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Media and Elections

Aggregate Results

ME02. Which of the following types of radio stations are present at a national level in your country?

ME03. Which of the following types of television stations are present at a national level in your country?

ME04. Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers are present at a national level in your country?

ME05. Which of the following do you believe best describes the print media situation at the national level in your country?

ME06. What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of private radio stations?

ME08. What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of private television stations?

ME14. What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of the public television stations?

ME15. What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of the national level programming of the public radio stations?

ME16. In your opinion, upon which types of media at national level in your country do citizens most rely as a source of information? Mark the most important source with 1, and the second most important source with 2:

ME17. In your opinion, which of the following types of media in your country have a public reputation for being independent?

ME20. Who grants licenses/frequencies to private broadcasters?

ME21. Who is allowed to hold broadcasting licenses?

ME23. Are any journalists currently imprisoned or facing criminal charges for exercising their profession?

ME24. What legal instruments are used to regulate media coverage of elections?

ME25. Which of the following bodies or agencies has a responsibility in the regulation of media coverage of elections?

ME26. What form does the responsibility, if any, of the EMB to regulate media coverage of elections take?

ME27. Does the EMB monitor media coverage of elections?

ME28. What form does the authority, if any, of the EMB to enforce remedies or sanctions against the media in case of breach of the rules on media coverage of elections take

ME29. Do political parties or candidates have a right to have their replies to inaccurate or misleading media coverage published promptly and free of charge?

ME30. What is the legal liability of the media if they report unlawful statements by candidates during election campaigns (e.g. defamatory or inflammatory speeches)?

ME31. Have the media or journalists' organisations adopted a code of ethics specific to elections? Please send us a copy.

ME32. If so, how well do you perceive this code of ethics to be respected?

ME33. Which body, if any, is responsible for regulating free or paid access of political parties or candidates to the media during election campaigns.

ME34. Which of the following types of radio stations provide political parties with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

ME35. Which of the following types of television stations provide political parties with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

ME36. Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers provide political parties with free printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

ME37. What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to political parties?

ME39. Which of the following types of radio stations provide individual candidates (legislative) with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

ME40. Which of the following types of television stations provide individual candidates (legislative) with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

ME41. Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspaper provide individual candidates (legislative) with free printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

ME42. What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to individual candidates (legislative)?

ME43. Which of the following types of radio stations provide individual candidates (legislative) with paid broadcast time for national election campaigns?

ME44. Which of the following types of television stations provide individual candidates (legislative) with paid broadcast time and/or paid printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

ME45. Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers provide individual candidates (legislative) with printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

ME46. What are the criteria for allocating paid broadcast time and/or paid printed advertisement space to individual candidates (legislative)?

ME47. Which of the following types of radio stations provide presidential candidates with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

ME48. Which of the following types of television stations provide presidential candidates with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

ME49. Which of the following daily and weekly newspapers provide presidential candidates with free printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

ME50. What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to presidential candidates?

ME51. Which of the following types of radio stations provide presidential candidates with paid broadcast time for national election campaigns?

ME52. Which of the following types of television stations provide presidential candidates with paid broadcast for national election campaigns?

ME53. Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers provide presidential candidates with paid printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

ME59. Are televised debates between candidates or party representatives normally conducted?

ME61. Which of the following information in reporting the results of opinion polls are required to be disclosed by law?

ME62. What is the blackout period, if any, during which results of pre-election opinion polls may not be released to the public?

ME63. Where, if at all, may exit polls be carried out?

ME64. If exit polls are permitted, when can the results be disseminated via the media?

ME65. When are the media, by law, allowed to report preliminary election results?

ME66. Are the media allowed to project/predict winners before the final results are available?

ME67. What resources does the EMB have for its work with the media?

ME68. Have staff responsible for media relations received training for this work?

ME69. Which of the following has the EMB produced or organised?

ME70. Has the EMB provided or facilitated training for journalists in how the electoral process works?

