall elect him as the Leader. Otherwise, in the absence of such a superiority, they shall elect and declare one of them as the Leader. The Leader thus elected by the Assembly of Experts shall assume all the powers of the 'wilayat al-amr' and all the responsibilities arising therefrom.
The law setting out the number and qualifications of the experts [mentioned in the preceding article], the mode of their election, and the code of procedure regulating the sessions during the first term must be drawn up by the fuqaha' on the first Guardian Council, passed by a majority of votes and then finally approved by the Leader of the Revolution. The power to make any subsequent change or a review of this law, or approval of all the provisions concerning the duties of the experts is vested in themselves.
Following are the essential qualifications and conditions for the Leader:
scholarship, as required for performing the functions of muftiin different fields of fiqh.
Justice and piety, as required for the leadership of the Islamic Ummah.
right political and social perspicacity, prudence, courage, administrative facilities and adequate capability for leadership.
In case of multiplicity of persons fulfilling the above qualifications and conditions, the person possessing the better jurisprudential and political perspicacity will be given preference.
Source:
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, articles 107-109: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iran_1989
|
2024/11/19
|
|
Iraq
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The Council of Representatives elects the President by a two-thirds majority of the number of its members.
Source:
Iraqi Constitution, Articles 61(3) & 70: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/IQ/Full%20Text%20of%20Iraqi%20Constitution.pdf/view
|
2018/04/15
|
|
Ireland
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
There shall be a President of Ireland (Uachtarán na hÉireann), hereinafter called the President, who shall take precedence over all other persons in the State and who shall exercise and perform the powers and functions conferred on the President by this Constitution and by law.
The President shall be elected by direct vote of the people.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 12; https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html
Presidential Elections Act, Art. 50-51: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/IE/ireland-presidential-elections-act-1993/view
|
2024/11/21
|
|
Israel
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President of the State shall be elected by the Knesset for seven years.
Source:
BASIC LAW: THE PRESIDENT OF THE STATE(5724 -1964): https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/Documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawThePresident.pdf
|
2019/04/30
|
|
Italy
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
The President is elected in joint session of the parliament. Three delegates from every region, elected by the regional councils in a way guaranteeing minority representation, participate in the election as well (the only exception is the Aosta Valley, which is represented by one delegate only). Presidential elections, conducted by secret ballot, require a two-thirds majority of the assembly. After the third ballot a majority of the members is sufficient.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 83
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Italy_2012?lang=en
|
2020/07/18
|
|
Jamaica
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
There shall be a Governor-General of Jamaica who shall be appointed by Her Majesty and shall hold office during Her Majesty's pleasure and who shall be Her Majesty's representative in Jamaica.
Source:
Jamaica Constitution Order in Council, 1962. Section 27
|
2011/05/23
|
|
Japan
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The Emperor shall be the symbol of the State and the unity of the people, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power. The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial House Law passed by the Diet.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 1-2:
https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html
|
2021/09/17
|
|
Jersey
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
The head of state is the British monarch, represented by Lieutenant Governor who is appointed by the monarch.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/je.html
|
2010/01/12
|
|
Jordan
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The Throne of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is hereditary to the dynasty of King Abdullah Bin Al-Hussein in a direct line through the male heirs. The King is the Head of the State and is immune from every liability and responsibility.
Source:
Constitution, art. 28, 30: http://www.representatives.jo/sites/default/files/الدستور.pdf (2015)
|
2016/07/28
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
1. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be elected in accordance with the constitutional law by adult citizens of the Republic on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot for a term of five years.
5. A candidate who receives more than fifty percent of the votes cast by voters who have taken part in the voting shall be considered elected. In the event that none of the candidates receives the specified number of votes, a second vote shall be taken, in which two candidates who receive the largest number of votes participate. A candidate is considered to be elected if he receives a greater number of votes of the voters who took part in the voting.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 1995, amended March 10, 2017 art. 41.
https://www.akorda.kz/en/constitution-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-50912
|
2024/09/12
|
|
Kenya
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
when there's two or more candidates nominated for presidency, a candidate is declared elected if he garners more than half the votes cast, and at least 25% of the votes cast in more than half the counties.
Source:
The Constitution of Kenya Art. 131(1)
|
2024/12/06
|
|
Kiribati
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
There shall be a president of Kiribati, who shall be known as Beretitenti. The Beretitenti shall be the Head of State and the Head of Government.
The Maneaba (Parliament) shall after the election of the Speaker nominate, from among members of the Maneaba, not less than 3 nor more than 4 candidates for election as Beretitenti and no other person may be a candidate. Every person who is entitled to vote in a general election shall be entitled to vote in an election of Beretitenti.
There shall be two rounds of voting in which each member shall cast not more than a vote from among the candidates, and a member who is in the ballot may vote for himself.
Source:
Article 30 and 32, Constitution
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kiribati_2013
Article 5, Election of Beretitenti Act
http://www.paclii.org/ki/legis/consol_act/eoba231.pdf
|
2024/11/24
|
|
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The Chairman of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an inherited position, however the eternal President of the state remains a ceremonial position. The title as head of the state is the President of the Presidium, which operates as the head of state while the Supreme Peoples' Authority is not in session.
Source:
Constitution of DPRK, Preamble
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Korea, Republic of
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President is the Head of State and represents the State vis-a-vis foreign states.
The President is elected by universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage.
In case two or more candidates get the same number of votes in a presidential election, the candidate who wins the greatest number in an open session of the National Assembly is the elected one. If and when there is only one presidential candidate, he/she cannot be elected President unless he/she wins at least one third of votes of the total eligible voters.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Article 66, 67: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?lang=ENG&hseq=1
|
2024/08/28
|
|
Kuwait
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The Amir is the Head of the State. Kuwait is a hereditary Amirate, the succession to which shall be in the descendants of the late Mubarak al-Sabah.
Source:
Constitution, art. 4, 54: http://www.pm.gov.kw/en/state_Of_Kuwait/kuwaitConstitution.jsp (2013)
|
2013/01/30
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President shall be elected by the citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic for a term of 5 years. The same person cannot be elected President for more than two terms.
A candidate for presidency shall be considered elected, if in the first round of the voting he/she has obtained more than half of votes of all voters participating in the elections. If more than two candidates for presidency were included into a ballot and none of them was elected, the Central Election Commission shall call a repeat voting for the two candidates who obtained the biggest number of votes. In the repeat voting, a candidate shall be considered elected, if he/she has obtained the largest number of votes of the participating voters.
Source:
Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic (2021), art. 66-67: https://constsot.kg/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/constitution-of-the-kyrgyz-republic.pdf
Constitutional Law No 68 of 2011 (amended 2020) “On elections of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic and deputies of Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic”, art. 55-56: https://legislationline.org/sites/default/files/documents/a1/KYRG_Const%20Laww%20on%20Elections%20of%20President%20and%20MPs.pdf
|
2025/05/07
|
|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President of the State is the Head of State of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the representative of the multi-ethnic Lao people both within the country and abroad. The President of the State is elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds of the votes of all members of the National Assembly attending the session.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 65, 66: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LA/Lao-People2019s-Democratic-Republic-Constitution/view
|
2021/02/16
|
|
Latvia
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
Article 35. The Saeima shall elect the President for a term of four years.
