Info
Boundary Delimitation
BD001
Delimitation of constituencies
Question: Are constituencies delimited for election purposes?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments:
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 109: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf(2015);
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 3: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
BD003
Criteria for drawing boundaries
Question: On what criteria are the boundaries drawn?
Answer(s):
a . "Equality" of population d . Conformity with local jurisdiction boundaries
Comments: In designating constituencies, the Commission :
(a) shall not designate more than 330 Hluttaw Constituencies in the entire Union including Regions or States and Union territories;
(b) shall designate at least one constituency in a township in the case of constituencies which have not exceeded 330;
(c) if the number of 330 constituencies have not been filled for the required number of constituencies, the list of population depending on the density of population in townships within the entire Union shall be prepared, and from this list beginning from the most densely populated township, a constituency for each township shall be designated and added to fill the required number of constituencies;
(d) in case the total number of townships exceed 330, due to forming of new townships, designation of constituencies shall be made as follows:
(i) in the event of forming a new township by dividing a township into two parts, designating the said new township as the constituency of the original township;
(ii) in the event of forming a new township by extracting the areas from more than one township, designating as a constituency by merging them to the township which is contiguous and has the least population.
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 4: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
BD005
Body responsible for drawing boundaries
Question: The body responsible for drawing the boundaries is:
Answer(s):
e . Electoral Management Body (EMB)
Comments: The Electoral Commission is in charge of determining and re-drawing the boundaries of constituencies.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 399 (c):http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015);
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 4: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
Electoral Systems
ES001
Head of State
Question: How is the Head of State selected?
Answer(s):
a . Head of State is the Head of Government h . Other
Comments: The military junta assumed power in September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration Council. The 'head of state' is the Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) since 1992. The SPDC oversees the Cabinet.
The new Constitution passed in 2008 sets provision for an election of the President by presidential electoral college. The head of the state will also be the head of the government.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 16, 60, 199: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
ES002
Head of Government
Question: How is the Head of Government selected?
Answer:
f . Other
Comments: According to the new Constitution adopted in 2008, the head of the state (president) will also be the head of the government, and s/he will be elected by the presidential electoral college.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 16, 60, 199: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
ES003
President
Question: Does the country have a president?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: The Head of the Union and the Head of Executive of the Union is the President.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 16, 57 - 73: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
ES004
Number of Chambers
Question: The national legislature consists of (one/two chambers):
Answer:
b . Two chambers
Comments: There is a bicameral Union Parliament consisting of the House of Representatives with 440 members and the House of Nationalities with 224 members.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 74, 109, 141: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
ES005
Electoral System (Chamber 1)
Question: What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?
Answer(s):
a . Plurality (FPTP)
Comments: The House of Representatives shall be formed with a maximum of 440 members as follows :
(a) not more than 330 representatives elected prescribing electorate on the basis of township as well as population or combining with an appropriate township which is contagious to the newly-formed township if it is more than 330 townships, The candidate with the highest number of valid votes is declared elected.
(b) not more than 110 representatives who are the Defence Services personnel nominated by the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services (President).
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 109: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 3, 49 (a): http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
Legislative Framework
LF001
Status of Electoral Law
Question: What is the status of the electoral law governing national elections?
Answer(s):
a . Part of Constitution b . Separate legislation
Comments:
Source: Constitution of Myanmar: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015);
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013);
The Amyotha Hluttaw Election Law: http://www.voanews.com/MediaAssets2/burmese/2010_08/Amyotha-Hluttaw-Electoral-Law-Eng.pdf (2013);
The Region Hluttaw or the State Hluttaw Election Law: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Region%20Hluttaw%20or%20State%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
LF003
Electoral Law covers
Question: The national electoral law covers:
Answer(s):
a . National elections
Comments:
Source: Constitution of Myanmar: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015);
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
LF004
Compulsory/voluntary voting
Question: Is voting on the national level voluntary or compulsory?
Answer(s):
a . Voting is voluntary
Comments: Every citizen who is eligible to vote and person who has the right to vote under the law shall cast a vote only for each Hluttaw at a constituency in an election.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 391: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015);
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 6: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
LF007
Electoral Disputes Agency(ies)
Question: What are the agency(ies) responsible for the first level of formal electoral disputes?
