Info
Boundary Delimitation
BD001
Delimitation of constituencies
Question: Are constituencies delimited for election purposes?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: Liechtenstein is divided in 2 electoral constituencies: The Upper Country (Oberland) and the Lower Country (Unterland). The Upper Country (Oberland) and the Lower Country (Unterland) shall each form a voting district.
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Article 46: https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/04
BD003
Criteria for drawing boundaries
Question: On what criteria are the boundaries drawn?
Answer(s):
h . Not applicable
Comments: The region of Vaduz (Oberland, Upper Country) and the region of Schellenberg (Unterland, Lower Country) were independent lordships of the Holy Roman Empire. They are still recognized as unique regions and form separate electoral districts.
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Art. 46: https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/04
BD005
Body responsible for drawing boundaries
Question: The body responsible for drawing the boundaries is:
Answer(s):
h . Not applicable
Comments: The region of Vaduz (Oberland, Upper Country) and the region of Schellenberg (Unterland, Lower Country) were independent lordships of the Holy Roman Empire. They are still recognized as unique regions and form separate electoral districts.
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Art. 46: https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/04
Electoral Systems
ES001
Head of State
Question: How is the Head of State selected?
Answer(s):
g . Inherited monarchy
Comments: Article 2: "The Principality is a constitutional, hereditary monarchy on a democratic and parliamentary basis;"
Article 7: "The Reigning Prince is the Head of State..."
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Art. 2,7:
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
ES002
Head of Government
Question: How is the Head of Government selected?
Answer:
e . Appointed
Comments: The Prime Minister and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Reigning Prince with the agreement of Parliament and on its proposal.
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Art. 79 (2):
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
ES003
President
Question: Does the country have a president?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Art. 7,8;
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
ES004
Number of Chambers
Question: The national legislature consists of (one/two chambers):
Answer:
a . One chamber
Comments:
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Art. 45;
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
ES005
Electoral System (Chamber 1)
Question: What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?
Answer(s):
g . List Proportional Representation
Comments: Parliament shall consist of 25 Members who shall be elected by the People by universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage according to the system of proportional representation.
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Art. 46 (1);
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
Legislative Framework
LF001
Status of Electoral Law
Question: What is the status of the electoral law governing national elections?
Answer(s):
a . Part of Constitution b . Separate legislation e . Other
Comments: The electoral legal framework comprises the 1921 Constitution (amended in 2003), the 1973 Citizens Political Rights Act (lastly amended in 2012) and three government instructions (re-issued before each election).
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 9 February 2025, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 13-14 November 2024 (4)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/5/584721.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/20
LF003
Electoral Law covers
Question: The national electoral law covers:
Answer(s):
a . National elections c . Local elections d . Referendums
Comments:
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/20
LF004
Compulsory/voluntary voting
Question: Is voting on the national level voluntary or compulsory?
Answer(s):
b . Voting is compulsory and regulated in the electoral law
Comments:
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (4)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/20
LF007
Electoral Disputes Agency(ies)
Question: What are the agency(ies) responsible for the first level of formal electoral disputes?
Answer(s):
a . Judiciary
Comments: The Constitutional Court shall decide on election complaints.
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Art. 59 (1);
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/04
Electoral Management
EM002
Responsibility of national EMB
Question: Does the national electoral body have the responsibility for elections at:
Answer(s):
a . National level
Comments: "The government performs key election management functions and has overall responsibility over the election process. At the lower level, elections are administered by a two-tier system, comprising two Main Election Commissions (MEC) and 11 Commune Election Commissions (ComECs)" (1).
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Pricipality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (2)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
EM004
EMB budget determined by
Question: The budget of the national electoral management body is determined by:
Answer(s):
c . The legislature
Comments: The Government shall submit to Parliament for review and agreement a budget of all expenditures and revenues pertaining to the National Administration for the following administrative year, accompanied by a proposal for the taxes to be levied.
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Article 69.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
EM005
EMB expenditures controlled by
Question: The expenditures of the national electoral management body are controlled by:
Answer(s):
c . The legislature
Comments: The Government shall submit to Parliament for review and agreement a budget of all expenditures and revenues pertaining to the National Administration for the following administrative year, accompanied by a proposal for the taxes to be levied.
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Article 69.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
EM006
Term of EMB members
Question: The term of the members of the national electoral management body is:
Answer:
b . For a specified number of years
Comments: MECs are permanent bodies appointed by the government for a four-year term and consist of up to 11 members and 6 substitutes.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (6)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2012/05/23
EM012
Electoral Management model
Question: What is the Electoral Management model?
Answer:
c . Mixed
Comments: "The government performs key election management functions and has overall responsibility over the election process. At the lower level, elections are administered by a two-tier system, comprising two Main Election Commissions (MEC) and 11 Commune Election Commissions (ComECs)" (1).