ME71. Which of the following types of radio stations, provide free broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

ME72. Which of the following television stations provide free broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

ME73. Which of the following daily and weekly newspapers provide free print space to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

ME74. Which of the following types of radio stations provide paid broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

ME75. Which of the following types of television stations provide paid broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

ME76. Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers provide paid broadcast time or print space to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

ME77. What steps does the EMB take to make sure that it is communicating its message to the media?

ME78. Which of the following do you judge to be significant barriers to the EMB in communicating its message to the media?

ME79. Overall, how effective do you judge the EMB’s ability to communicate through the media during election campaigns to be?

ME02

Which of the following types of radio stations are present at a national level in your country?

a. Publicly owned	20 countries (68%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Ghana, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Turkey,
b. Government owned	10 countries (34%): Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, India, Morocco, Palestine, Seychelles, Somalia, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	22 countries (75%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Gambia, Ghana, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Somalia, Turkey,
d. Owned by political parties	2 countries (6%): India, Russian Federation,

ME03

Which of the following types of television stations are present at a national level in your country?

a. Publicly owned	18 countries (66%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Ghana, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Turkey,
b. Government owned	9 countries (33%): Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Morocco, Palestine, Seychelles, Somalia, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	22 countries (81%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Germany, Ghana, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Somalia, Turkey,
d. Owned by political parties	1 countries (3%): Russian Federation,

ME04

Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers are present at a national level in your country?

a. Publicly owned	11 countries (37%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Benin, Bulgaria, Croatia, Gambia, Ireland, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	12 countries (41%): Austria, Benin, Djibouti, Egypt, Ghana, India, Liberia, Morocco, Palestine, Seychelles, Somalia, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	26 countries (89%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovenia, Somalia, Tunisia, Turkey,
d. Owned by political parties	11 countries (37%): Albania, Benin, Bulgaria, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, India, Morocco, Russian Federation,

ME05

Which of the following do you believe best describes the print media situation at the national level in your country?

a. Government newspaper holds a monopoly	4 countries (14%): Djibouti, Egypt, Seychelles, Somalia,
b. A single private newspaper holds a monopoly	2 countries (7%): Lithuania, Turkey,
c. Competition exists between government newspaper and at least one private newspaper	9 countries (33%): Armenia, Bulgaria, Gambia, Ghana, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Russian Federation, Tunisia,
d. No government newspaper: competition between two or more major private newspapers	12 countries (44%): Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Germany, India, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia,

ME06

What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of private radio stations?

a. Over 60%	17 countries (60%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Gambia, Ghana, Ireland, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey,
b. 30% to 60%	5 countries (17%): Benin, Djibouti, Liberia, Niger, Russian Federation,
c. Less than 30%	1 countries (3%): Somalia,
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist	5 countries (17%): Egypt, Germany, Palestine, Seychelles, Tunisia,

ME08

What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of private television stations?

a. Over 60%	18 countries (66%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Egypt, Germany, Ghana, Ireland, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey,
b. 30 to 60%	3 countries (11%): Benin, Niger, Russian Federation,
c. Less than 30%	3 countries (11%): Djibouti, Liberia, Somalia,
d. Not applicable: no private television stations exist	3 countries (11%): Gambia, Palestine, Tunisia,

ME14

What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of the public television stations?

a. Over 60%	19 countries (67%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Gambia, Germany, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey,
b. 30% to 60%	3 countries (10%): Niger, Seychelles, Somalia,
c. Less than 30%	1 countries (3%): Djibouti,
d. Not applicable: no private radio stations exist	5 countries (17%): Egypt, Liberia, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia,

ME15

What proportion of the population can receive transmissions of the national level programming of the national level programming of the public radio stations?

a. Over 60 %	20 countries (71%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Gambia, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Seychelles, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey,
b. 30% to 60%	1 countries (3%): Russian Federation,
c. Less than 30%	3 countries (10%): Djibouti, Liberia, Somalia,
d. Not applicable: no public radio stations exist	4 countries (14%): Egypt, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia,