Answer(s):
b . EMB
Comments: The Elections Commission may form Election Tribunals to hear and arbitrate on disputes relating to the election and appointment of members.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 399 (g): http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015);
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 68, 69: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
Electoral Management
EM002
Responsibility of national EMB
Question: Does the national electoral body have the responsibility for elections at:
Answer(s):
a . National level
Comments: The Union Election Commission is responsible for supervising Hluttaw elections and forming different levels of sub-commissions and supervising thereof.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 399 (a, b): http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
EM004
EMB budget determined by
Question: The budget of the national electoral management body is determined by:
Answer(s):
c . The legislature
Comments: The expenditures of the Commission and Sub-commissions at various levels and the expenditures relating to holding of election shall be borne from the State budget.
Source: The Union Election Commission Law, Art. 10: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Union%20Election%20Commission%20Law.pdf (2013);
Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 103: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
EM005
EMB expenditures controlled by
Question: The expenditures of the national electoral management body are controlled by:
Answer(s):
h . No information available
Comments:
Source: The Union Election Commission Law: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Union%20Election%20Commission%20Law.pdf (2013);
Constitution of Myanmar: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
EM006
Term of EMB members
Question: The term of the members of the national electoral management body is:
Answer:
c . For an unspecified period
Comments: The term of the Commission is until the President has formed a Commission under the Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
Source: The Union Election Commission Law, art. 7: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Union%20Election%20Commission%20Law.pdf (2013);
Constitution of Myanmar, art. 398: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
EM012
Electoral Management model
Question: What is the Electoral Management model?
Answer:
b . Independent
Comments:
Source: The Union Election Commission Law, art. 3: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Union%20Election%20Commission%20Law.pdf (2013);
Constitution of Myanmar, art. 398: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
EM013
Number of EMB members
Question: The EMB is composed of:
Answer:
a . 1 - 10 members (specify)
Comments: The President shall constitute a Union Election Commission. In constituting the Commission, he may appoint a minimum of five members including the chairman of the Union Election Commission.
Source: The Union Election Commission Law, Art. 3: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Union%20Election%20Commission%20Law.pdf (2013);
Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 398 (a): http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
EM014
Membership based on
Question: The EMB members/commissioners are selected on the basis of their:
Answer:
b . Expertise
Comments: The Chairman and members of Election Commission shall be persons:
a. who have attained 50 years of age;
b. whom the State Peace and Development Council deems to have a good reputation among the people;
c. who has dignity and integrity and is well-experienced;
d. who is loyal to the State and its citizens;
e. who is not a member of any political party;
f. who draw no salary, allowances, supplements and do not hold any office.
Source: The Union Election Commission Law, art. 4: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Union%20Election%20Commission%20Law.pdf (2013);
Constitution of Myanmar, art. 398 (b):http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
EM015
Question: The EMB members/commissioners are selected by:
Answer(s):
a . Head of State b . Head of Government
Comments: The President.
Source: The Union Election Commission Law, art. 3: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Union%20Election%20Commission%20Law.pdf (2013);
Constitution of Myanmar, art. 398 (a): http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
Voter Education
VE001
Information campaigns performed by
Question: Who conducts information campaigns for national elections (informing where, when and how to register and/or vote)?
Answer(s):
g . NGOs/ Civic Organizations
Comments: For the November 2015 general elections, various local and international NGOs conducted voter education campaigns.
Source: Radio Free Asia: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/voter-09232015165218.html (2015);
New Myanmar Foundation: http://en.newmyanmarfoundation.org/civic-and-voter-education/ (2015);
IFES: http://www.ifes.org/news/she-leads-mobilizing-voters-myanmar-2015-general-elections (2015);
http://photos.state.gov/libraries/burma/895/pdf/ElectionFactSheet201503.pdf.
Verified: 2015/11/20
VE002
Frequency of voter education programs
Question: At the national level, how often are voter education programs conducted?
Answer:
e . Not applicable
Comments:
Source:
Verified: 2015/11/20
VE003
National civic education
Question: Is there a national civic education campaign (rights and responsibilities of citizens)?
Answer(s):
m . No information available
Comments:
Source:
Verified: 2015/11/20
Voter Registration
VR001
Voting age
Question: What is the legal voting age in the national elections?
Answer:
c . 18
Comments: Every citizen who has attained 18 years of age on the day on which the election commences has the right to vote.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 391 (a): http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015);
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 6 (a): http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
VR002
Other voting requirements
Question: Beyond age, what other qualifications exist for registering to vote and voting in the national elections?
Answer(s):
a . Citizenship b . Period of Residence d . Naturalization e . Other
Comments: The Ward or Village-tract Sub-commission shall include in the relevant voting roll every citizen, associate citizen, naturalized citizen and holder of temporary certificate who do not contravene the provisions of the Law and are residents in a constituency and have completed the age of 18 years on the day of commencement of election.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 391: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015);
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 6, 14 (a): http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
VR004
Authority responsible for voter registration
Question: Which is the authority responsible for the registration of voters for national elections?