Article 36. The President shall be elected by secret ballot with a majority of the votes of not less than fifty-one members of the Saeima.
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia as amended on 8 April 2009, art. 35-36: http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/4777/file/Latvia_Constitution_am2009_en.pdf (2014)
|
2022/09/12
|
|
Lebanon
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The president of the Republic is the head of the state and the symbol of the nation's unity. The President of the Republic shall be elected by secret ballot and by a two-thirds majority of the Chamber of Deputies. After a first ballot, an absolute majority shall be sufficient. The president's term is for six years. He may not be re-elected until six years after the expiration of his last mandate.
Source:
Constitution, art. 49: http://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Documents/Lebanese%20Constitution.pdf
|
2024/11/20
|
|
Lesotho
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
There shall be a King of Lesotho who shall be a constitutional monarch and Head of State. The King is chosen by the College of Chiefs, in accordance with the customary law of Lesotho but is generally obliged to act on the advice of the Cabinet or the Council of State.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Lesotho, art. 44, 45 & 91
|
2017/07/19
|
|
Liberia
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President shall be elected by universal adult suffrage of
registered voters in the Republic and shall hold office for a term of six years commencing at noon on the third working in January of the year immediately following the elections. No person shall serve as President for more than two terms.
The first round shall be determined by an absolute majority of the valid votes cast. If no candidate obtains an absolute majority (fifty percent plus one vote) in the first ballot, a second ballot shall be conducted on the second Tuesday following the announcement of the results of the first
ballot. The two candidates who obtain the highest number of valid votes at the first ballot shall be designated to participate in the run-off election and the candidate who obtains the majority of the valid votes cast at the second ballot is elected.
Source:
The 1986 Constitution of the Republic of Liberia, Art. 50, http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LR/liberia-amended-electoral-laws-2014/view
The New Elections Law (2016, with amendments up until and including 2014), Chapter 4, Art. 4.1, http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LR/liberia-amended-electoral-laws-2014/view
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
h. Other
|
The National Transitional Council shall elect its president as well as the first and second vice- president. If one of these posts becomes vacant, the Council shall provide for the replacement. The election shall take place in all these cases by a relative majority of the members present. In case of a tied vote, the successful candidate shall be designated by the President.
Source:
The Constitutional Declaration (Transitional National Council of Libya), Art. 18 & 30: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Libya_2011
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
Article 2: "The Principality is a constitutional, hereditary monarchy on a democratic and parliamentary basis;"
Article 7: "The Reigning Prince is the Head of State..."
Source:
Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Art. 2,7:
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Lithuania
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Article 77: The President of the Republic shall be Head of State.
Article 78(2): The President of the Republic shall be elected by the citizens of the Republic of Lithuania for a five-year term by universal, equal, and direct suffrage by secret ballot.
Article 81: The candidate for the post of the President of the Republic who, during the first round of voting in which not less than half of all the voters participate, receives the votes of more than half of all the voters who participate in the election shall be deemed elected. If less than half of all the voters participate in the election, the candidate who receives the greatest number of votes, but not less than 1/3 of the votes of all the voters, shall be deemed elected.
If, during the first round of voting, no single candidate gets the requisite number of votes, the second round of voting shall be held two weeks later with the two candidates who have received the greatest number of votes standing against each other. The candidate who receives more votes shall be deemed elected.
If no more than two candidates take part in the first round, and neither of them receives the requisite number of votes, a repeat election shall be held.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania (25 October 1992, as last amended on 25 April 2006), art. 77, 78(2), 81 http://www3.lrs.lt/home/Konstitucija/Constitution.htm
|
2020/06/05
|
|
Luxembourg
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The Crown of the Grand Duchy is hereditary in the Nassau family.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 3 https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Luxembourg_2009
|
2024/11/20
|
|
Macau
|
h. Other
|
As Macau is a special administrative region of People's Republic of China, the head of state is the Chinese president. The President of China is elected by National People's Congress for a five year term.
Source:
Basic Law, art. 1
Constitution (People's Republic of China), art. 62 & 79
|
2009/12/08
|
|
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Electoral Code, Article 4(1)
The election of the President of the Republic shall be conducted on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia and in the diplomatic-consular offices (hereinafter: DCOs) of the Republic of Macedonia in Europe and Africa, North and South America and Australia and Asia, as a single electoral district, according to the majoritarian model.
Constitution, Article 81
A candidate for President of the Republic can be nominated by a minimum of 10,000 voters or at least 30 Representatives. A candidate for President of the Republic is elected if voted by a majority of the total number of voters. If in the first round of voting no candidate wins the majority required, voting in the second round is restricted to the two candidates who have won most votes in the first round. The second round takes place within 14 days of the termination of voting in the first round. A candidate is elected President if he/she wins a majority of the votes of those who voted, provided more than half of the registered voters voted. If in the second round of voting no candidate wins the required majority of votes, the whole electoral procedure is repeated. If only one candidate is nominated for the post od President of the Republic and he/she does not obtain the required majority of votes in the first round, the whole electoral procedure is repeated.
Source:
Electoral Code of the Republic of Macedonia including 2021 amendments, article. 4 (1): https://www.ifes.org/document/northmacedoniaelectoralcodeupdatesseptember2021pdf
Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia, art. 81.
https://www.sobranie.mk/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-macedonia-ns_article-constitution-of-the-republic-of-north-macedonia.nspx
|
2024/11/19
|
|
Madagascar
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is Head of State and is directly elected by universal, direct suffrage for a five year term. The election shall be by a majority of the votes on the first ballot. If this is not obtained, the President of the Republic shall be elected on the second ballot by plurality of one of the two candidates having received the greatest number of votes on the first ballot.
Source:
Constitution, art. 44 - 47: http://www.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/constitution.pdf (2013);
Organic Law No. 2012-015 regulating presidential elections: http://www.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/loi%20_n-2012-015_elect_%20pres.pdf (2013)
|
2013/02/07
|
|
Malawi
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is both the Head of State and Government. The President shall be elected by a majority of more than fifty
percent of the valid votes cast through direct, universal and equal suffrage and,where such majority is not obtained by any candidate in the first poll, a second poll shall be held within sixty days after the declaration of the result in which the candidates who obtained the highest votes cast in the first poll shall be the only candidates.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, art. 78 & 80.
|
2025/04/14
|
|
Malaysia
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
There shall be a Supreme Head of the Federation, to be called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who shall take precedence over all persons in the Federation.
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be elected by the Conference of Rulers for a term of five years, but may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Conference of Rulers or be removed from office by the Conference of Rulers, and shall cease to hold office on ceasing to be a Ruler.
Source:
Constitution, art. 32: http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/malaysia.pdf (2013)
|
2013/03/21
|
|
Maldives
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President shall be the Head of State, the Head of Government, and the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. The President shall be elected directly by the people by universal and secret suffrage. The President shall be elected by over fifty percent of the votes. If no candidate obtains such majority, a run-off election must be held within twenty one days after the first election. The run-off election shall be contested only by the two candidates receiving the highest number of votes in the first election.