ME16

In your opinion, upon which types of media at national level in your country do citizens most rely as a source of information? Mark the most important source with 1, and the second most important source with 2:

a. Public radio	13 countries (50%): Austria, Belgium, Benin, Croatia, Gambia, India, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Sweden, Turkey,
b. Government radio	4 countries (15%): Egypt, Palestine, Seychelles, Somalia,
c. Private radio	15 countries (57%): Albania, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Seychelles, Slovenia, Somalia, Turkey,
d. Public television	13 countries (50%): Armenia, Austria, Benin, Croatia, Gambia, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Turkey,
e. Government television	2 countries (7%): Egypt, Palestine,
f. Private television	14 countries (53%): Albania, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey,
g. Print media	14 countries (53%): Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Palestine, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey,
h. Other (specify)	2 countries (7%): Albania, Liberia,

ME17

In your opinion, which of the following types of media in your country have a public reputation for being independent?

a. Public radio	5 countries (23%): Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Portugal, Turkey,
b. Private radio	17 countries (80%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Ireland, Liberia, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Seychelles, Slovenia, Somalia, Turkey,
c. Public television	7 countries (33%): Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Lithuania, Portugal, Seychelles, Turkey,
d. Private television	17 countries (80%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djibouti, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovenia, Somalia, Turkey,
e. Print media	17 countries (80%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Gambia, Ireland, Liberia, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Somalia, Tunisia, Turkey,

ME20

Who grants licenses/frequencies to private broadcasters?

a. Government	9 countries (36%): Belgium, Djibouti, Egypt, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Palestine, Russian Federation, Somalia,
b. Independent regulator	13 countries (52%): Albania, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Seychelles, Slovenia, Turkey,
c. Other (specify)	3 countries (12%): Benin, Bulgaria, Tunisia,

ME21

Who is allowed to hold broadcasting licenses?

a. Political parties	5 countries (18%): Benin, Gambia, Liberia, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
b. Private companies	19 countries (70%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Gambia, Germany, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Turkey,
c. Non governmental organisations	9 countries (33%): Benin, Croatia, Gambia, Germany, Liberia, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
d. Foreigners	11 countries (40%): Armenia, Benin, Croatia, Gambia, Germany, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
e. Government departments	12 countries (44%): Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Palestine, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovenia, Somalia, Tunisia,
f. State owned companies	9 countries (33%): Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Gambia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
g. Other	5 countries (18%): Bulgaria, Croatia, Gambia, Niger, Slovenia,

ME23

Are any journalists currently imprisoned or facing criminal charges for exercising their profession?

a. Yes	9 countries (34%): Djibouti, Egypt, Morocco, Palestine, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Somalia, Tunisia,
b. No	17 countries (65%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Gambia, Germany, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Slovenia,

ME24

What legal instruments are used to regulate media coverage of elections?

a. Law	18 countries (75%): Albania, Armenia, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Germany, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovenia, Somalia, Turkey,
b. Secondary legislation (e.g. regulations)	9 countries (37%): Benin, Croatia, Liberia, Lithuania, Morocco, Niger, Romania, Slovenia, Tunisia,
c. Voluntary agreement or self-regulation	6 countries (25%): Belgium, Germany, Liberia, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania,
d. No regulation	2 countries (8%): Austria, Egypt,
e. Other (specify)	2 countries (8%): Benin, Gambia,

ME25

Which of the following bodies or agencies has a responsibility in the regulation of media coverage of elections?

a. Statutory regulator (e.g. broadcasting licensing body)	10 countries (38%): Albania, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Turkey,
b. Voluntary regulator (e.g. media council, journalists' ethics committee)	10 countries (38%): Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Egypt, Gambia, Germany, Liberia, Lithuania, Romania,
c. Government	8 countries (30%): Bulgaria, Djibouti, Morocco, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Somalia, Tunisia,
d. Legislature	8 countries (30%): Albania, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
e. Judiciary	4 countries (15%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania,
g. EMB by law or regulations	11 countries (42%): Albania, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Palestine, Portugal, Russian Federation, Tunisia, Turkey,
h. EMB by custom and practise	1 countries (3%): Bosnia and Herzegovina,
i. Other (specify)	0 countries (0%):

