Once relevant risk factors to electoral processes are identified (by using the framework elaborated in Part II), the decision about the observable indicators of the factors needs to be made. For example, for the factor ‘heated party campaign’, indicators might be observed quantitatively, for instance in the number of hate speeches, or in the quality of legislation that regulates political party campaigning. Data might exist in a rough format, such as official statistics and reports, or they might require collection. Sometimes analysis will require that different data are combined. The transformation of qualitative data into quantifiable categories will often improve handling and presentation of data.