Source:
Constitution 2008, art. 106, 108, 111: http://www.majlis.gov.mv/en/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-english.pdf (2018)
|
2019/02/11
|
|
Mali
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The head of state is the president who is elected by universal, direct suffrage for a five year term. He is elected by an absolute majority in two rounds.
Source:
Constitution, art. 29-30
Electoral Code, art. 140
|
2009/12/08
|
|
Malta
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
There shall be a President of Malta who shall be appointed by Resolution of the House of Representatives.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 48: http://www.parlament.mt/constituion-of-malta?l=1 (2012)
|
2012/05/22
|
|
Man, Isle of
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
The British monarch, as Lord of Mann, is the head of state. Her representative is the Lieutenant Governor who is appointed by the Crown to serve a 5 year term.
Source:
Isle of Man Constitution: Parliament
http://www.gov.im/isleofman/parliament.xml
|
2010/01/12
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President is both the head of state and the head of government. S/he shall be elected by a majority of the total membership of the Nitijela (Parliament).
Source:
Constitution, art. 5 (3) https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Marshall_Islands_1995
|
2023/10/12
|
|
Mauritania
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Source:
Constitution as amended by Constitutional Law n° 2012-015, art. 23, 26: www.mauritania.mr (2012)
|
2024/10/28
|
|
Mauritius
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
There shall be a President who shall be the Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Republic of Mauritius. The President shall be elected by the Assembly on a motion made by the Prime Minister and supported by the votes of a majority of all the members of the Assembly.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius, art. 28
|
2012/02/25
|
|
Mayotte
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
|
2009/11/12
|
|
Mexico
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President is elected for 6 years with the majority of votes in direct elections.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos", art. 80 & 81: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-constitucion-2024/ ;
Electoral Law: "Ley General de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales", art. 12: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-lgipe-2024/
|
2024/04/12
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
Art. 10, Sec. 1: The executive power of the national government is vested in the President of the Federated States of Micronesia. He is elected by Congress for a term of four years by a majority vote of all the members.
Art. 10, Sec. 3. a.: [The President]is head of state of the Federated States of Micronesia;
Source:
Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia Art. 10, Section 1 and 3: http://www.fsmlaw.org/fsm/constitution/article10.htm
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Moldova, Republic of
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President of the Republic of Moldova is directly elected in general elections with simple majority.
Source:
The Constitution of The Republic of Moldova (1994, rev. 2016)
|
2021/03/30
|
|
Monaco
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The head of state is the Prince and the position is hereditary.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 2, 3
Art. 2. The principle of government is a hereditary and constitutional monarchy.
The Principality is a State under the rule of law, committed to fundamental freedoms and
rights.
Art. 3. The executive power is exercised by the highest authority of the Prince.
The Prince’s persona is inviolable.
https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-REF(2013)021-e
|
2023/09/11
|
|
Mongolia
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Political parties that have obtained seats in the Parliament nominate individually or collectively presidential candidates (one candidate per party/coalition). Citizens eligible for election then participate in electing the President on the basis of universal, free and direct suffrage by secret ballot. The Parliament considers the candidate who has obtained a majority of all votes cast in the first voting round as elected President and shall pass a law recognizing his/her mandate.
If none of the candidates obtains a majority vote in the first round, a second round of voting shall take place involving the two candidates who have obtained the largest number of votes in the first round. The candidate who wins a majority of all votes cast in the second ballot shall be considered as elected President and a law recognizing his/her mandate shall be passed by the Parliament.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 30 (1), 31: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mongolia_2001?lang=en (2017)
|
2020/02/17
|
|
Montenegro
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Article 1: The President of Montenegro shall be elected through general elections, directly and through secret voting, for the period of five years.
Article 16: The candidate who obtains more than a half of the valid votes of voters who have voted shall be elected President.
Article 17: In case none of the candidates obtain the number of votes predicted by the Article 16 of this Law, the second round shall be organised in 14 days.
Two candidates who received the highest number of votes shall participate in the second round.
In the second round, the winner shall be the candidate who wins the majority of votes.
Should both candidates win an equal number of votes in the second round, the voting shall be repeated between these two candidates within the term of 7 days.
Source:
Electoral Law: Law on Election of President of Montenegro adopted on 27 December 2007, art. 1(1), 16-17.
https://legislationline.org/taxonomy/term/12409
|
2023/09/25
|
|
Montserrat
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
There shall be a Governor of Montserrat who shall be appointed by Her Majesty by Commission under Her Sign Manual and Signet and shall hold office during Her Majesty’s pleasure.
Source:
Constitution, art. 22
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Morocco
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
Article 42: The King Head of State...; Article 43: The Crown of Morocco and its constitutional rights are hereditary...
Source:
Morocco's Constitution of 2011, Articles 42-43: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Mozambique
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of Mozambique is both Head of State and Government and is elected by absolute majority. In case no candidate obtains an absolute majority, there shall be a second round among the top two candidates.
Source:
Constitution of 21 January 2005, art. 146, 148: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/mozambique-constitution-portuguese-version/view (2014);
Law No. 8/2013 of 27 February 2013 regulating presidential and legislative elections (as amended by Law No. 12/2014), art. 133: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/Mozambique-Law-No.-12-2014-of-13-April-2014/view (2014)
|
2024/12/04
|
|
Namibia
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is the Head of State and the Head of Government. The President is elected through direct universal adult suffrage by and absolute majority and is restricted to two terms of office of five years each.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Namibia, art. 27-29
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Nauru
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
"There shall be a President of Nauru, who shall be elected by Parliament."
"Parliament shall elect a President (a) whenever the office of President is vacant; (b) at the first sitting of Parliament next following its dissolution..."
Source:
Constitution 1968, Art. 16. (http://www.naurugov.nr/media/21406/constitution_19.5.1968.pdf)
|
2019/07/01
|
|
Nepal
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President shall be elected by an electoral college composed of the members of the Federal Parliament and of the State Assemblies. The voting weightage of the members of the Federal Parliament and of the State Assemblies shall vary as provided in the Federal law. The weightage of Federal Parliament and of the state Assembly Member is 79 and 48 respectively.
Source:
The Constitution of Nepal, 2015 Article 62 (1) and Act relating to President and Vice-President Election, 2017 Section 54 Annex www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/documents/2016/01/constitution-of-nepal-2.pdf and http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=23135 http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/page/12/?workflow_state=prevailing-laws-statutes-acts
|
2018/04/03
|
|
Netherlands
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
Article 24: "The title to the Throne shall be hereditary and shall vest in the legitimate descendants of King William I, Prince of Orange-Nassau."
Source:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Netherlands, Article. 24: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Netherlands_2008?lang=en
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nt.html
|
2009/11/12
|
|
New Caledonia
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Source:
Constitution, Section II, Articles 6 and 7.
|
2004/01/14
|
|
New Zealand
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
New Zealand’s head of State is the Sovereign, King Charles III of New Zealand. The Governor-General is the King's representative in New Zealand.
