The distinctions made in the existing laws between legal and illegal sources of funding seem adequate. However, effective enforcement depends on the extent to which parties are prepared to cooperate with CNE in meeting the standards of transparency and accountability also required by the law, and the extent to which existing penalties act as a deterrent to illegal fund-raising. In fact, neither of these conditions is being met at present. A review of CNE’s auditing practice and the outside capacity that it relies on to examine political parties’ accounts would seem to be called for, as would a reassessment of the rather light fines that are currently the only penalties available for breaches of the rules on campaign financing. The adoption in law of spending ceilings during campaigns could also contribute to establishing something closer to balance between the parties competing in elections.