Roles and Definitions, Registration of Political Parties
Carbone, Giovanni M. (2007). Political Parties and Party Systems in Africa: Themes and Research Perspectives. World Political Science Review, Volume 3, Issue 3 2007 Article 1.
Norris, Pippa (2004) Building Political Parties, International IDEA, Stockholm.
Petersson, Hernes, Holmberg, Togeby and Wägnerud (2000) Demokrati utan partier? Demokratirådets rapport 2000, SNS Förlag, Stockholm.
Ware, Alan (1996) Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Finance files
van Biezen, Ingrid (2003) Financing Political Parties and Election Campaigns – Guidelines, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg.
Feikert, Clare (2009). Campaign Finance in the United Kingdom. Law Library of Congress (USA). http://www.loc.gov/law/help/campaign-finance/uk.php
Feikert, Clare (2009). Campaign Finance in the Federal Republic of Germany. Law Library of Congress (USA). http://www.loc.gov/law/help/campaign-finance/germany.php
Austin, Reginald and Tjernstrom, Maja (ed) (2003). Funding of Political Parties and Elections Campaigns. International IDEA Handbook Series. http://www.idea.int/publications/funding_parties/funding_of_pp.pdf
Ohman, Magnus (2009) Campaign finance oversight in the 2009 Presidential elections in Afghanistan. IFES Political Finance White Paper Series, No 7
Kupferschmidt, David. International IDEA (2009). Illicit Political Finance and State Capture. http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/IDEA_Inlaga_low.pdf
Carlson, Dahl, Walecki. IFES (2006): Contemplating Political Finance Reform in Post-Conflict Environments.
Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), Helpdesk Research Report: Political Party Financing. 05/06/08. http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HD532.pdf. See also: GSDRC website resources on Political Party and Candidate financing during an elections campaign (2012): http://www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/political-systems/political-finance
Bowie, Blair and Lioz, Adam. www.Demos.org (USA 2012), Auctioning Democracy: The Rise of PACs and the 2012 elections. http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/AuctioningDemocracy-withAppendix.pdf
Transparency International & The Carter Center (2007). The Crinis Project: Money in Politics, Everyone’s Concern. http://archive.transparency.org/regional_pages/americas/crinis%20
Campaign Legal Center (USA). A Guide to the Current Rules for Federal Elections (2010).
Party Funding and Campaign Financing in International Perspective (Columbia-London Law Series, 2006). Keith Ewing and Samuel Issacharoff, ed.
Walecki, Marcin (et al). IFES and USIP (2009): Public Funding Solutions for Political Parties in Muslim-Majority Societies
Quota files
Ballington, Julie (2004) Strengthening Internal Party Democracy: Candidate Recruitment from a Gender Perspective”, Paper presented at EISA/NIMD workshop on ‘How to Strengthen Internal Party Democracy?’ at the World Meeting for Democracy: Third Assembly, Durban, South Africa, 2 February 2004.
Bird, Karen (2004) The Political Representation of Women and Ethnic Minorities in Established Democracies: A Framework for Comparative Research, AMIP Working paper series, download at (http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/stm103%20articles/Karen%20Bird%20amidpaper.pdf).
Dahlerup (1998) The World of Quotas, in: Karam, Azza (Ed.) Women In Parliament: Beyond Numbers, download at http://archive.idea.int/women/parl/toc.htm , 05-09-21.
Dahlerup, Drude (2003) Comparative Studies of Electoral Gender Quotas, in International IDEA (2003) The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences, International IDEA, Stockholm.
Dahlerup, Drude/Freidenvall, Lenita (2003): Quotas as a ‘Fast Track’ to Equal Political Representation for Women. Why Scandinavia is no longer the model, Paper presented at the IPSA World Congress, Durban, South Africa, June 29 to July 2, 2003 and in the present updated version at the APSA Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, August 28 to 31, 2003.
International IDEA (2012). Women candidates in the electoral process: Quotas, set aside seats, and inclusion on political party candidate lists. http://www.idea.int/gender/quotas.cfm and http://www.quotaproject.org/
Foreign Policy Association (FPA, 2012). “Do Arab Women Need Electoral Quotas?” http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/01/19/do_arab_women_need_electoral_quotas
Dahlerup, Drude and Freidenvall, Lenita (2008). Electoral Gender Quota Systems and Tehir Implementation in Europe. European Union Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs.