Since 1972, the Cabinet has generally chosen the Governor-General's successor about a year before the incumbent's term ends. Once the Cabinet has agreed upon a candidate, the prime minister advises the Sovereign. If the Sovereign is pleased with the candidate, the leader of Opposition is usually consulted before the conclusion of the recruitment process.
Source:
Constitution Act 1986, Art. 2: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/whole.html#DLM94210 (2017)
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/the-chosen-few/selection-process
|
2024/07/02
|
|
Nicaragua
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President of the Republic is both the Head of State and the Head of Government, and at the same time is Supreme Head of the Army of Nicaragua. The President is elected by universal, equal, direct, free and secret vote. The candidate with the relative majority of the votes cast shall be elected.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de Nicaragua (2014)”, art. 144, 146, 147 (1):
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/NI/constitucion/constitucion-politica-de-nicaragua-con-reformas-a/ (2016);
Electoral Law No. 331: “Ley Electoral No. 331 (enmendada por la ley No. 790 del 23/05/2012)”, art. 145:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/NI/leyes-electorales/nicaragua-ley-no.-331-ley-electoral-2012/ (2016).
|
2016/06/07
|
|
Niger
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of the State. The President of the Republic is elected for 5 years by universal, free, direct, equal and secret suffrage. The President shall be re-eligible only once. The election of the President of the Republic shall take place by majority vote in two rounds.
Source:
Constitution of 25 November 2010 with its amendments, art. 46, 47 (1), 48: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/NE/niger-constitution-english-version-2010/
|
2017/02/01
|
|
Nigeria
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President shall be the Head of State, the Chief Executive of the Federation and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federation.
A candidate for an election to the office of President shall be deemed to have been duly elected to such office where, being the only candidate nominated for the election -
(a) he has a majority of YES votes over NO votes cast at the election; and
(b) he has not less than one-quarter of the votes cast at the election in each of at least two-thirds of all the States in the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
A candidate for an election to the office of President shall be deemed to have be been duly elected, where, there being only two candidates for the election -
(a) he has the majority of votes cast at the election; and
(b) he has not less than one-quarter of the votes cast at the election in each of at least two-thirds of all the States in the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
A candidate for an election to the office of President shall be deemed to have been duly elected where, there being more than two candidates for the election-
(a) he has the highest number of votes cast at the election;
(b) he has not less than one-quarter of the votes cast at the election each of at least two-thirds of all the States in the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
Source:
Constitution 1999 (as amended), art. 130, 133, 134: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179202 (2013)
|
2015/02/14
|
|
Niue
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
"The executive authority of Niue is vested in Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand, and the Governor-General of New Zealand is accordingly the representative of Her Majesty the Queen in relation to Niue."
Source:
Constitution, Art. 1.
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Norfolk Islands
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
The head of state is the British monarch, represented by the Australian Governor General.
Source:
Norfolk Island Act, Preamble, p. 1 & art. 6
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nf.html
|
2010/01/07
|
|
Northern Mariana Islands
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
As the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands is in political union with the United States, the head of state is the U.S. President who is elected by electoral college, which consists of representatives directly elected by people from every state. Residents of the Commonwealth are however not entitled to in the U.S. presidential elections, although they may vote in the Democratic and Republican party presidential primary elections.
Source:
Constitution, Preamble
https://cnmilaw.org/cons.php#gsc.tab=0
|
2024/11/28
|
|
Norway
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The Head of State is the hereditary monarch. The Executive Power is vested in the King.
Source:
Constitution(last amended May 2014), Art.3.
|
2017/05/19
|
|
Oman
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The system of government is an hereditary Sultanate in which succession passes to a male descendant of Sayyid Turki bin Said bin Sultan. It is a condition that the male who is chosen to rule should be an adult Muslim of sound mind and a legitimate son of Omani Muslim parents (Art 5). The Sultan is the Head of State and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. His person is inviolable and must be respected and his orders must be obeyed. The Sultan is the symbol of national unity as well as its guardian and defender (Art 41).
Source:
Basic Statute of the State, as amended by Royal Decree No. 99/2011, art. 5, 41: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Oman_2011.pdf?lang=en
|
2025/04/30
|
|
Pakistan
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
There shall be a President of Pakistan who shall be the Head of State and shall represent the unity of the Republic.
The President shall be elected in accordance with the provisions of the Second Schedule by the members of an electoral college consisting of:
the members of both Houses; and
the members of the Provincial Assemblies.
Source:
Constitution, art. 41: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Pakistan_2017
|
2024/11/25
|
|
Palau
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President shall be the chief executive of the national government. The President and Vice President shall be elected in a nationwide election for a term of four years. A person may not serve as President for more than two consecutive terms.
Source:
Constitution, Art. VIII (1 & 4).
|
2016/11/04
|
|
Palestine
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President shall be elected via secret balloting in general, free and direct elections. The winner shall be the person who acquired the absolute majority of correct electors’ votes. If none of the candidates acquires such majority the top two candidates shall run for another round of elections within fifteen days from the day the final results were published. The winner shall be the candidate who acquires the highest number of votes in this round.
Source:
Palestinian Basic Law, art. 34: http://www.osservatorioiraq.it/sites/default/files/Palestinian%20Basic%20Law%20with%20Amendements%20-%20english.pdf (2013);
Elections Law 2 September 2007 regulating general elections, art. 3 (1): http://www.elections.ps/Portals/0/pdf/Election_Law_%282007-Sept_02%29-EN.pdf (2013)
|
2013/04/08
|
|
Panama
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President of the Republic is elected for a period of five years.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Panamá”, art. 175–177: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PA/panama-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-2004
|
2024/12/05
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
The Queen of the United Kingdom is the head of state. She appoints her representative, a Governor General based on the advice of the National Executive Council given in accordance with the decision of the parliament.
Source:
Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, Section 82, 87, 88: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Papua_New_Guinea_2014?lang=en (2014)
|
2017/03/16
|
|
Paraguay
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The executive is vested in the President who is elected for a 5 year term by simple majority of votes.
Source:
Constitución: Constitución Nacional de la República del Paraguay, art. 229 y 230: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PY/constitucion/Paraguay%20%281992%29.pdf/ (1992)
Electoral Law: Código Electoral Paraguayo (Ley 834/96), art. 244:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PY/paraguay-codigo-electoral-2014/ (2014)
|
2023/03/16
|
|
Peru
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
A second round can only take place if neither of the candidates obtains more than half of the votes issued, without taking into account the blank and invalid votes.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política del Perú”, art. 111: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-constitucion-politica-2019/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley 26859, orgánica de elecciones”, art. 17: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-ley-26859-organica-elecciones-2019/
|
2020/01/28
|
|
Philippines
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The executive power is vested in the President. The President is elected together with the Vice-President by direct vote of the people for a term of six years. The person having the highest number of votes shall be proclaimed elected, but in case two or more shall have an equal and highest number of votes, one of them shall forthwith be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the Members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately.
Source:
Constitution, Art. VII, Sec. 1, 4:
http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/#article-vii(2016)
http://www.asianlii.org/ph/legis/const/1987/8.html (2019)
|
2019/04/24
|
|
Pitcairn Islands
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
"33.—(1) The executive authority of Pitcairn is vested in Her Majesty.