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (6)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
EM013
Number of EMB members
Question: The EMB is composed of:
Answer:
d . Other
Comments: MECs are permanent bodies appointed by the government for a four-year term and consist of up to 11 members and 6 substitutes. The ComECs are permanent bodies that consist of up to 6 members and 3 substitutes elected by respective commune councils for a four-year term and led by the heads of respective commune councils.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (6)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
EM014
Membership based on
Question: The EMB members/commissioners are selected on the basis of their:
Answer:
a . Partisanship
Comments: Members of election commissions are nominated by political entities in proportion to their representation in the parliament.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (6)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
EM015
Question: The EMB members/commissioners are selected by:
Answer(s):
g . Political parties
Comments: Members of election commissions are nominated by political entities in proportion to their representation in the parliament.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (6)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
Voter Education
VE001
Information campaigns performed by
Question: Who conducts information campaigns for national elections (informing where, when and how to register and/or vote)?
Answer(s):
b . Regional Electoral Management Bodies c . Local/County Electoral Management Bodies d . National Government f . Local Governments h . Political parties/ candidates i . Media
Comments:
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Pricipality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/06
VE002
Frequency of voter education programs
Question: At the national level, how often are voter education programs conducted?
Answer:
d . No information available
Comments:
Source:
Verified: 2022/08/02
VE003
National civic education
Question: Is there a national civic education campaign (rights and responsibilities of citizens)?
Answer(s):
m . No information available
Comments:
Source:
Verified: 2022/08/02
Voter Registration
VR001
Voting age
Question: What is the legal voting age in the national elections?
Answer:
c . 18
Comments: All Liechtenstein citizens who have completed their 18th year, have their normal residence in Liechtenstein, and whose right to vote has not been suspended shall be entitled to all political rights in national matters.
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Article 29(2).
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
VR002
Other voting requirements
Question: Beyond age, what other qualifications exist for registering to vote and voting in the national elections?
Answer(s):
a . Citizenship b . Period of Residence
Comments: All Liechtenstein citizens who have completed their 18th year, have their normal residence in Liechtenstein, and whose right to vote has not been suspended shall be entitled to all political rights in national matters (Article 29(2)). b) permanent residence in the country for at least one month before the election day
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Article 29(2).
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Pricipality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (2)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
VR004
Authority responsible for voter registration
Question: Which is the authority responsible for the registration of voters for national elections?
Answer:
c . Local Government Authority
Comments: Voter lists are created based on the information extracted by communes from the permanent population register
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Pricipality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (7)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
VR008
Is it compulsory to be on the voters register?
Question: Is it compulsory to be on the voters register?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments:
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Pricipality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (7)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
Parties and Candidates
PC001
Registration requirements for parties (Chamber 1)
Question: What are the registration requirements for political parties running for national elections (Chamber 1)?
Answer(s):
f . Other
Comments: The authorities now report that on 1 May 2019 the revision of the LPCPP entered into force. In Article 2 para. 1, the establishment of a political party in the form of an association and the requirement for it to register in the Commercial Register are enforced. The amended law gives a legal framework for a uniform procedural treatment of political parties with regard to their financing and increases the transparency of party funding. Registration in the Commercial Register increases legal certainty and transparency. The legal status is verified when a party submits its statutes and extracts from the Commercial Register after the elections to the Landtag (Article 2 para. 4).
Source: Third Evaluation Round, Second Compliance Report on Liechtenstein, "Incriminations (ETS 173 and 191, GPC 2)," "Transparency of Party Funding," GRECO.
https://rm.coe.int/third-evaluation-round-second-compliance-report-on-liechtenstein-incri/1680a0bd69
Verified: 2025/02/18
PC003
Registration requirements for candidates (Chamber 1)
Question: What are the legal qualifications to become a candidate at legislative elections (Chamber 1)?
Answer(s):
a . Age b . Citizenship d . Residence
Comments: All eligible voters have the right to stand as candidates.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 9 February 2025, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 13-14 November 2024
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/5/584721.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/18
PC008
Independent candidates
Question: Can independent candidates compete in presidential or legislative elections?
Answer(s):
c . In legislative elections (Chamber 1)
Comments: The right to nominate a candidate list is granted to electoral groups established by a minimum of 30 voters from the same constituency. An electoral group does not have to be a registered political party.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 9 February 2025, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 13-14 November 2024
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/5/584721.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/18
PC012
Public funding of parties
Question: Do political parties receive direct/indirect public funding?
Answer(s):
b . Direct
Comments: The total amount of public funding is set to CHF 710,000 per year, which is to be divided among the political parties which: a) are represented in the state parliament or b) have participated in the last elections in the two constituencies and obtained at least 3% of the total number of votes.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 9 February 2025, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 13-14 November 2024 (7)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/5/584721.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/24
PC015
Question: What is the basis of the public funding?