ME26

What form does the responsibility, if any, of the EMB to regulate media coverage of elections take?

a. Placing limits on what the media may report about an election	3 countries (13%): Djibouti, Morocco, Somalia,
b. Requiring balance in media news coverage of an election	14 countries (63%): Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt, Gambia, Liberia, Lithuania, Niger, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Seychelles, Tunisia, Turkey,
c. Placing limits on when the media may report about an election	3 countries (13%): Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany,
d. Other (specify)	3 countries (13%): Albania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Russian Federation,

ME27

Does the EMB monitor media coverage of elections?

a. Yes	14 countries (56%): Albania, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Lithuania, Morocco, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Somalia, Tunisia, Turkey,
b. No	11 countries (44%): Austria, Belgium, Benin, Djibouti, Egypt, Germany, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Palestine, Portugal, Romania,

ME28

What form does the authority, if any, of the EMB to enforce remedies or sanctions against the media in case of breach of the rules on media coverage of elections take

a. Enforcement of a right of reply, correction or retraction	10 countries (43%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Djibouti, Gambia, Liberia, Lithuania, Niger, Romania, Seychelles,
b. Administrative penalty	10 countries (43%): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Djibouti, Lithuania, Morocco, Romania, Seychelles, Tunisia, Turkey,
c. Other (specify)	6 countries (26%): Albania, Armenia, Gambia, Germany, Russian Federation, Turkey,
d. Not applicable	6 countries (26%): Austria, Benin, Egypt, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Palestine, Somalia,

ME29

Do political parties or candidates have a right to have their replies to inaccurate or misleading media coverage published promptly and free of charge?

a. Yes	20 countries (76%): Albania, Armenia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Egypt, Gambia, Germany, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Turkey,
b. No	6 countries (23%): Austria, Benin, Djibouti, Seychelles, Somalia, Tunisia,

ME30

What is the legal liability of the media if they report unlawful statements by candidates during election campaigns (e.g. defamatory or inflammatory speeches)?

a. Criminal prosecution	20 countries (83%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovenia, Somalia, Turkey,
b. Administrative sanction	18 countries (75%): Albania, Armenia, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Romania, Russian Federation, Somalia, Tunisia, Turkey,
c. Other (specify)	3 countries (12%): Albania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger,

ME31

Have the media or journalists' organisations adopted a code of ethics specific to elections? Please send us a copy.

a. Yes	7 countries (28%): Gambia, Germany, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Russian Federation, Turkey,
b. No	18 countries (72%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Seychelles, Slovenia, Somalia, Tunisia,

ME32

If so, how well do you perceive this code of ethics to be respected?

a. Always respected	1 countries (7%): Lithuania,
b. Usually respected	7 countries (53%): Gambia, Germany, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Russian Federation, Turkey,
c. Seldom respected	1 countries (7%): Somalia,
d. Not respected at all	4 countries (30%): Albania, Armenia, Romania, Seychelles,

ME33

Which body, if any, is responsible for regulating free or paid access of political parties or candidates to the media during election campaigns.

a. EMB	16 countries (69%): Albania, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Lithuania, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Tunisia, Turkey,
b. Other (specify)	7 countries (30%): Benin, Gambia, Germany, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Somalia,

ME34

Which of the following types of radio stations provide political parties with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	16 countries (69%): Albania, Armenia, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Gambia, Germany, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Turkey,
b. Government owned	3 countries (13%): Djibouti, Morocco, Seychelles,
c. Privately owned	7 countries (30%): Croatia, Germany, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles,
d. Owned by political parties	2 countries (8%): Djibouti, Seychelles,
e. None	4 countries (17%): Austria, Bulgaria, Liberia, Somalia,