Answer:
d . Election Management Body (specify)
Comments: The Electoral Commission is responsible for the compiling and amending voter lists.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 399 (d):http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015);
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 13: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
VR008
Is it compulsory to be on the voters register?
Question: Is it compulsory to be on the voters register?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: Voter registration is a prerequisite in order to be eligible to vote.
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 6 (b): http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
Parties and Candidates
PC001
Registration requirements for parties (Chamber 1)
Question: What are the registration requirements for political parties running for national elections (Chamber 1)?
Answer(s):
b . Deposit requirement (specify amount) e . Minimum number of candidates
Comments: Political parties must nominate candidates in at least three constituencies.
In addition, political parties must pay a registration fee of 500,000 kyat per candidate.
Source: The Political Parties Registration Law No. 2 /2010 with the 2011 amendments, art. 12 (a-i): http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Political%20Parties%20Registration%20Law.pdf (2013);
Thai Action Committee for Democracy in Burma, Election Summary Report of Burma Parliamentary & Local Assembly Elections held in November 2010, p. 29: http://www.tourismtransparency.org/sites/default/files/reports/An%20Election%20of%20Generals.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/17
PC003
Registration requirements for candidates (Chamber 1)
Question: What are the legal qualifications to become a candidate at legislative elections (Chamber 1)?
Answer(s):
a . Age b . Citizenship d . Residence e . Citizenship of parents f . Registration
Comments: Eligible candidates shall be at least 25 years old; have resided in the Union of Myanmar at least ten consecutive years up to the time of election; shall be included in the voting roll; shall be citizens born by parents who were also citizens of Myanmar.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 395: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015);
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 8: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
PC008
Independent candidates
Question: Can independent candidates compete in presidential or legislative elections?
Answer(s):
c . In legislative elections (Chamber 1)
Comments: A person having the right to stand for election is eligible to contest in the election either individually or representing a political party.
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 9: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
PC012
Public funding of parties
Question: Do political parties receive direct/indirect public funding?
Answer(s):
a . No
Comments:
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013);
The Political Parties Registration Law No. 2 /2010 with the 2011 amendments: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Political%20Parties%20Registration%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
PC015
Question: What is the basis of the public funding?
Answer(s):
g . Not applicable
Comments:
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013);
The Political Parties Registration Law No. 2 /2010 with the 2011 amendments: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Political%20Parties%20Registration%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
PC017
Question: Are political parties entitled to private funding?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments:
Source: The Political Parties Registration Law No. 2 /2010 with the 2011 amendments, art. 15: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Political%20Parties%20Registration%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
Vote Counting
VC004
Votes are sorted/counted at
Question: Following the close of the voting, where are the votes first sorted and counted?
Answer:
a . The polling stations
Comments: Immediately after the ballot papers are casted in the relevant polling booth, the polling booth officer himself or a member of the polling booth team assigned by him shall count the votes in the polling booth in the presence of the members of the polling booth team, the polling booth agents and the public.
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 48 (b): http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
VC011
When are ballots recounted?
Question: Under what conditions are ballots recounted?
Answer(s):
g . No information available
Comments:
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
Media and Elections
ME037
Criteria for allocating free broadcast time
Question: What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to political parties?
Answer(s):
e . As agreed by special committee
Comments: In the April 2012 by-elections, each of the 17 political parties that nominated candidates was allocated free broadcast time on radio and television and was allowed to print a party policy statement in the government-run newspaper "The New Light of Myanmar".
Source: The New Light of Myanmar, 18 February 2012, p. 11: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs13/NLM2012-02-18.pdf (2013);
Federation of American Scientists, Michael F. Martin, CRS Report on Burma’s April Parliamentary By-Elections, p. 4: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42438.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/20
ME059
Television debates
Question: Are televised debates between candidates or party representatives normally conducted?
Answer(s):
c . No
Comments:
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law:http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013);
The Political Parties Registration Law No. 2 /2010 with the 2011 amendments: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Political%20Parties%20Registration%20Law.pdf (2013);
Thai Action Committee for Democracy in Burma, Election Summary Report of Burma Parliamentary & Local Assembly Elections held in November 2010, p. 10: http://www.tourismtransparency.org/sites/default/files/reports/An%20Election%20of%20Generals.pdf(2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
ME062
Blackout period for release of opinion poll results.
Question: What is the blackout period, if any, during which results of pre-election opinion polls may not be released to the public?