(2) Subject to this Constitution, the executive authority of Pitcairn shall be exercised on behalf of Her Majesty by the Governor, either directly or through officers subordinate to the Governor."
Source:
Constitution Part 4, Article 33(1-2)
http://www.government.pn/Pitcairn%20Islands%20Constitution%20Order%202010.pdf
|
2010/01/12
|
|
Poland
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic shall be elected by the Nation, in universal, equal and direct elections, conducted by secret ballot.
A candidate who has received more than half of the valid votes shall be considered elected President of the Republic. If none of the candidates has received the required majority of votes, then a repeat ballot shall be held on the 14th day after the first vote.
The two candidates who have received the largest number of votes in the first ballot shall participate in a repeat ballot. If one of the two such candidates withdraws his consent to candidacy, forfeits his electoral rights or dies, he shall be replaced in the repeat ballot by the candidate who received the next highest consecutive number of votes in the first ballot. In such case, the date of the repeat ballot shall be extended by a further 14 days.
The candidate who receives the higher number of votes in the repeat ballot shall be elected President of the Republic.
Source:
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2nd April, 1997, as amended in 2009, article 127: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Poland_2009
|
2024/11/13
|
|
Portugal
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Article 121
(Election)
1. The President of the Republic is elected by the universal, direct and secret suffrage of Portuguese
citizens who are registered to vote in Portuguese territory and, in accordance with the following
paragraph, of Portuguese citizens who reside abroad.
Article 126
(Electoral system)
1. The candidate who receives more than half of the validly cast votes shall be elected President of the
Republic. Blank ballot papers are considered not to have been validly cast.
2. If none of the candidates obtains this number of votes, a second ballot shall be held within twenty-one
days of the first one.
3. Only the two candidates who received most votes in the first ballot and have not withdrawn their
candidatures shall stand in the second ballot.
Source:
Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, Seventh Revision, 2005, Articles 120, 121(1), 126:
https://www.parlamento.pt/Legislacao/Paginas/ConstituicaoRepublicaPortuguesa.aspx - Portuguese
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/pt/pt045en.pdf - English
|
2024/10/26
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
The Head of State is the president of the United States who is elected by an Electoral College. The Puerto Rico's citizens cannot vote in presidential elections, but they can vote in the Republican and Democratic party primary presidential elections.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico”, art. 1: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PR/puerto-rico-constitucion-1970/ ;
Electoral Law: “Código Electoral de Puerto Rico de 2020”: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PR/puerto-rico-ley-58-2020-codigo-electoral-2020/
|
2020/11/03
|
|
Qatar
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The Prince is the Head of the State. His person is inviolable, and his respect is a duty.
The rule of the State is hereditary in the family of Al Thani, and in the male descendents of Hamad Ben Khalifa Ben Hamad Ben Abd-Allah Ben Jassim. Inheritance of the rules goes to the son designated by the Prince (Emir) as Heir Apparent.
Source:
Constitution, art. 8: https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/permanent_constitution_state_qatar_en.pdf
|
2025/05/08
|
|
Romania
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Article 81: (1) The President of Romania shall be elected by universal, equal, direct, secret an free suffrage.
(2) The candidate who, in the first ballot, obtained a majority of
votes of the electors entered on the electoral lists shall be declared elected.
(3) In case no candidate has obtained such a majority, a second ballot shall be held between the first two candidates highest in the order of the number of votes cast for them in the first ballot. The candidate having the greatest number of votes shall be declared elected.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Romania, amended in 2003, art. 81
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Romania_2003?lang=en
|
2020/08/22
|
|
Russian Federation
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Russian Federation shall be elected for six years by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, equal, direct suffrage by secret ballot.
Source:
The Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. 81: http://archive.government.ru/eng/gov/base/54.html
|
2024/03/18
|
|
Rwanda
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President is the Head of State. The election of the President of the Republic shall be by universal suffrage through a direct and secret ballot with a simple majority of the votes cast. The President of the Republic is elected for a term of five years renewable only once. This follows the constitutional amendment of 2023 that shortened presidential terms of office to two five year terms. The revised Constitution, Article 175, also provided for the harmonization of the presidential and legislative elections starting from the 2024 election.
Source:
Loi organique n°03/2010/OL et loi n°27/2010 relative aux élections (2010), art. 80: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/RW/constitution-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-last/view
|
2024/12/04
|
|
Saint Helena
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
The head of state is the British monarch who appoints the Governor as her representative.
Source:
Constitution, art. 26
|
2010/01/12
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
There shall be for Saint Christopher and Nevis a Governor-General who shall be a citizen appointed by Her
Majesty and shall hold office during Her Majesty’s pleasure and who shall be Her Majesty’s representative in Saint
Christopher and Nevis.
Source:
Article 21, Constitution
|
2020/04/14
|
|
Saint Lucia
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
The head of state is the British monarch, represented by Governor General who is appointed by Her Majesty.
Source:
Constitution, art. 19
|
2011/06/28
|
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
There shall be a Governor-General of Saint Vincent who shall be appointed by Her Majesty and shall hold office during Her Majesty's pleasure and who shall be Her Majesty's representative in Saint Vincent.
Source:
Constitution of St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1979, art. 19 & 50
|
2021/12/26
|
|
Samoa
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The Head of State shall be appointed by the Legislative Assembly acting on the recommendation of the party or parties in Government.
Source:
Samoa Constitution: https://www.palemene.ws/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-Eng.pdf (2021)
|
2021/04/09
|
|
San Marino
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
There are two Heads of State, the Captains Regent, appointed by the Parliament, representing the state in its unity. They are the supreme guarantors of the constitutional order.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 3 (Available on the Official Website of the Parliament: http://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm)
|
2012/05/25
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The head of state is the President, elected by universal, direct and secret suffrage for a five year term.
Absolute majority is required in the first round; if no candidate achieves the required majority, a run-off election is held between the two candidates who received the highest number of votes in the first round. (IFES Election Guide: https://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/188/)
Source:
Constitution, Art. 77 and Art.79: https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Sao_Tome_and_Principe_2003.pdf?lang=en
|
2021/06/17
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The system of governance in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia shall be monarchical. Governance shall be limited to the sons of the Founder King.
Source:
The Basic Law of Governance, art. 5: http://www.boe.gov.sa/ViewSystemDetails.aspx?lang=en&SystemID=4 (2012)
|
2012/08/20
|
|
Senegal
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is elected by universal, direct suffrage by absolute majority in two rounds for a 5 year term. She/he can be re-elected once.
Source:
Presidency of Senegal
http://www.presidence.sn/en/presidency/the-president
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Serbia
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic shall be elected on direct elections, by secret ballot, in accordance with the Law.
The candidate who receives the majority of votes cast shall be elected President of the Republic.
If no candidate receives a majority of the votes cast, the Republic Electoral Commission shall... issue a decision ordering a repeat vote.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, art. 114.