ME35

Which of the following types of television stations provide political parties with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	16 countries (69%): Albania, Armenia, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Gambia, Germany, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Turkey,
b. Government owned	3 countries (13%): Djibouti, Morocco, Seychelles,
c. Privately owned	6 countries (26%): Croatia, Germany, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation,
d. Owned by political parties	2 countries (8%): Djibouti, Seychelles,
e. None	4 countries (17%): Austria, Bulgaria, Liberia, Somalia,

ME36

Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers provide political parties with free printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	4 countries (18%): Benin, Croatia, Niger, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	3 countries (13%): Djibouti, Morocco, Seychelles,
c. Privately owned	4 countries (18%): Croatia, Morocco, Romania, Russian Federation,
d. Owned by political parties	4 countries (18%): Djibouti, Gambia, Morocco, Seychelles,
e. None	13 countries (59%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Germany, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Slovenia, Somalia, Turkey,

ME37

What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to political parties?

a. Equal regardless of size of party and previous performance	45 countries (63%): Angola, Armenia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Republic of, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, United Republic of, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia,
b. Based on number of candidates put forward in present elections	5 countries (7%): Djibouti, Portugal, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Uganda,
c. Based on result of previous election	8 countries (11%): Albania, Germany, Mexico, Namibia, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda,
d. Based on mixture of principles (specify)	3 countries (4%): Seychelles, Slovenia, Turkey,
e. As agreed by special committee	4 countries (5%): Cuba, Mali, Morocco, Niger,
g. Other (specify)	7 countries (9%): Eritrea, Latvia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mexico, Poland, Togo,
h. Not applicable	14 countries (19%): Austria, Botswana, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Egypt, Guatemala, Lebanon, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Palestine, Somalia, Swaziland, Tunisia, Zimbabwe,

ME39

Which of the following types of radio stations provide individual candidates (legislative) with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	10 countries (50%): Armenia, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Gambia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
b. Government owned	3 countries (15%): Djibouti, Morocco, Seychelles,
c. Privately owned	4 countries (20%): Liberia, Morocco, Russian Federation, Somalia,
d. Owned by political parties	3 countries (15%): Djibouti, Seychelles, Somalia,
e. None	5 countries (25%): Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Portugal, Turkey,

ME40

Which of the following types of television stations provide individual candidates (legislative) with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	10 countries (50%): Armenia, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Gambia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
b. Government owned	3 countries (15%): Djibouti, Morocco, Seychelles,
c. Privately owned	4 countries (20%): Liberia, Morocco, Russian Federation, Somalia,
d. Owned by political parties	2 countries (10%): Djibouti, Seychelles,
e. None	5 countries (25%): Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Portugal, Turkey,

ME41

Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspaper provide individual candidates (legislative) with free printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	4 countries (20%): Armenia, Benin, Niger, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	3 countries (15%): Djibouti, Morocco, Seychelles,
c. Privately owned	4 countries (20%): Liberia, Morocco, Russian Federation, Somalia,
d. Owned by political parties	4 countries (20%): Djibouti, Gambia, Morocco, Seychelles,
e. None	10 countries (50%): Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey,

ME42

What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to individual candidates (legislative)?

a. Equal regardless of size and previous performance	13 countries (54%): Armenia, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Gambia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles,
b. Based on number of candidates put forward in present elections	1 countries (4%): Djibouti,
c. Based on result of previous election	0 countries (0%):
d. Based on mixture of principles (specify)	1 countries (4%): Slovenia,
e. As agreed by special committee	2 countries (8%): Morocco, Niger,
h. Not applicable	9 countries (37%): Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Egypt, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Palestine, Somalia, Tunisia, Turkey,

ME43

Which of the following types of radio stations provide individual candidates (legislative) with paid broadcast time for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	9 countries (39%): Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Romania, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	5 countries (21%): Djibouti, Egypt, Palestine, Seychelles, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	14 countries (60%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Croatia, Gambia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Somalia,
d. Owned by political parties	2 countries (8%): Djibouti, Seychelles,
e. None	4 countries (17%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Morocco, Portugal, Turkey,

