[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections: An NDI Guide for Developing Election Laws and Law Commentaries (Washington D.C.: National Democratic Institute for International Afairs (NDI), 2008), 1.
[1] European Commission and Network of Europeans for Electoral and Democracy Support (NEEDS), Compendium of International Standards for Elections, Second Edition (Sweden: Elanders Graphic Systems AB, 2008), Preface.
[1] Ibid., 38.
[1] Ibid., 5.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, Second Edition, (Sweden: Elanders Sverige AB, 2008), 16
[1] European Commission and NEEDS, Compendium, 6.
[1] Ibid., 5.
[1] Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), Election Observation Handbook, 6th Edition. (Poland: Poligrafus Andrzej Adamiak, 2010), 23.
[1] Ibid., 23.
[1] Democracy Reporting International (DRI) and The Carter Center. Strengthening International Law to Support Democratic Governance and Genuine Elections (Berlin, Germany/Atlanta Georgia, United States of America. 2012), 26.
[1] OSCE,Election Observation Handbook, 7.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 7.
[1] Ibid., 6.
[1] European Commission and NEEDS, Compendium, 1.
[1] Ibid., 68.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 15.
[1] International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), International Electoral Standards: Guidelines for reviewing the legal framework of elections (Halmstad, Sweden: Bulls Tryckeri, 2002), 11.
[1] Ibid., 8.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 10.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 181.
[1] Information for Development Program and International Telecommunications Union. “Snapshot of Different Legal Traditions.” ICT Regulation Toolkit Website.
[1] United Nations, Department of Political Affairs, Women & Elections: Guide to Promoting the Participation of Women in Elections (United Nations, 2005), 22.
[1] European Commission and NEEDS, Compendium, 25.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 17.
[1] Ibid.,17.
[1] Electoral Commissions Forum of SADC Countries and Electoral Institute of Southern Africa (EISA). Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation in the SADC Region,(South Africa: Electoral Institute of Southern Africa, 2004), 7.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 14.
[1] Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, (Warsaw, Poland: OSCE, 2001), 6.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 8.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 22.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 16.
[1] Ibid., 12.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 5.
[1] Ibid., 2.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 8.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 8.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 31.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 10.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 39.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 42.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 11.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 65.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 19.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 37.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 67.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 36-37.
[1] Ibid., 36.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 12.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 43.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 68.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 52.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 11.
[1] Ibid., 12.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 12.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 40.
[1] Ibid., 41.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 31.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 27.
[1] Ibid., 31.
[1] Ibid., 29-30.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 33.
[1] European Commission and NEEDS, Compendium, 11.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 29.
[1] Ibid., 30.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 12.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 60.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 12.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 45.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 58.
[1] Ibid., 59.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 49.
[1] Ibid., 50.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 16.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 47.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 54.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 15.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 22.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 56.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 66.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 47.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 16.
[1] Ibid., 18.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 49.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 8.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 33.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 12.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 34.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 31.
[1] Ibid., 32.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 51.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 17.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 13.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 17.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 49.
[1] Ibid., 48.
[1] Election Commission of India, “Key Highlights, General Elections, 2009 (15th LOK SABHA).”, Official Website,
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 42.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 23.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 25.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 25.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 77.
[1] Ibid., 77.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 54.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 25.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 55.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 23.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 70.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 75.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 41.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 24.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 83.
[1] Ibid. 84.
[1] Ibid., 85.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 26.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 20.
[1] Ibid., 20.
[1] Democracy Reporting International (DRI) and The Carter Center, “Overview of State Obligations relevant to Democratic Governance and Democratic Elections.” (Berlin, Germany/Atlanta Georgia, United States of America: DRI, 2012), 17.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 24.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 25.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 23.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 72.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 79.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 72.
[1] Ibid., 72.
[1] Ibid., 73.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 77.
[1] Ibid., 80.
[1] Ibid., 81.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 73.
[1] Ibid., 73.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 76.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 43.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 77.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 46.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 82.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 26.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 72.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 181.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 30.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 23.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 8.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 24.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 17.
[1] Ibid., 91.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 45.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 73.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 6.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 56.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 15.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 39.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 60.
[1] Elections Canada, “The Impact of Civic Education on Voter Turnout.” Canada’s Democracy Week 2012 Website.
[1] UN, Women & Elections, 59.
[1] Elections Canada, “The Impact of Civic Education on Voter Turnout.”