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“Around the world, a lack of gender balance in decision-making positions in government persists. Women continue to be underrepresented in national parliaments, where on average only 17 per cent of seats are occupied by women. The share of women among ministers also averages 17 per cent. The highest positions are even more elusive: only 7 of 150 elected Heads of State in the world are women, and only 11 of 192 Heads of Government. The situation is similar at the level of local government: female elected councillors are underrepresented in all regions of the world and female mayors even more so.” Berevoescu, Ionica (et al). UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2010). The World's Women 2010: Trends and Statistics. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/Worldswomen/WW_full%20report_color.pdf |
Balllington, Julie (et al). UNDP and NDI (2012): Empowering Women for Stronger Political Parties, A Guidebook to Promote Women’s Political Participation.
Norris, Pippa (2000) Breaking the Barriers: Positive Discrimination Policies for Women, in: Klausen, Jyette/Maier, Charles S. (Eds.) Has Liberalism failed women? Parity, Quotas and political representation, New York: St Martin’s Press.
Krook, Mona Lena. Candidate Gender Quotas: A Framework for Analysis. Washington University in St Louis, USA European Journal of Political Research (2007) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00704.x/abstract
Krook, Mona Lena. e-International Relations topic articles (June 18, 2010): Gender Quotas and Women’s Political Empowerment. http://www.e-ir.info/2010/06/18/gender-quotas-and-women%E2%80%99s-political-empowerment/
Coleman, Isobel.
Quotas for Women’s Political
Participation (Council on Foreign Relations, January 10, 2012).
Hughes, Melanie M. Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Women’s Political Representation Worldwide. American Political Science Review (University of Pittsburgh, August 2011). http://www.pitt.edu/~hughesm/hughes_apsr.pdf
Krook, Mona Lena. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide (Oxford University Press, March 2010).
Ford, Deanna and Pande, Rohini. Gender Quotas and Female Leadership: A Review. Harvard University, April 2011:
She and the Elections: Mentoring on the Ground with the Candidates 2011/2012. Nazra for Feminist Studies (Egypt): http://nazra.org/sites/nazra/files/attachments/nazra_she_and_elections_report_april2012_en.pdf
Quotas as Tools to Enhance Women’s Participation Regional Forum on Equal Participation in Decision-Making (UNDP/Europe & CIS: Istanbul,15 November 2011): http://www.slideshare.net/undpeuropeandcis/quotas-as-tools-to-enhance-womens-participation
Somani, Anisa. How to Increase the Effectiveness of Gender Quotas. Electoral World/Mundo Electoral: Vol. 5, No. 14, May 2012. http://www.mundoelectoral.com/html/index.php?id=909
Electoral Gender Quota Systems and Their Implementation in Europe: Women’s Rights and Gender Equality. EU Directorate General Internal Policies (September 2008). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/200903/20090310ATT51390/20090310ATT51390EN.pdf
Pande, Rohini, Deanna Ford. Gender Quotas and Female Leadership Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. World Bank background paper (2012).
IILHR Comparative Review of Minority Representation in Electoral Legislation (Institute for International Law and Human Rights, 2009): http://lawandhumanrights.org/documents/compreviewminorityrepinelectoralleg.pdf
Guidelines to Assist National Minority Participation in the Electoral Process. Published by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) Aleje Ujazdowskie 19 00-557 Warsaw Poland www.osce.org/odihr © OSCE/ODIHR 2001, Reprint 2003. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction
be accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE/ODIHR as the source.
Libyan Women Win 33 Seats in First National Assembly Elections Since 1952. Libyan Women’s Platform For Peace (UNDP): http://lwpp.org/
Fallon, Kathleen M. Democracy and the Rise of Women’s Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Johns Hopkins University Press (2008).
Simonsen, Sven Gunnar. Addressing Ethnic Divisions in Post-Conflict Institution-Building: Lessons from Recent Cases. International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Norway (2005): PRIO, www.prio.no SAGE Publications, http://sdi.sagepub.com
Candidate and Party Leadership Selection
Carty, R. K. and Blake, Donald E (1999) The adoption of membership votes for choosing party leaders. The Experience of Canadian Parties, in: Party Politics Vol. 5. No.2 pp. 211–224.
Jewell, Malcom (2000) Primary Elections, in: Rose, Richard (Ed.): International Encyclopedia of Elections, London: Macmillan.