ME44

Which of the following types of television stations provide individual candidates (legislative) with paid broadcast time and/or paid printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	9 countries (39%): Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Romania, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	5 countries (21%): Djibouti, Egypt, Palestine, Seychelles, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	14 countries (60%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Croatia, Egypt, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Somalia,
d. Owned by political parties	3 countries (13%): Djibouti, Seychelles, Somalia,
e. None	5 countries (21%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Gambia, Morocco, Portugal, Turkey,

ME45

Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers provide individual candidates (legislative) with printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	5 countries (20%): Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Lithuania, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	5 countries (20%): Djibouti, Egypt, Palestine, Seychelles, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	16 countries (66%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt, Gambia, Germany, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Somalia, Tunisia,
d. Owned by political parties	4 countries (16%): Djibouti, Egypt, Germany, Somalia,
e. None	3 countries (12%): Morocco, Portugal, Turkey,

ME46

What are the criteria for allocating paid broadcast time and/or paid printed advertisement space to individual candidates (legislative)?

a. Equal regardless of size of party and previous performance	6 countries (27%): Armenia, Egypt, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Palestine, Russian Federation, Tunisia,
b. Based on number of candidates put forward in present elections	0 countries (0%):
c. Based on result of previous election	0 countries (0%):
d. Based on mixture of principles (specify)	2 countries (9%): Albania, Romania,
e. As agreed by special committee	0 countries (0%):
g. Not regulated: based only on the amount the candidate wishes to spend	10 countries (45%): Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Djibouti, Gambia, Lithuania, Niger, Romania, Seychelles, Somalia,
h. Other (specify)	0 countries (0%):
i. Not applicable	4 countries (18%): Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Morocco, Turkey,

ME47

Which of the following types of radio stations provide presidential candidates with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	12 countries (66%): Armenia, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Gambia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
b. Government owned	2 countries (11%): Djibouti, Somalia,
c. Privately owned	1 countries (5%): Portugal,
d. Owned by political parties	1 countries (5%): Djibouti,
e. None	4 countries (22%): Albania, Austria, Morocco, Turkey,

ME48

Which of the following types of television stations provide presidential candidates with free broadcast time for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	11 countries (61%): Armenia, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Gambia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
b. Government owned	1 countries (5%): Djibouti,
c. Privately owned	0 countries (0%):
d. Owned by political parties	2 countries (11%): Djibouti, Somalia,
e. None	4 countries (22%): Albania, Austria, Morocco, Turkey,

ME49

Which of the following daily and weekly newspapers provide presidential candidates with free printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	5 countries (31%): Benin, Bulgaria, Gambia, Niger, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	1 countries (6%): Djibouti,
c. Privately owned	1 countries (6%): Somalia,
d. Owned by political parties	2 countries (12%): Djibouti, Somalia,
e. None	9 countries (56%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania, Morocco, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey,

ME50

What are the criteria for allocating free broadcast time and/or free printed advertisement space to presidential candidates?

a. Equal regardless of size and previous performance of candidate’s party	11 countries (50%): Armenia, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djibouti, Gambia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovenia,
b. Based on number of candidates put forward in present elections	0 countries (0%):
d. Based on mixture of principles (specify)	1 countries (4%): Romania,
e. As agreed by special committee	1 countries (4%): Niger,
g. Other (specify)	2 countries (9%): Bulgaria, Somalia,
h. Not applicable	7 countries (31%): Albania, Egypt, Germany, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, Turkey,

ME51

Which of the following types of radio stations provide presidential candidates with paid broadcast time for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	7 countries (35%): Armenia, Austria, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Romania, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	4 countries (20%): Djibouti, Egypt, Palestine, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	11 countries (55%): Armenia, Austria, Benin, Djibouti, Gambia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Russian Federation, Somalia,
d. Owned by political parties	2 countries (10%): Djibouti, Somalia,
e. None	5 countries (25%): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Morocco, Portugal, Turkey,