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 37.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 54.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 38.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 61-62.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 19.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 56.
[1] Ibid., 56
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 18.
[1] Ibid., 38.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 63.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 54.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 64.
[1] Ibid., 67.
[1] Ibid., 67.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 85.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 72.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 18.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 36.
[1] Ibid., 36.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 56.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 52.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 62.
[1] International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), Political Finance Regulations Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database, Edited by Magnus Ohman (Sweden: Trydells Forum, 2012), 10.
[1] Ibid., 10.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 54.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 51.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 56.
[1] Ibid., 56.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 61.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 52.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 61.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 57.
[1] International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience. Edited by Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai (United States of America: IFES, 2009), 13.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 65.
[1] European Commission and NEEDS, Compendium, 12.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 67.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 61.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 32.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database, 10.
[1] Ibid., 10.
[1] Ibid., 10.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 22.
[1] Magnus Öhman, “Public Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns.” In International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience (United States of America: IFES, 2009), 57.
[1] Ibid., 73-74.
[1] Ibid., 57.
[1] Ibid. 59.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 66.
[1] Ibid., 66.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database, 10.
[1] Magnus Öhman, “Public Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns”, 77.
[1] Marcin Walecki, “Practical Solutions for Spending Limits.” In International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience. Edited by Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai (United States of America: IFES, 2009), 46.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 68.
[1] Marcin Walecki, “Practical Solutions for Spending Limits”, 47.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 37.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 22.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database, 10.
[1] Magnus Öhman & Jack Santucci, “Practical Solutions for the Disclosure of Campaign and Political Party Finance.” In International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience. Edited by Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai (United States of America: IFES, 2009), 27.
[1] IFES, Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience, 13.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 22.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database, 10.
[1] IFES, Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience, 13.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database, 11.
[1] Magnus Öhman & Jack Santucci, “Practical Solutions for the Disclosure of Campaign and Political Party Finance.”, 41.
[1] Hani Zainulbhai, “Practical Solutions for Political Finance Enforcement and Oversight.” In International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience. Edited by Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai (United States of America: IFES, 2009), 98.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database, 10.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 68.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 60.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 67.
[1] ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, Encyclopaedia. Parties and Candidates Financial Regulations, Website.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database, 11.
[1] Pippa Norris, “Are There Global Norms and Universal Standards of Electoral Integrity and Malpractice? Comparing Public and Expert Perceptions,” Faculty Research Working Paper Series (Harvard Kennedy School, March 16 2012), 5.
[1] IFES, Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience, 16.
[1] Ibid., 13.
[1] Pippa Norris, 4.
[1] Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 21.
[1] Pippa Norris, 7.
[1] Georgetown University, Democracy and Governance Studies, “The Chinese Electoral Framework Project.” Website, Executive Summary.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 29.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 31.
[1] Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), Denis Petit, Resolving Election Disputes in the OSCE area: Towards a Standard Election Dispute Monitoring System (Warsaw: ODIHR, 2000), 10-11.
[1] Robert Dahl and Michael Clegg, “Legal Frameworks for Effective Election Complaints Adjudication Systems.” In International Foundation for Electoral Systems, Guidelines for Understanding, Adjudicating, and Resolving Disputes in Elections (GUARDE),Edited by Chad Vickery. (United States of America: IFES, 2011), 102.
[1] DRI) and The Carter Center, “Overview of State Obligations relevant to Democratic Governance and Democratic Elections.” 17.
[1] International Foundation for Electoral Systems, Guidelines for Understanding, Adjudicating, and Resolving Disputes in Elections (GUARDE),Edited by Chad Vickery (United States of America: IFES, 2011), 16.
[1] Robert Dahl and Michael Clegg, 100.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 60.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 51.
[1] Robert Dahl and Michael Clegg, 121.
[1] Ibid., 101.
[1] Ibid., 113.
[1] Avery Davis-Roberts, Senior Program Associate in the Carter Center’s Democracy Program, “International Obligations for Electoral Dispute Resolution.” Electoral Dispute Resolution Discussion Paper presented at the Electoral Dispute Resolution Experts Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, February 24-25, 2009. 13.
[1] David Kovick and John Hardin Young, “Alternate Dispute Resolution Mechanisms” In International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Guidelines for Understanding, Adjudicating, and Resolving Disputes in Elections (GUARDE). Edited by Chad Vickery (United States of America: IFES, 2011), 229.