Laanela, Therese (1998) Political Parties and the Electoral Process, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org as printed 20-09-04.
Le Duc, Lawrence (1999): Leadership Selection and Party Renewal. (download at http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/mannheim/w2/leduc.pdf , 01-11-05).
Maley, Michael (2000) Nomination Procedures, in Rose, Richard (ed.) (2000) International Encyclopedia of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.
Marsh, Michael (2000) Candidates: Selection, in Rose, Richard (ed.) (2000) International Encyclopedia of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.
Ranney, Austin (1995) Candidate selection and recruitment, in: Seymour, Martin Lipset (Ed.): The Encyclopedia of Democracy, Volume 1, Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Janda, Kenneth. Political Parties and Democracy in Theoretical and Practical Perspectives. (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 2005. http://www.ndi.org/files/1948_polpart_janda_110105.pdf
The selection of party leaders: Origins, methods and consequences. European Union/Workshop directors: William Cross, Carleton University, Ottawa and Jean-Benoit Pilet, Université Libre de Bruxelles.
http://ecpr.eu/Events/PanelDetails.aspx?PanelID=1494&EventID=2
Candidate Registration/Requirements/Nomination
Iñiguez, Diego & Santolaya, Pablo (1997:1) Candidates’ Registration, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org as printed 20-09-04.
Iñiguez, Diego & Santolaya, Pablo (1997:2) Candidates’ Qualifications, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org as printed 20-09-04.
Katz, Richard S. (1997) Democracy and Elections, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Nelson, Sue (2000) Complaints and Appeals, in Ace1: www.aceproject.org, as printed 05-09-13.
Norris, Pippa (2004) Building Political Parties, International IDEA, Stockholm.
Maley, Michael (2000) Deposits, in Rose, Richard (Ed.) International Encyclopaedia of Elections, Macmillan, Oxford.
Maley, Michael (2000) Candidates: Legal Requirements and Disqualification, in Rose, Richard (Ed.) International Encyclopedia of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.
Maley, Michael (2000) Parties: Qualifications for Ballot in Rose, Richard (Ed.) International Encyclopedia of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.
Scallan, Andrew (1997) Party/Candidate Registration Responsibilities, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org as printed 20-09-04.
Stratmann, Thomas (2004): “Ballot Access Restrictions and Candidate Entry into Elections” in European Journal of Political Economy (http://aceproject.org/ero-en/topics/parties-and-candidates/ballotaccess.pdf, 16-11-05).
She and the Elections: Mentoring on the Ground with the Candidates 2011/2012. Nazra for Feminist Studies (Egypt): http://nazra.org/sites/nazra/files/attachments/nazra_she_and_elections_report_april2012_en.pdf
Electoral Management Bodies (EMB)
López-Pintor, Rafael. Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance. UNDP Bureau for Development Policy (2000). http://www.pogar.org/publications/other/undp/elections/electoralmgmtbodies-e.pdfElectoral justice in Africa: placing trust in informal mechanisms. International IDEA, on-line article, posted December 13, 2010. http://www.idea.int/elections/ej/electoral_justice_africa.html
Electoral Campaign and Media in Elections Campaign
Carver, Richard (2000a) Voter Information, in ACE 1, download on 05-10-11.
Carver, Richard (2000b) A specified campaign period?, in ACE 1, download on 05-10-11.
Nelson, Sue (1999) Electoral Campaign, in ACE 1, download on 05-10-11.
Nelson, Sue (2000)Access to Media, in Ace 1 (eie09a).
Farrell, David M. “Campaign Strategies and Tactics”, in LeDuc, Lawrence/Niemi, Richard G./Norris, Pippa (1996): Comparing Democracies, Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, London: SAGE Publications.
Holtz-Bacha, Christina (2000) Regulation of television at elections, in Rose, Richard (Ed): Encyclopaedia of Elections, Macmillan: London.
Kavanagh, Denis (2000): “Campaigning”, in: Rose, Richard (Ed.): International Encyclopaedia of Elections, London: Macmillan, 29-31.
Miller, William L. (2000): “Bandwagon Effects”, in: Rose, Richard (Ed): Encyclopedia of Elections, Macmillan: London.
Zittel, Thomas. Lost in Technology? Political Parties and Online-Campaigning in Mixed Member Electoral Systems. Paper for ECPR General Conference, panel on party organisations and new information and communication technologies (ICTs), Pisa, 6. - 8.9.2007.
By-Elections
Rose, Richard (2000): By-elections, in Rose, Richard (Ed.): International Encyclopedia of Elections, Macmillan, Oxford, 27-28.
Primary Elections
Hasen, Richard L. Do the Parties or the People Own the Electoral Process? University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 149, No. 3, (Jan., 2001), pp. 815-841. www.jstor.org/stable/3312870
Rose, Gavin M. Taking the Initiative: Political Parties, Primary Elections, and the Constitutional Guarantee of
Republican Governance. Indiana University School of Law (Indiana Law Journal, vol. 81, No. 2, April 2006). http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1454&context=ilj&sei-redir=1
Salih, M. A. Mohamed (et al). Political Parties in Africa: Challenges for Sustained Multiparty Democracy.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (2007).
Electoral Alliances and Coalitions
Carroll, Royce/Cox, Gary (2005) The Logic of Gamson’s Law: Pre-election Coalitions and Portfolio Distributions, download at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00252.x/abstract, 19-02-15.
Golder, Sona N. (2005): Pre-electoral coalitions in comparative perspective: A test of existing hypotheses, in: Electoral Studies 24: 643-663.
Powell, G.B. (2000): Elections as instruments of democracy: majoritarian and proportional visions, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Strom, Kaare/Budge, Ian/Javer, Michael J. (1994): Constraints on Cabinet Formation on Parliamentary Democracies, in American Journal of Political Science, Vol.38, No.2: 303-335.
Political Party Internal Structure
Regional Meeting on Political Parties and Internal Party Democracy in ECOWAS Member States. (Final Communiqué, Abidjan, Republic of Cote D’Ivoire, July 2010).
Simba, Dr. S.K. Internal Governance Structures of Political Parties in Democratic Governance. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Makerere University. Paper presented at the 1st EAC Consultative Meeting for Political Parties in East Africa, (Nairobi, Kenya, September 2011).
Morgan, Michael G. (et al). Political Parties, Parliamentary Governance and Party Strengthening in Melanesia: Issues and Challenges. Centre for Democratic Institutions at the Australian National University.
Party Structure, Party Members
Membership role, leadership selection methods and their consequences on internal mobilization in Italy: a case study. Inter University Attraction Pole Participation and Representation (PartiRep). Brussel/Bruxelles, Antwerp, Leuven, Leiden. Giulia Sandri.CEVIPOL, Université libre de Bruxelles. ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops – St. Gallen (2011).
McElwain, Kenneth and Michio Umeda. Party Democratization and the Salience of Party Leaders
Kenneth Mori McElwain a Yale-Todai Paper 8/19/10 2 (August 2010). http://jww.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/conference/doc/McElwain_Umeda.pdf
Swart, Brian. Behind Closed Doors or Open Selection Process: Party preference and voter trust in candidate selection (Indiana University, October 2008).
Thomson, David (1999) The Past, Present and Future of Intra-Party Democracy in the United Kingdom, (http://www.stuartthomson.co.uk/articles/the-changing-structure-of-the-labour-party-a-leader-centred-party-the-past-present-and-future-of-intra-party-democracy-in-the-united-kingdom-this-article-details-the-changes-made-to-the-structures-of-the-labour-party/, 19-02-15)
Tonchi, Victor L./ Shifotoka, Albertina N. (2005) Parties and Political Development in Namibia, EISA Research Report No. 26.
Field, Bonnie N. and Siavelis, Peter M. Endogenizing legislative candidate selection procedures in nascent democracies: evidence from Spain and Chile (Democratization, vol 8, No. 3, May 2011)
Ashiabgor, Sefakor (et al). Political Parties and Democracy in Theoretical and Practical Perspectives: Selecting Candidates for Legislative Office. (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 2008). http://www.ndi.org/files/2406_polpart_report_engpdf_100708.pdf
Government Formation
Baron, David P./ Ferejohn, Jon (1989) Bargaining in Legislaturs, in: American Political Science Review 83: 1181-1206.
Budge, Ian/Keman, Hans (1990) Parties and Democracy: Coalition Formation and Government Functioning in Twenty States, New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Carroll, Royce/ Cox Gary W. (2005) The Logic of Gameson’s Law: Pre-election Coalitions and Portfolio Distributions, downloadable at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00252.x/abstract, 19-02-15.
van Deemen, A.M.A (1989) Dominant Players and Minimum Size Coalitions, in European Journal of Political Research 23: 1-33.