ME52

Which of the following types of television stations provide presidential candidates with paid broadcast for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	8 countries (40%): Armenia, Austria, Bulgaria, Gambia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Romania, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	4 countries (20%): Djibouti, Egypt, Palestine, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	11 countries (55%): Armenia, Austria, Benin, Djibouti, Egypt, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Russian Federation, Somalia,
d. Owned by political parties	1 countries (5%): Djibouti,
e. None	5 countries (25%): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Morocco, Portugal, Turkey,

ME53

Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers provide presidential candidates with paid printed advertisement space for national election campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	6 countries (33%): Armenia, Austria, Bulgaria, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	3 countries (16%): Djibouti, Egypt, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	14 countries (77%): Armenia, Austria, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Russian Federation, Somalia, Tunisia,
d. Owned by political parties	3 countries (16%): Austria, Djibouti, Egypt,
e. None	3 countries (16%): Morocco, Portugal, Turkey,

ME59

Are televised debates between candidates or party representatives normally conducted?

a. Yes, in presidential elections	33 countries (53%): Armenia, Austria, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Burundi, Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lebanon, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Namibia, Niger, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Tanzania, United Republic of, Togo, Uganda, Zambia,
b. Yes, in legislative elections	29 countries (46%): Albania, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Burundi, Cambodia, Ireland, Kenya, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Thailand, Togo, Turkey, Uganda,
c. No	19 countries (30%): Burkina Faso, Congo (Brazzaville), Cuba, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Germany, Guatemala, Guinea, Jordan, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mozambique, Palestine, Somalia, Tunisia, Zimbabwe,

ME61

Which of the following information in reporting the results of opinion polls are required to be disclosed by law?

a. Person or agency that commissioned the opinion poll	8 countries (38%): Albania, Belgium, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation,
b. Geographical coverage	5 countries (23%): Gambia, Morocco, Niger, Portugal, Romania,
c. Characteristics of the sample	8 countries (38%): Albania, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation,
d. Size of the sample	8 countries (38%): Albania, Belgium, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation,
e. Margin of error	5 countries (23%): Albania, Gambia, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation,
f. Other	5 countries (23%): Albania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Romania, Russian Federation, Somalia,
g. None	12 countries (57%): Armenia, Austria, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Germany, Lithuania, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, Turkey,

ME62

What is the blackout period, if any, during which results of pre-election opinion polls may not be released to the public?

a. 1 day	7 countries (10%): Bulgaria, Croatia, Guatemala, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mauritius, Uganda,
b. 2-3 days	9 countries (14%): Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Costa Rica, Eritrea, Jordan, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
c. 4-5 days	6 countries (9%): Albania, Cambodia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Moldova, Republic of, Peru, Russian Federation,
d. 6-7 days	5 countries (7%): Armenia, Benin, Slovenia, Thailand, Turkey,
f. 10 or more days	6 countries (9%): Angola, Burundi, El Salvador, Italy, Mozambique, Panama,
g. Not applicable	31 countries (48%): Afghanistan, Austria, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, Gambia, Germany, Guinea, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Namibia, Palestine, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, United Republic of, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia,

ME63

Where, if at all, may exit polls be carried out?

a. Inside the polling station	1 countries (4%): Morocco,
b. Outside the polling station	8 countries (36%): Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania,
c. Not permitted	3 countries (13%): Benin, Russian Federation, Turkey,
d. No exit polls conducted to date	1 countries (4%): Tunisia,
e. Other (specify)	3 countries (13%): Albania, Armenia, Austria,
f. Not applicable	6 countries (27%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Palestine, Somalia,

ME64

If exit polls are permitted, when can the results be disseminated via the media?

a. Before all polls close	1 countries (4%): Austria,
b. After all polls close	9 countries (40%): Armenia, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Portugal, Romania,
c. Results cannot be disseminated via the media	1 countries (4%): Benin,
d. Other (specify)	1 countries (4%): Albania,
e. Not applicable	10 countries (45%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Lithuania, Palestine, Russian Federation, Somalia, Tunisia, Turkey,