[1] Avery Davis-Roberts, 13.
[1] David Kovick and John Hardin Young, 229.
[1] Ibid., 232.
[1] Ibid., 254.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening International Law, 44.
[1] OSCE, Resolving Election Disputes in the OSCE area: Towards a Standard Election Dispute Monitoring System, 12.
[1] Robert Dahl and Michael Clegg, 107.
[1] OSCE, Resolving Election Disputes in the OSCE area: Towards a Standard Election Dispute Monitoring System, 5.
[1] Ibid., 12-13.
[1] Robert Dahl and Michael Clegg, 104.
[1] International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), ”Elections in Egypt: Implications of Recent Court Decisions on the Electoral Framework.” (Washington, D.C.: IFES Briefing Paper, August, 2012), 3.
[1] The Carter Center, Carter Center Election Witnessing Mission: Egypt 2011/2012 Parliamentary Elections. Preliminary Report on all Three Phases of The People’s Assembly Elections (Atlanta, GA: News, The Carter Center, January, 2012), 1.
[1] IFES, ”Elections in Egypt: Implications of Recent Court Decisions on the Electoral Framework.”, 3.
[1] Democracy Reporting International (DRI), “What Electoral System for Egypt?” (Briefing Paper 32, Democracy Reporting International, October 2012), 2.
[1] Egypt Independent Website. “Administrative court upholds ruling to dissolve Parliament.” Edited translation from Al-Masry Al-Youm, September 23, 2012.
[1] The Carter Center, Carter Center Election Witnessing Mission: Egypt 2011/2012 Parliamentary Elections. Preliminary Report on all Three Phases of The People’s Assembly Elections, 15.
[1] MSN News Website, “Egypt court refuses reinstatement of dissolved lower house of parliament.” September 23, 2012.
[1] IFES, ”Elections in Egypt: Implications of Recent Court Decisions on the Electoral Framework.”, 3.
[1] DRI, “What Electoral System for Egypt?” 1.
[1] The Guardian. “Egypt constitution decision referred to country's highest court.” October 23, 2012.
[1] IFES, ”Elections in Egypt: Implications of Recent Court Decisions on the Electoral Framework.”, 10.
[1] Supreme Court of Canada. Opitz v. Wrzesnewskyj. 2012 SCC 55, (71-73).
[1]Ibid., 6.
[1] Ibid., (58-59).
[1] Ibid., (139).
[1] Ibid., (140).
[1] Ibid., (27).
[1] Ibid., (38).
[1] Ibid., (2).
[1] Ibid., (34)
[1] Ibid. (49).
[1] Ibid., (56).
[1] Ibid. (145).
[1] Ibid., (140).
[1] Ibid., (148).
[1] Stechyson, Natalie. “Court case casts pall on Canada’s sterling election reputation.” The Gazette, October 21, 2012.
[1] Ibid.,
[1] European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity Website. “Jordan Update.” July 27, 2012. 1.
[1] Kristen Kao,“Jordan’s Ongoing Election Law Battle.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, SADA Website, July 5, 2012.
[1] European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity Website, 3.
[1] Kristen Kao.
[1] Ibid.
[1] Curtis Ryan, “Jordan's high stakes electoral reform.” Foreign Policy website, June 29, 2012.
[1] Kristen Kao.
[1] Ibid.
[1] Curtis Ryan, “Jordan's high stakes electoral reform.”
[1] BBC News Website, “Jordan teeters on edge of political instability.” October 27, 2012.
[1] The Economist Website. “Our article on Jordan.” October 26, 2012.
[1] Jamal Halaby, “Jordan's king pushes elections as reform path.” Yahoo News Website. October 23, 2012.
[1] Curtis Ryan, “Jordan's high stakes electoral reform.”
[1] Mohammad Yaghi, “Jordan’s Election Law: Reform or perish?” Fikra Forum Website, October 4, 2012.
[1] Curtis Ryan, “Jordan's high stakes electoral reform.”
[1] BBC News Website, “Jordan teeters on edge of political instability.”
[1] Democracy Digest Website. “Jordan: dialog, not regime change, the route to democratic reform?” October 9, 2012.
[1] Hasan Muawad, “Jordan needs electoral law reform, says Brotherhood deputy.” Al Arabiya, November 2, 2012.