Martin, Lanny W./Stephenson, Randolph (2001) Government formation in Parliamentary Democracies”, in: American Journal of Political Science 45,1: 33-50.
Riker, William (1962) The Theory of Political Coalitions, New Haven: Yale UP.
Strøm, Kaare (1990) Minority Government and Majority Rule, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Party Group/Party Caucus
Loewenberg, Gerhard (1995) Legislature and parliaments, in: Lipset, Martin Seymour (Ed)The Encyclopedia of Democracy, Routledge, London, 736-747.
Norris, Pippa (2004) Building Political Parties, International IDEA, Stockholm.
Strøm, Kaare (1995) Parties, Political, in: Lipset, Martin Seymour (Ed) The Encyclopedia of Democracy, Routledge, London.
Floor-Crossing
Faull, Jonathan (2005) Floor Crossing is Bad News for Democracy, IDASA output details, (downloadable at Floor Crossing is Bad News for Democracy (2005), 19-02-15).
Hlela, Kenny (2002) Opposition and Floor-Crossing – Even Democracy is Not Perfect, in: Synopsis Vol. 6, No. 3, Centre Knirsch, Thomas S./Schwab, Elisabeth (2002) Floor Crossing – Parteiuebertritte in Südafrika und ihre Auswirkungen auf die junge Demokratie.
Rapoo, Thabo (2002a) Electoral Systems - Crossing the floor will cross party bosses, in: Synopsis Vol. 6, No. 2, Centre for Policy Studies (downloadable at http://www.cps.org.za/syn6vol2.htm, 09-11-05).
Rapoo, Thabo (2002b) Voters vote for People and Parties, in: Synopsis Vol. 6, No. 3, Centre for Policy Studies (downloadable at http://www.cps.org.za/print/syn6vol3_print.htm, 09-11-05).
Role of Technology in Political Party Operations During the Election Cycle (2012)
Voter outreach, on-line platforms, texting, SMS, Twitter, FaceBook…
Egypt: pre-electoral planning
Pre-electoral period/revolution: http://thereboot.org/blog/2011/03/18/the-role-of-technology-in-the-egyptian-revolution/
IFLA: Tech in the pre-electoral period: http://www.ifla.org/publications/the-role-of-information-technology-in-defeating-the-arab-regimes-facebook-2-0-arab-pres
Social Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Reconsidering Resource Mobilization Theory.
International Journal of Communication 5 (2011), Feature 1207–1224 1932–8036/2011FEA1207
Copyright © 2011 http://ijoc.org. NAHED ELTANTAWY and JULIE B. WIEST, High Point University
Morsi, Hani. Digital activism in post-revolution Egypt: How relevant is online dissidence in the marathon for democracy?
Kenya: Election Day and electoral impact
Kenya 2013 elections (overview): http://www.ifes.org/countries/Kenya.aspx
Technology on Election Day to prevent violence: http://www.ifes.org/Content/Topics/Electoral-Violence.aspx
E-day SMS to monitor elections: http://www.pbs.org/idealab/2012/05/how-frontlinesms-users-could-monitor-kenyas-2013-elections130.html
Using cellphone tech to monitor on E-day: http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53625 and http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/201231794555689422.html
Republic of Georgia: post-electoral strategy
IFES/Georgia and electronic balloting: http://www.ifes.org/countries/Georgia.aspx
EurasiaNet, Pitfalls of Electoral Tech: http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65736
Democracy and Freedom Watch: October 2012 elections in Georgia: http://dfwatch.net/election-campaign-starts-in-georgia-with-strict-rules-48797
IFES Elections Georgia (gen): http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=81
Arab Spring (Tunisia, Libya, Egypt) and Gender & Minority Representation (2012)
She and the Elections: Mentoring on the Ground with the Candidates 2011/2012. Nazra for Feminist Studies (Egypt): http://nazra.org/sites/nazra/files/attachments/nazra_she_and_elections_report_april2012_en.pdf
Libyan Women Win 33 Seats in First National Assembly Elections Since 1952. Libyan Women’s Platform For Peace (UNDP): http://lwpp.org/
Roy, Oliver (2012). Journal of Democracy, Volume 23, No. 3, July 2012: The Transformation of the Arab World. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/23784/Roy_JoD_article.pdf