ME65

When are the media, by law, allowed to report preliminary election results?

a. Before all polls close	1 countries (4%): Austria,
b. After all polls close, before official results are available	14 countries (56%): Armenia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Somalia, Turkey,
c. After all polls close, after official results are available	9 countries (36%): Albania, Benin, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Liberia, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia,
d. Other (specify)	0 countries (0%):

ME66

Are the media allowed to project/predict winners before the final results are available?

a. Yes	15 countries (60%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Gambia, Germany, Ireland, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Somalia, Turkey,
b. No	10 countries (40%): Benin, Bulgaria, Djibouti, Egypt, Liberia, Lithuania, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Tunisia,

ME67

What resources does the EMB have for its work with the media?

a. A media department	5 countries (21%): Albania, Djibouti, Germany, Ireland, Niger,
b. A press officer	10 countries (43%): Albania, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djibouti, Germany, Liberia, Lithuania, Niger, Romania, Somalia,
c. A commissioner with responsibility for media work	2 countries (8%): Liberia, Russian Federation,
d. No one with full-time responsibility for media work	6 countries (26%): Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal,
e. Other (specify)	5 countries (21%): Benin, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Tunisia, Turkey,

ME68

Have staff responsible for media relations received training for this work?

a. Yes	15 countries (62%): Albania, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Germany, Ireland, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Somalia, Tunisia,
b. No	9 countries (37%): Armenia, Austria, Croatia, Lithuania, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey,

ME69

Which of the following has the EMB produced or organised?

a. Media packs/press kits	9 countries (36%): Albania, Djibouti, Ireland, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Tunisia, Turkey,
b. Press releases	20 countries (80%): Albania, Armenia, Belgium, Benin, Bermuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Germany, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Romania, Somalia, Tunisia, Turkey,
c. Press conferences/briefings	20 countries (80%): Albania, Armenia, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Germany, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Romania, Russian Federation, Somalia, Tunisia,
d. Pre-recorded radio or TV slots	12 countries (48%): Albania, Benin, Bermuda, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Somalia, Tunisia, Turkey,
e. Web site	19 countries (76%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bermuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Djibouti, Gambia, Germany, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Turkey,
f. None of the above	2 countries (8%): Niger, Palestine,
g. Other (specify)	2 countries (8%): Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Turkey,

ME70

Has the EMB provided or facilitated training for journalists in how the electoral process works?

a. Yes	10 countries (43%): Benin, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Liberia, Morocco, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Tunisia,
b. No	13 countries (56%): Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Palestine, Romania, Somalia, Turkey,

ME71

Which of the following types of radio stations, provide free broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	7 countries (38%): Albania, Benin, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Russian Federation, Turkey,
b. Government owned	5 countries (27%): Djibouti, Egypt, Morocco, Palestine, Somalia,
c. Privately owned	2 countries (11%): Liberia, Morocco,
d. Owned by political parties	2 countries (11%): Djibouti, Somalia,
e. None	6 countries (33%): Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Gambia, Lithuania, Romania,

ME72

Which of the following television stations provide free broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	6 countries (33%): Albania, Benin, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Russian Federation, Turkey,
b. Government owned	5 countries (27%): Djibouti, Egypt, Morocco, Palestine, Somalia,
c. Privately owned	3 countries (16%): Egypt, Liberia, Morocco,
d. Owned by political parties	2 countries (11%): Djibouti, Somalia,
e. None	6 countries (33%): Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Gambia, Lithuania, Romania,

ME73

Which of the following daily and weekly newspapers provide free print space to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	4 countries (22%): Benin, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	6 countries (33%): Djibouti, Egypt, Liberia, Morocco, Palestine, Somalia,
c. Privately owned	3 countries (16%): Egypt, Liberia, Morocco,
d. Owned by political parties	4 countries (22%): Djibouti, Egypt, Morocco, Somalia,
e. None	8 countries (44%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Gambia, