Info
Boundary Delimitation
BD001
Delimitation of constituencies
Question: Are constituencies delimited for election purposes?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: The Kingdom of Bahrain is divided into four governorates and each electoral area is divided into a number of constituencies. In total, there are 40 electoral constituencies.
The Capital Governorate consists of 10 constituencies, the Muharraq Governorate has eight constituencies, the Northern Governorate 12 and the South Governorate 10 constituencies.
Source: Decree No. 71 of 2014 on Electoral Constituencies: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-collection-of-electoral-laws-2014-in/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
BD003
Criteria for drawing boundaries
Question: On what criteria are the boundaries drawn?
Answer(s):
i . No information available
Comments:
Source: Decree No. 71 of 2014 on Electoral Constituencies: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-collection-of-electoral-laws-2014-in/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
BD005
Body responsible for drawing boundaries
Question: The body responsible for drawing the boundaries is:
Answer(s):
c . Executive
Comments: The body responsible for drawing the boundaries of constituencies in Bahrain is determined by a decree issued by the government.
A decree will be passed on defining the constituencies, electoral districts and their boundaries, and the number of sub committees required to carry out the process of the elections and ballot counting.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, part 3, art. 17 (2):
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Decree No. 71 of 2014 on Electoral Constituencies: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-collection-of-electoral-laws-2014-in/view
Official Website of the Directorate of Election and Referendum - Electoral Constituency: http://www.vote.bh/En/Electoral%20Constituency?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqiQQw2RhEtKe (2014).
Verified: 2024/11/25
Electoral Systems
ES001
Head of State
Question: How is the Head of State selected?
Answer(s):
g . Inherited monarchy
Comments: The King is the Head of state.
Source: Constitution, art. 33 (A): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
ES002
Head of Government
Question: How is the Head of Government selected?
Answer:
e . Appointed
Comments: The King appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister by Royal Order, and appoints and dismisses Ministers by Royal Decree as proposed by the Prime Minister.
Source: Constitution, art. 33 (D): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
ES003
President
Question: Does the country have a president?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: Constitution, art. 33: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
ES004
Number of Chambers
Question: The national legislature consists of (one/two chambers):
Answer:
b . Two chambers
Comments: The National Assembly consists of two Chambers: the Consultative Council and the Chamber of Deputies.
Source: Constitution, art. 51: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
ES005
Electoral System (Chamber 1)
Question: What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?
Answer(s):
d . Two-Round System
Comments: A member of the House of Representatives is elected by an absolute majority of valid votes cast in the election. If no candidate achieves this majority in a district, a runoff election is held between the two candidates with the highest number of votes. If there is a tie between the candidates, a draw will be conducted under the supervision of the head of the election committee to determine the winner.
The Chamber of Deputies comprises forty members elected by direct, secret general ballot in accordance with the provisions of the law.
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law 2002, art. 20: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Constitution, art. 56: http://www.shura.bh/en/LegislativeResource/Constitution/Pages/Constitution05.aspx (2014).
Verified: 2024/11/25
Legislative Framework
LF001
Status of Electoral Law
Question: What is the status of the electoral law governing national elections?
Answer(s):
a . Part of Constitution b . Separate legislation
Comments:
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, part 3, art. 17 (2):
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Decree No. 71 of 2014 on Electoral Constituencies: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-collection-of-electoral-laws-2014-in/view
The Shura and Representatives Councils Law 2002, art. 20: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
LF003
Electoral Law covers
Question: The national electoral law covers:
Answer(s):
a . National elections d . Referendums
Comments:
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, part 3, art. 17 (2):
https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Decree No. 71 of 2014 on Electoral Constituencies: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-collection-of-electoral-laws-2014-in/view
The Shura and Representatives Councils Law 2002, art. 20: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
LF004
Compulsory/voluntary voting
Question: Is voting on the national level voluntary or compulsory?
Answer(s):
a . Voting is voluntary
Comments: Citizens, both men and women, are entitled to participate in public affairs and may enjoy political rights, including the right to vote and to stand for elections, in accordance with this Constitution and the conditions and principles laid down by law. No citizen can be deprived of the right to vote or to nominate oneself for elections except by law.
Source: Constitution, article 1: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
LF007
Electoral Disputes Agency(ies)
Question: What are the agency(ies) responsible for the first level of formal electoral disputes?
Answer(s):
b . EMB
Comments: The High Election Committee
Source: Decree No. 71 of 2014 Electoral Law article 103: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-collection-of-electoral-laws-2014-in/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
Electoral Management
EM002
Responsibility of national EMB
Question: Does the national electoral body have the responsibility for elections at:
Answer(s):
a . National level
Comments: The Ministry of Justice and Islamic Affairs heads a Supreme Committee to supervise the validity of referendums and parliamentary elections all over the kingdom and to look into all matters forwarded to it by the committees.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 18 (1): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
EM004
EMB budget determined by
Question: The budget of the national electoral management body is determined by:
Answer(s):
c . The legislature
Comments: The Government prepares the draft budget, including the state revenues and expenses, and presents it to the Chamber of Deputies and the Consultative Council at least two months prior to the end of the fiscal year. Following the submission of the draft budget, the financial committees of either Chamber shall meet in a joint session to discuss the draft budget with the Government, following which each committee submits a separate report to its Chamber. The draft budget is presented to the Chamber of Deputies for discussion and then submitted to the Consultative Council for review in accordance with the constitution, and amendments to the draft budget are possible in agreement with the Government.
Source: Constitution, art. 109: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
EM005
EMB expenditures controlled by
Question: The expenditures of the national electoral management body are controlled by:
Answer(s):
c . The legislature
Comments: The government prepares a draft of budget and expenditures then presents it to the legislative power consisting of the Chamber of Representatives and the Consultative Council.
Source: Constitution, art. 109: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
EM006
Term of EMB members
Question: The term of the members of the national electoral management body is:
Answer:
a . For the election period only
Comments: The Supreme Electoral Committee and its sub-committees exist for the election period only.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 17, 18: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
EM012
Electoral Management model
Question: What is the Electoral Management model?
Answer:
a . Governmental
Comments: The Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs heads a Supreme Committee to supervise the validity of referendums and parliamentary elections.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 17, 18: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
EM013
Number of EMB members
Question: The EMB is composed of:
Answer:
d . Other
Comments: The Supreme Committee comprises a large number of judges and legal consultants appointed by the Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 18: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
EM014
Membership based on
Question: The EMB members/commissioners are selected on the basis of their:
Answer:
b . Expertise
Comments: The Supreme Committee comprises a large number of judges and legal consultants appointed by the Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs. The Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs is the head of the Supreme Committee.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 18: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
EM015
Question: The EMB members/commissioners are selected by:
Answer(s):
c . Executive
Comments: The members of the Supreme Committee are appointed by the Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 18: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
Voter Education
VE001
Information campaigns performed by
Question: Who conducts information campaigns for national elections (informing where, when and how to register and/or vote)?
Answer(s):
a . National Electoral Management Body
Comments:
Source: Official Website of the Directorate of Elections and Referendum: http://www.vote.bh/
Verified: 2024/11/25
VE002
Frequency of voter education programs
Question: At the national level, how often are voter education programs conducted?
Answer:
b . Election time only
Comments:
Source: Official Website of the Directorate of Elections and Referendum: http://www.vote.bh/
Verified: 2024/11/25
VE003
National civic education
Question: Is there a national civic education campaign (rights and responsibilities of citizens)?
Answer(s):
b . Yes, conducted by the National Electoral Management Body
Comments:
Source: Official Website of the Directorate of Elections and Referendum: http://www.vote.bh/
Verified: 2024/11/25
Voter Registration
VR001
Voting age
Question: What is the legal voting age in the national elections?
Answer:
f . 21
Comments: Citizens should be 21 years old on the day of referendum or election.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 2 (1): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
VR002
Other voting requirements
Question: Beyond age, what other qualifications exist for registering to vote and voting in the national elections?
Answer(s):
a . Citizenship b . Period of Residence e . Other
Comments: 1. Should be 21 years of age of the day of election or referendum
2. Should be of complete mental health
3. Should be a resident of the electoral district according to the CPR. In case of living abroad, the last place of residence in the Kingdom will be his electoral district, if he has no residence in Bahrain then he follows the district of his immediate family.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 2 (2, 3):https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
VR004
Authority responsible for voter registration
Question: Which is the authority responsible for the registration of voters for national elections?