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/RS/constitution-of-the-republic-of-serbia-2006/view
Electoral Law: Law on the Election of the President of the Republic, art. 21, 22
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/RS/serbia-law-on-the-election-of-the-president-of-the/view
|
2022/07/05
|
|
Seychelles
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Constitution, art. 50: There shall be a President of Seychelles who shall be the Head of State, Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces of Seychelles.
Source:
- Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles (2011), art. 50
-Pre-election Assessment Mission report, Presidential election of 2015, EISA (2015)
|
2025/02/25
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
There shall be a President of the Republic of Sierra Leone who shall be Head of State, the supreme executive authority of the Republic and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. No person shall be elected as President of Sierra Leone unless at the
Presidential election he has polled not less than fifty-five per cent of the valid votes in his favour; and in default of a candidate being duly elected under paragraph (e), the two
candidates with the highest number or numbers of votes shall go forward to a second election (...)
Source:
Constitution (2008), art. 40 & 42: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SL/sierra-leone-constitution-2008/
|
2017/01/12
|
|
Singapore
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
There shall be a President of Singapore who shall be the Head of State.
Where the total number of overseas electors lawfully entitled to vote at the election is less than the difference between the number of votes given to the candidates with the second greatest number of votes, the Returning Officer shall declare the candidate to whom the greatest number of votes is given to be elected.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, art. 17: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Singapore_2010?lang=en (2017);
The Presidential Elections Act, Art. 32 (8D): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/SG/singapore-president-elections-act-2011/view (2017)
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Slovakia
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The head of state is the President, elected by a secret ballot for a five year term. A candidate for the President is elected if he/she receives absolute majority of votes. If none of the candidates receives the necessary majority of votes, a second round is held within 14 days of the voting.
Source:
The Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Article 101: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/SK/constitution-of-the-slovak-republic-as-amended-to/view
|
2024/10/25
|
|
Slovenia
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is elected in direct, general elections by secret ballot. The candidate who receives a majority of the valid votes cast is elected President of the Republic. The President of the Republic is elected for a term of five years and may be elected for a maximum of two consecutive terms.
Source:
Constitution, art. 103
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Slovenia_2013?lang=en
|
2017/03/30
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
Art. 1(2): Her Majesty shall be the Head of State of Solomon Islands.
Art. 27(1) There shall be a Governor-General of Solomon Islands who shall be appointed by the Head of State in accordance with an address from Parliament and who shall be the representative of the Head of State in Solomon Islands.
Source:
Constitution of 1978, Amended 2014: Art. 1 (2) and 27 (1).
Constitution (2014): https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Solomon_Islands_2014.pdf?lang=en
Amendment 2018: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/SB/solomon-islands-constitution-amendment-2018
|
2019/02/28
|
|
Somalia
|
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The Houses of the Federal Parliament shall elect the President of the Federal Republic of
Somalia in a joint session, presided over by the Speaker of the House of the People of the Federal
Parliament.
(2) A minimum of two-thirds (2/3) of the members of each House of the Federal Parliament must be
present when electing the President of the Federal Republic of Somalia.
Source:
http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=RkJTOSpoMME=
|
2016/11/25
|
|
South Africa
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President is the Head of State and of government, as well as Commander in Chief of the armed forces. The President is elected by the National Assembly from among its members.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Articles 83, 86 & 202: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ZA/south-africa-electoral-act-2010/view
|
2014/05/01
|
|
South Sudan
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic of South Sudan is the head of State and Government, the Commander-in-Chief of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army and the Supreme Commander of all the other regular forces. The incumbent elected President of the Government of Southern Sudan shall be the President of the Republic of South Sudan.
Source:
Transitional Constitution 2011, art. 97: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e269a3e2.html%C2%A0 (2012)
|
2021/06/02
|
|
Spain
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The King is the Head of State. The Crown of Spain shall be inherited by the successors of H. M. Juan Carlos I de Borbón, the legitimate heir of the historic dynasty.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Española", arts. 56-57:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/ES/espana-constitucion-espanola-2011-2016/
|
2025/04/01
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
|
There shall be a President of the Republic of Sri Lanka, who is the Head of the State, the Head of the Executive and of the Government, and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
Source:
Constitution, Art. 30: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LK/sri-lanka-constitution-as-amended-up-to-9/at_download/file
|
2016/01/28
|
|
Sudan
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is both the head of state and the head of government. There shall be a President for the Republic of the Sudan to be directly elected by the people in national elections. The Presidential candidate who wins more than 50% of the total votes of the polling electorate shall be the President elect. Where the percentage is not attained, there shall be a run-off election between the two presidential candidates who have obtained the highest number of votes.
Source:
The Interim National Constitution of 2005, art. 52, 54 & 70: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ba749762.html (2012)
|
2012/08/31
|
|
Suriname
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The President is Head of State of the Republic of Suriname, Head of Government, Chairman of the Council of State and of the Security Council. He is elected by the National Assembly for five years.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 90, 91: http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Suriname/english.html (2012)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Swaziland
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The King is the Head of State and hereditary succession to the throne is governed by Constitution and Swazi law and custom.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, art. 4 & 5.
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Sweden
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The King or Queen who occupies the throne of Sweden in accordance with the Act of Succession is the Head of State.
Source:
The Instrument of Government, Ch1, Art. 5 and Ch. 5, Art. 1: Official Website of the Parliament: http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Start/Bestall/Sprakversioner/English---engelska1/Sveriges-grundlagar-och-riksdagsordningen1/ (2012);
Act of Succession, Art. 1-8
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Switzerland
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
|
The head of state in Switzerland is the entire Federal Council (Government) composed of seven members elected by the Federal Assembly after each general election to the National Council for a four-year term. The chair of the Federal Council is the President of the Confederation. He/she is elected by the Federal Assembly. It is forbidden to be President of the Confederation two consecutive years or to be Vice-president immediately after having been President. The President of the Confederation in Switzerland is therefore not the Head of State himself but only the President of the Government who has to prepare and to conduct its meetings.
Since 1848, the President of the Swiss Confederation has never made official State visits to another country; and if the Head of another State makes a State visit, then he will be received by the whole Government.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184: https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/201506140000/101.pdf (2015)
|
2025/03/28
|
|
Syrian Arab Republic
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
"The candidate who wins the election for the President of the Republic is the one who gets the absolute majority of those who take part in the elections. If no candidate receives that majority, a rerun is carried out between the two candidates who receive the largest number of votes."
Source:
Constitution, art. 86
|
2014/06/02
|
|
Taiwan
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
Election and recall of President and Vice President shall be implemented by way of common, fair, direct and secret vote, unless otherwise prescribed.
Source:
Article 2, The Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China
also Presidential and Vice Presidential Election and Recall Law
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Taiwan_2005.pdf
|
2020/04/13
|
|
Tajikistan
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President is elected by the citizens of Tajikistan on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by a secret ballot for a term of seven years.
The election of the President shall be deemed valid if more than half of the electorate takes part in it.
A candidate to the post of the President who wins votes with more than half of the voters taking part in the elections shall be considered to be elected as the President.
Election of the President shall be recognized valid if more than 50 per cent of voters included in the list have participated.