Answer:
h . Not applicable
Comments:
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013);
The Political Parties Registration Law No. 2 /2010 with the 2011 amendments: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Political%20Parties%20Registration%20Law.pdf (2013);
Thai Action Committee for Democracy in Burma, Election Summary Report of Burma Parliamentary & Local Assembly Elections held in November 2010: http://www.tourismtransparency.org/sites/default/files/reports/An%20Election%20of%20Generals.pdf(2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
ME080
Question: Is there a maximum amount that a political party is permitted to spend on paid advertising during a campaign period?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013);
The Political Parties Registration Law No. 2 /2010 with the 2011 amendments: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Political%20Parties%20Registration%20Law.pdf (2013);
Thai Action Committee for Democracy in Burma, Election Summary Report of Burma Parliamentary & Local Assembly Elections held in November 2010: http://www.tourismtransparency.org/sites/default/files/reports/An%20Election%20of%20Generals.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
Direct Democracy
DD002
Direct Democracy Provisions (National Level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Direct Democracy Procedures at the national level?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments:
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 436 (a), 441, 38 (b), 396: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/20
DD003
Mandatory referendums (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Mandatory Referendums at the national level?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: If it is necessary to amend the provisions of Sections 1 to 48 in
Chapter I, Sections 49 to 56 in Chapter II, Sections 59 and 60 in Chapter III, Sections 74, 109, 141 and 161 in Chapter IV, Sections 200, 201, 248 and 276 in Chapter V, Sections 293, 294, 305, 314 and 320 in Chapter VI, Sections 410 to 432 in Chapter XI and Sections 436 in Chapter XII of this Constitution, it shall be amended with the prior approval of more than seventy-five percent of all the representatives of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, after which in a nation-wide referendum only with the votes of more than half of those who are eligible to vote.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 436 (a): http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015)
Verified: 2015/11/20
DD004
Optional referendums (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Optional Referendums at the national level?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: Constitution of Myanmar: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/20
DD005
Citizens' Initiatives (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Citizen’s Initiatives at national level?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: Constitution of Myanmar: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/20
DD006
Agenda Initiatives (national level)
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Agenda Initiatives at national level?
Answer:
b . No
Comments:
Source: Constitution of Myanmar: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/20
DD007
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Recalls at national level?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: A representative of the Hluttaw may be recalled on any of the following reasons:
(1) high treason;
(2) breach of any provision of this Constitution;
(3) misbehavior;
(4) disqualification prescribed in this Constitution for the Hluttaw representative;
(5) inefficient discharge of duties assigned to.
A minimum of one percent out of the original voters of the electorate of the constituency concerned shall submit the complaint to the Union Election Commission against the Hluttaw representative on whom it wishes to recall.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 38 (a), 396: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/20
DD129
Question: Are the results of referenda always binding, never binding or sometimes binding?
Answer:
a . Always binding
Comments: Certain constitutional provisions shall be amended with the prior approval of more than seventy-five percent of all the representatives of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, after which in a nation-wide referendum only with the votes of more than half of those who are eligible to vote.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 436 (a): http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/20
DD130
Question: Are the types of issues to vote upon in a referendum constitutional changes only, other issues only or both constitutional and other issues?
Answer:
a . Constitutional changes only
Comments:
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 436 (a), 441: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/20
DD131
Question: Are there any Legal Provisions for Direct Democracy at sub-national levels (regional or local)?
Answer:
a . Yes
Comments: If there arises a cause to re-delineate the territorial boundary of a Region or a State, the prior consent of the electorate residing within the township concerned shall be obtained. If more than half of the total number of eligible voters residing within the township concerned cast assenting vote for re-delineation of the territorial boundary, the consent of the Hluttaw representatives of the Region or State involved in the territorial boundary concerned shall be obtained.
Source: Constitution of Myanmar, art. 53 (a): http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
Verified: 2015/11/20
Voting Operations
VO003
Electors vote at
Question: Where can electors vote?
Answer(s):
a . At a specified polling station in the locality where they are registered at national elections
Comments:
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 35, 45:http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
VO004
Voting outside the country is permitted for
Question: Who can vote from outside the country?
Answer(s):
f . Diplomatic staff
Comments:
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 47: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
VO005
Locations for voting outside of the country
Question: If voting outside the country is permitted, at what places?
Answer(s):
a . Embassies b . Consulates
Comments:
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 47: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
VO011
Voting method
Question: How do electors cast their votes?
Answer(s):
a . Manually marking of ballots
Comments:
Source: The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 43: http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
Verified: 2015/11/17
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