Answer:
e . Other
Comments: In every electoral district a committee is to be appointed by the order of the Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs called "The Elections and Referendums Supervisory Committee" comprising of the chairman from a judicial or legal body and two members, one of them takes the position of the secretary. This committee is authorized to prepare the voters' schedule, receive and sort the application for candidacy, prepare the candidates' schedules and look into objections regarding the process.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 7: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
VR008
Is it compulsory to be on the voters register?
Question: Is it compulsory to be on the voters register?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: Evey citizen eligible to vote must be listed in the voters' schedule.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 6: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
Parties and Candidates
PC001
Registration requirements for parties (Chamber 1)
Question: What are the registration requirements for political parties running for national elections (Chamber 1)?
Answer(s):
h . Not applicable
Comments: There are no political parties in Bahrain.
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law 2002: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Verified: 2024/11/25
PC003
Registration requirements for candidates (Chamber 1)
Question: What are the legal qualifications to become a candidate at legislative elections (Chamber 1)?
Answer(s):
a . Age b . Citizenship d . Residence f . Registration i . Minimum level of literacy j . Other
Comments: Candidacy for Membership in the House of Representatives
Article (11)
Without prejudice to the provisions established in the Law on the Exercise of Political Rights, a candidate for membership in the House of Representatives must meet the following conditions:
a. Must be Bahraini and have held Bahraini nationality for at least ten years. The candidate must not hold any other nationality, except for the nationality of one of the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), provided that Bahraini nationality remains the primary one, and the candidate enjoys full civil and political rights.
b. The candidate’s name must be listed in the electoral roll of the constituency in which they are running.
c. Must be at least thirty (30) full years old on the day of the election.
d. Must be proficient in reading and writing in Arabic.
e. Membership in the Shura Council or the House of Representatives must not have been revoked by a decision from the respective council due to loss of trust, credibility, or failure to fulfill membership duties. However, individuals whose membership was revoked may run for candidacy if the legislative term during which the revocation occurred has ended, or if the council that issued the revocation decides to nullify its effects on candidacy after the conclusion of the legislative session in which the revocation took place.
f. Membership in the House of Representatives must not have been terminated due to resignation during the same legislative term.
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law 2002, art. 11: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Constitution, art. 57: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
PC008
Independent candidates
Question: Can independent candidates compete in presidential or legislative elections?
Answer(s):
c . In legislative elections (Chamber 1)
Comments: The President and Vice President may be elected only after the Congress is fully organized. To be eligible for the office of the President and Vice President, a Member must be a member of Congress for a four-year term and shall also have been a resident for at least 15 years and a Citizen by birth of the Federated States of Micronesia.
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law 2002, art. 11: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Verified: 2024/11/25
PC012
Public funding of parties
Question: Do political parties receive direct/indirect public funding?
Answer(s):
f . Not applicable
Comments:
Source:
Verified: 2024/11/25
PC015
Question: What is the basis of the public funding?
Answer(s):
g . Not applicable
Comments:
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law 2002: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Verified: 2024/11/25
PC017
Question: Are political parties entitled to private funding?
Answer:
d . Not applicable
Comments: It is prohibited for any candidate to present, through their electoral campaign, gifts, donations, financial or in-kind assistance, or anything similar, or to promise such offerings to any natural or legal person, whether directly or indirectly through intermediaries. It is also prohibited for any person to request such gifts, donations, assistance, or promises from any candidate.
Furthermore, it is prohibited for the candidate to receive funds for their electoral campaign from any entity
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law 2002 article 25: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Verified: 2024/11/25
Vote Counting
VC004
Votes are sorted/counted at
Question: Following the close of the voting, where are the votes first sorted and counted?
Answer:
a . The polling stations
Comments: When the designated time for voting ends the chairman of every sub-committee will announce the end of the voting process after making sure every voter listed has cast his ballot, and register it in a report to be signed by the chairman and the general secretary so the committee can then begin the ballot counting at the polling station.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 24: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
VC011
When are ballots recounted?
Question: Under what conditions are ballots recounted?
Answer(s):
g . No information available
Comments:
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Verified: 2024/11/25
Media and Elections
ME037
Criteria for allocating free broadcast time
Question: What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to political parties?
Answer(s):
i . Not applicable
Comments: The election of members of the House of Representatives shall be conducted based on the individual electoral system.
All media outlets must ensure equal treatment of all candidates in their media coverage.
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law, art. 9, 26: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Verified: 2024/11/25
ME059
Television debates
Question: Are televised debates between candidates or party representatives normally conducted?
Answer(s):
d . No information available
Comments:
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Official Website of the Directorate of Election and Referendum:
Verified: 2024/11/25
ME062
Blackout period for release of opinion poll results.
Question: What is the blackout period, if any, during which results of pre-election opinion polls may not be released to the public?
Answer:
h . Not applicable
Comments: There are no specific legal provisions regulating the blackout period.
All electoral campaigning activities across the Kingdom must cease 24 hours before the scheduled start of the voting process.
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law, art. 27: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Verified: 2024/11/25
ME080
Question: Is there a maximum amount that a political party is permitted to spend on paid advertising during a campaign period?
Answer:
d . Not applicable
Comments:
Source: The Shura and Representatives Councils Law: https://regulations-references-laws-s3-bucket.s3.me-south-1.amazonaws.com/public/_pdf-1705188185067.pdf
Verified: 2024/11/25
Direct Democracy
DD002
Direct Democracy Provisions (National Level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Direct Democracy Procedures at the national level?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: The King may conduct a popular referendum on important laws and issues connected with the interests of the State. The issue on which the referendum has been held is considered to have been agreed upon if approved by a majority of the votes cast. The result of the referendum shall be binding on all and effective from the date it is declared and it shall be published on the Official Gazette.
Source: Constitution, art. 43: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
DD003
Mandatory referendums (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Mandatory Referendums at the national level?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: Constitution, art. 43: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
DD004
Optional referendums (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Optional Referendums at the national level?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: The King may conduct a popular referendum on important laws and issues connected with the interests of the State. The issue on which the referendum has been held is considered to have been agreed upon if approved by a majority of the votes cast. The result of the referendum shall be binding on all and effective from the date it is declared and it shall be published on the Official Gazette.
Source: Constitution, art. 43: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
DD005
Citizens' Initiatives (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Citizen’s Initiatives at national level?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
DD006
Agenda Initiatives (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Agenda Initiatives at national level?
Answer:
b . No
Comments: Only the King may submit a proposal
Source: Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
DD007
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Recalls at national level?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
DD129
Question: Are the results of referenda always binding, never binding or sometimes binding?
Answer:
a . Always binding
Comments: The King may conduct a popular referendum on important laws and issues connected with the interests of the State. The issue on which the referendum has been held is considered to have been agreed upon if approved by a majority of the votes cast. The result of the referendum shall be binding on all and effective from the date it is declared, and it shall be published on the Official Gazette.
Source: Constitution, art. 43: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
DD130
Question: Are the types of issues to vote upon in a referendum constitutional changes only, other issues only or both constitutional and other issues?
Answer:
c . Both constitutional and other issues
Comments:
Source: Constitution, art. 43: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
DD131
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Direct Democracy at sub-national levels (regional or local)?
Answer:
c . No information available
Comments:
Source: Constitution: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahrain_2017
Verified: 2024/11/25
Voting Operations
VO003
Electors vote at
Question: Where can electors vote?
Answer(s):
b . At any polling station in the same voting district
Comments:
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view (2014).
Verified: 2024/11/25
VO004
Voting outside the country is permitted for
Question: Who can vote from outside the country?
Answer(s):
c . Citizens outside the country (including those on vacation)
Comments: Any citizen eligible voter registered in the voters schedule living abroad has the right to cast his vote in referendum or election in the normal procedure or through electronic means according to the directives of the Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs. They can vote in the Embassies, Consulates, or Diplomatic Mission.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 25: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
VO005
Locations for voting outside of the country
Question: If voting outside the country is permitted, at what places?
Answer(s):
a . Embassies b . Consulates
Comments: Any citizen registered in the voters schedule living abroad has the right to cast his vote in referendum or election in the normal procedure or through electronic means according to the directives of the Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs. They can elect in the Embassies, Consulates, or Diplomatic Mission.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 25: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
VO011
Voting method
Question: How do electors cast their votes?
Answer(s):
a . Manually marking of ballots
Comments: The vote is carried out by ticking a prepared ballot in a special voting room.
Source: Decree No. 14 of 2002 on Exercising Political Rights, art. 23: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/BH/bahrain-law-by-decree-on-exercising-political/view
Verified: 2024/11/25
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Additional, but potentially outdated material is available here.