The candidate who have won more than 50 per cent of electorate votes who have participated in voting shall be recognized the elected President of the Republic of Tajikistan.
Source:
Tajikistan's Constitution, amended as of May 22, 2016, articles 65-66.
Constitutional Law on the Election of the President, amended as of January 1, 2006, art. 34, 35.
|
2025/02/19
|
|
Tanzania, United Republic of
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The president is the Head of State, the Head of Government and the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Any presidential candidate shall be declared duly elected President only if he has obtained majority of votes.
Source:
Constitution, art. 33, 41: http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf
|
2015/10/21
|
|
Thailand
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The King is the Head of the State. The succession to the Throne shall be in accordance with the Palace Law on Succession, B.E. 2467.
Source:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, Sec. 2: https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2017-05/CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+KINGDOM+OF+THAILAND+(B.E.+2560+(2017)).pdf
|
2023/10/04
|
|
Timor-Leste
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of State elected for a five year term, renewable once. The election of the President of the Republic shall be conducted through the system based on the majority of validly expressed votes, excluding blank votes, by universal, free, direct, secret, and personal suffrage. Where no candidate gets more than half of the votes, a second round shall take place on the 30th day following the first voting. Only the two candidates obtaining the highest number of votes shall be eligible to stand in a run-off election, provided they have not withdrawn their candidacies.
Source:
Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, article 74-76: https://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf
|
2024/11/14
|
|
Togo
|
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The President is the head of state, elected by universal, direct suffrage for a five-year term. The President is elected by a simple majority of votes cast in only one round of elections.
Source:
Constitution, art. 58, 59 60: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,LEGAL,,LEGISLATION,TGO,456d621e2,48ef43c72,0.html (2013)
|
2013/01/03
|
|
Tokelau
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
The Queen in Right of New Zealand (Queen Elzabeth II) is the Head of State of Tokelau. The Queen's Representative is the Governor General of New Zealand, represented in Tokelau by the Administrator of Tokelau, appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Source:
'Tokelau Islands Information Paper, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade': http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/Tokelau.php
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tl.html
|
2009/09/30
|
|
Tonga
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The form of Government for this Kingdom is a Constitutional Government under His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV his heirs and successors.
The King shall appoint a Privy Council to assist him in the discharge of his important functions.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 30, 31, 32, 50: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/TO/Tonga%20Act%20of%20Constitution%201988.pdf/view (2021)
|
2021/09/13
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
Although all members of the Senate and House of Representatives must assemble as one single Electoral College, ten Senators, the Speaker of the House of Representatives (who convenes the Electoral College) and twelve other members of the House of Representatives shall constitute a quorum. They all vote by secret ballot for the President, and the candidate with the greatest number of votes is declared elected.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago”, Section 28, 29 & 31: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TT/trinidad-and-tobago-constitution-2016/
|
2020/08/22
|
|
Tunisia
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of the Republic is the Head of State and the symbol of its unity.
The President of the Republic is elected for a five-year term during the last sixty day period of the presidential term by means of universal, free, direct, secret, fair, and transparent elections by an absolute majority of votes cast.
In the event that no candidate achieves such a majority in the first round, a second round shall be organized during the two weeks following the announcement of the definitive results of the first round. Only the two candidates having won the highest number of votes during the first round may stand for election in the second round.
Source:
The Constitution of 26 January 2014, art. 72, 75: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/TN/tunisia-constitution-of-26-january-2014/view (2014)
|
2019/08/05
|
|
Turkey
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The Turkish Constitution was amended in 2007 to allow Presidential elections by the people.
The President of the Republic shall be elected directly by the public from among Turkish citizens who are eligible to be deputies, who are over forty years of age and who have completed higher education. The President of the Republic’s term of office shall be five years. A person may be elected as President of the Republic for two terms at most.
Political party groups, political parties which have received more than five percent of the valid votes in sum alone or jointly in the latest parliamentary elections, or a hundred thousand electorates may nominate a candidate for Presidency.
If a deputy is elected as President, his/her membership of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey shall cease.
In presidential elections conducted by universal suffrage, the candidate who receives the absolute majority of the valid votes shall be elected President of the Republic. If this majority cannot be obtained in the first ballot, the second ballot shall be held on the second Sunday following this ballot. The first two top rated candidates in first ballot shall run for the second, and the candidate who receives the majority of valid votes shall be elected President of the Republic.
If one of the candidates who is entitled to run for the second ballot is unable to participate in the election for any reason whatsoever, the second ballot shall be conducted by substituting the vacant candidacy in conformity with the ordering constituted in the first ballot. where only one candidate remains for the second ballot, this ballot shall be conducted as a referendum. Should the candidate receive the majority of the valid votes, he/she shall be elected the President of the Republic. If that candidate cannot receive the majority of the valid votes in election, only presidential election is renewed.
The term of office of the incumbent President of the Republic shall continue until the President-elect takes the office.
Other procedures and principles concerning presidential elections shall be regulated by law
In presidential elections conducted by universal suffrage, the candidate who receives the absolute majority of the valid votes shall be elected President of the Republic. If this majority cannot be obtained in the first ballot, the second ballot shall be held on the second Sunday following this ballot. The two candidates who receive the greatest number of votes in first ballot run for the second ballot, and the candidate who receives majority of valid votes shall be elected President of the Republic.
Source:
Unofficial Translation Of The Amendments To The Constitution, art. 101: http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-REF(2017)005-e
|
2016/01/21
|
|
Turkmenistan
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of Turkmenistan is the head of the state and executive power. The President of Turkmenistan shall be elected directly by the people of Turkmenistan for a period of seven years.
Source:
Constitution of Turkmenistan (2016), Article 68 & 70: http://www.osce.org/odihr/262336?download=true.
|
2013/03/05
|
|
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
There shall be a Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands who shall be appointed by Her Majesty by Commission under Her Sign Manual and Signet and shall hold office during Her Majesty's pleasure.
Source:
Constitution: “The Constitution of the Turks and Caicos Islands”, Section 23: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TC/turks-and-caicos-constitution-2014/
|
2020/10/08
|
|
Tuvalu
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
Constitution, art. 48: The Sovereign of Tuvalu (1) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, by the grace of God Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her Other Realms and Possessions, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, having at the request of the people of Tuvalu graciously consented, is the Sovereign of Tuvalu and, in accordance with this Constitution, the Head of State
Constitution, art. 54(2): The Governor-General is the representative of the Sovereign.
Constitution, art. 55(1): The Governor-General shall be appointed, and may be removed from office at any time (with or without cause), by the Sovereign, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister given after the Prime Minister has, in confidence, consulted the members of Parliament.
Source:
Constitution, art. 48, 54 and 55: http://tuvalu-legislation.tv/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1986/1986-0001/ConstitutionofTuvalu_1.pdf
|
2019/02/25
|
|
Uganda
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
There shall be a President of Uganda who shall be the Head of State, Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Uganda People’s Defence Forces
and the Fountain of Honour. The election of the President shall be by universal adult suffrage through a secret ballot. A candidate shall not be declared elected as President unless the number of votes cast in favour of that candidate at the presidential election is more than fifty percent of valid votes cast at the election. Where at a presidential election no candidate obtains the percentage of votes, a second election shall be held within thirty days after the declaration of the results in which election the two candidates who obtained the highest number of votes shall be the only candidates.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, art. 98 (1), 103 (1, 4, 5, 6): hhttp://www.ec.or.ug/docs/Constitution_1995.pdf (2016)
|
2016/02/08
|
|
Ukraine
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The President of Ukraine is the Head of State. S/he shall be elected by the citizens of Ukraine for a five-year term, on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage, by secret ballot, for more than two consecutive terms. The candidate who obtains the absolute majority of votes shall be elected President. There shall be a second round of elections among the two candidates with the highest number of votes, in case no candidate obtains the absolute majority at the first round.
Source:
Constitution, articles 102, 103: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80
Law on Elections of the President of Ukraine, last amended in 2019, art. 84 (3, 5):
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/474-14
|
2019/03/11
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
h. Other
|
The president is elected by the Supreme Council of the Union, consisting of the rulers of the emirates making up the union. The Supreme Council of the Union shall elect from among its members a President and a Vice President of the Union.
Source:
Constitution, art. 46 & 51: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/United_Arab_Emirates_2009?lang=en
|
2019/09/25
|
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The monarch of the United Kingdom acts as the Head of State. The U.K. has an uncodified constitution where fundamental rules take the form of customs, precedent, and a variety of statutes and legal instruments. As a constitutional monarch, His/Her Majesty does not 'rule' the country but fulfils important ceremonial and formal roles with respect to Government. They are also the Fount of Justice, Head of the Armed Forces and have important relationships with the established Churches of England and Scotland.
|
2025/06/12
|
|
United States of America
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
d. Indirectly elected by legislature
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
The President is not elected directly by citizens, they are chosen by electors through a process called the "Electoral College." The Electoral College is not always required to elect the same candidate who won the popular vote in any state. A candidates must win over half of the electors (at least 270) to win.
If no candidate wins 270 electoral votes, the House of Representatives chooses the president among the top three candidates; the Senate then chooses the vice president from the remaining two candidates. When choosing the president in the House of Representatives, each state gets a single vote.
Source:
Article II, Section 1, United States Constitution ;
National Archives: Electoral College:
https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/faq#no270 ;
https://www.usa.gov/election
|
2024/09/30
|
|
Uruguay
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The executive power is exercised by the President who is both the head of state and the head of government. The president and vice-president are elected jointly and directly by absolute majority of voters.
Source:
Constitution: Constitución de la República de Uruguay, arts. 149, 150, 151, https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/UY/uruguay-constitucion-de-la-republica-2004-vigente/view (2004).
|
2024/12/18
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Article 106: The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be elected by citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the basis of the universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot for the term of seven years.
Source:
The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Article 106: https://constitution.uz/en/clause/index#chapter25
|
2024/08/26
|
|
Vanuatu
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
The President of the Republic shall be elected, in accordance with Schedule 1, by secret ballot by an electoral college consisting of Parliament and the chairmen of Local Government Councils
Source:
Constitution, art. 34 & schedule 1: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/VU/vanuatu-constitution-of-the-republic-of-vanuatu/at_download/file
|
2016/01/26
|
|
Venezuela
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
|
The president is both the head of state and the head of government. The president is elected in universal, direct and secret elections. The candidate who receives the majority of valid votes is elected as president. The President serves a term of 6 years and can be reelected.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela”, art. 226, 228: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/venezuela-constitucion-reforma-2009/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales”, art. 7: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/venezuela-ley-organica-procesos-electorales-2009/
|
2020/11/15
|
|
Viet Nam
|
g. Inherited monarchy
|
The country's President is the Head of State and represents the Socialist Republic of Vietnam internally and externally. The country's President shall be elected by the National Assembly from among its members.
He is the Secretary-General of the Communist Party as the supreme leader.
Source:
Constitution of 1992 as amended, art. 101, 102 (1): http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=10450 (2016)
|
2021/04/07
|
|
Virgin Islands, British
|
f. Inherited monarchy with a Governor appointed by the Monarch
|
35.—(1) There shall be a Governor of the Virgin Islands who shall be appointed by Her Majesty
by Commission under Her Sign Manual and Signet and shall hold office during Her Majesty’s
pleasure.
46.—(1) The executive authority of the Virgin Islands shall be vested in Her Majesty.
Source:
The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, Article 35(1)
http://www.bvi.gov.vg/sites/default/files/constitution.pdf
The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, Article 46(1)
http://www.bvi.gov.vg/sites/default/files/constitution.pdf
|
2019/02/08
|
|
Virgin Islands, U.S.
|
e. Elected by electoral college or committee
|
As the Virgin Islands are a 'unicorporated US territory', the head of state is the U.S. President, who is elected by electoral college made up of representatives elected directly from each state.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vq.html
|
2009/11/26
|
|
Wallis and Futuna
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
Source:
Constitution, Section II, Articles 6 and 7.
|
2004/01/15
|
|
Western Sahara
|
i. No information available
|
|
2009/08/14
|
|
Yemen
|
c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
|
The president is the Head of State. The president is selected through popular elections. The person securing an absolute majority of valid votes is deemed the President of the Republic. If none of the candidates manages to secure this majority, complementary elections are called upon within 40 days of the announcement of election results.
Source:
Constitution, art. 106, 108: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/category,LEGAL,,,YEM,3fc4c1e94,0.html (2012)
|
2012/08/22
|
|
Zambia
|
a. Head of State is the Head of Government
b. Directly elected in general elections (simple majority)
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Elections to the office of President shall be conducted
directly, under a majoritarian electoral system, where the winning
candidate must receive more than fifty percent of the valid votes
cast, and in accordance with Article 101
There shall be a President of the Republic who shall be the Head of State and Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Force.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Zambia, art. 47 & 91 (1)
http://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/amendment_act/Constitution%20of%20Zambia%20%20(Amendment),%202016-Act%20No.%202_0.pdf
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2016/06/28
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Zanzibar
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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A Presidential candidate shall be declared as a winner, only if he got a majority of valid votes cast more than the other contestants. If in the Presidential elections, contestants with the most votes tie, the Presidential election shall be repeated.
Source:
The Constitution of Zanzibar, art. 27 (4)
Electoral Act No. 11 of 1984 as amended, art. 42 (4), 43
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/tz/tz028en.pdf (2016)
http://www.temco.udsm.ac.tz/images/stories/Electral_Laws/ZANZIBAR-ELECTION-ACT-2010.pdf (2016)
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2016/04/05
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Zimbabwe
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c. Directly elected in general elections (absolute majority with 2nd round if necessary)
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The head of state is the president who is elected to a five year term under the 2013 Constitution.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013; art 89
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Zimbabwe_2013
Constitution: Constitution Amendment Act (19/2009), sch 8, art. 20.1.1 & 20.1.3
https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c46c1572.pdf
Electoral Law: Electoral Act, art. 110
http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Zimbabwe_Constitution_19th_Amendment_Act_2009.pdf
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2023/09/25
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