Answer(s):
b . Based on result of previous election c . Based on current legislative representation
Comments: The total amount of public funding is set to CHF 710,000 per year, which is to be divided among the political parties which: a) are represented in the state parliament or b) have participated in the last elections in the two constituencies and obtained at least 3% of the total number of votes.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 9 February 2025, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 13-14 November 2024 (7)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/5/584721.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/24
PC017
Question: Are political parties entitled to private funding?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: Political parties are financed by public and private funds.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 9 February 2025, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 13-14 November 2024 (7)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/5/584721.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/24
Vote Counting
VC004
Votes are sorted/counted at
Question: Following the close of the voting, where are the votes first sorted and counted?
Answer:
a . The polling stations
Comments: On election day, ComECs serve as polling station commissions and are responsible for the conduct of voting, counting and transfer of results to the MECs.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Pricipality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (6)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/17
VC011
When are ballots recounted?
Question: Under what conditions are ballots recounted?
Answer(s):
b . Always recounted
Comments: The MECs are responsible for re-counting ballots and verification of the results submitted by ComECs.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Pricipality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (6)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/17
Media and Elections
ME037
Criteria for allocating free broadcast time
Question: What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to political parties?
Answer(s):
h . No information available
Comments: The legislation does not offer specific regulation on media coverage during elections.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (9)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/18
ME059
Television debates
Question: Are televised debates between candidates or party representatives normally conducted?
Answer(s):
b . Yes, in legislative elections
Comments:
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (9)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/18
ME062
Blackout period for release of opinion poll results.
Question: What is the blackout period, if any, during which results of pre-election opinion polls may not be released to the public?
Answer:
g . No information available
Comments: g) There are no legislative provisions in this regard.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (9)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/18
ME080
Question: Is there a maximum amount that a political party is permitted to spend on paid advertising during a campaign period?
Answer:
b . No
Comments: There is no maximum amount that a political party is permitted to spend, however among the 2019 reforms to the Law on Payment of Contributions to Political Parties is the publication of audited annual financial statements by parties that include details on sources of income and expenses.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Principality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (9)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/18
Direct Democracy
DD002
Direct Democracy Provisions (National Level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Direct Democracy Procedures at the national level?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments:
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Articles 42(2,3), 64, 65(2), 66, 66bis, 112, and 113.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
DD003
Mandatory referendums (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Mandatory Referendums at the national level?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Articles 42(2,3), 64, 65(2), 66, 66bis, 112, and 113.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
DD004
Optional referendums (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Optional Referendums at the national level?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments:
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Articles 66, 66bis, 112, and 113.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
DD005
Citizens' Initiatives (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Citizen’s Initiatives at national level?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments:
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Articles 64, 65(2), 66, 66bis, 112, and 113.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
DD006
Agenda Initiatives (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Agenda Initiatives at national level?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments:
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Articles 64, 65, 112, 113.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008) (86).
Verified: 2022/08/02
DD007
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Recalls at national level?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: Article 48(3): " Subject to the same conditions as in the preceding paragraph, 1,500 Liechtenstein citizens eligible to vote or four municipalities, by means of resolutions of their municipal assemblies, may demand a popular vote on the dissolution of Parliament."
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Articles 48(2,3) 113.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
DD129
Question: Are the results of referenda always binding, never binding or sometimes binding?
Answer:
a . Always binding
Comments:
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Articles 66, 66bis.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
DD130
Question: Are the types of issues to vote upon in a referendum constitutional changes only, other issues only or both constitutional and other issues?
Answer:
c . Both constitutional and other issues
Comments:
Source: Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein [2014], Articles 66, 66bis, 112, and 113.
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
Verified: 2022/08/02
DD131
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Direct Democracy at sub-national levels (regional or local)?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: Direct Democracy: The International IDEA Handbook (2008)
https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/direct-democracy-international-idea-handbook
Verified: 2022/08/02
Voting Operations
VO003
Electors vote at
Question: Where can electors vote?
Answer(s):
a . At a specified polling station in the locality where they are registered at national elections f . By mail
Comments:
Source: Information Und Kommunikation Der Regierung: Principality of Liechtenstein, State Elections
https://www.landtagswahlen.li/stimmabgabe
Verified: 2025/02/18
VO004
Voting outside the country is permitted for
Question: Who can vote from outside the country?
Answer(s):
c . Citizens outside the country (including those on vacation) d . Members of the armed forces e . Students f . Diplomatic staff
Comments: Voters studying or on short visits abroad retain their voting rights and can request voting materials to be mailed to them by the communes.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Pricipality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (7)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/18
VO005
Locations for voting outside of the country
Question: If voting outside the country is permitted, at what places?
Answer(s):
e . By mail
Comments: Voters studying or on short visits abroad retain their voting rights and can request voting materials to be mailed to them by the communes.
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Pricipality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (7)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/18
VO011
Voting method
Question: How do electors cast their votes?
Answer(s):
a . Manually marking of ballots
Comments:
Source: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Pricipality of Liechtenstein, Parliamentary Elections 7 February 2021, Needs Assessment Mission Report, 2020 (7)
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/f/473469.pdf
Verified: 2025/02/18
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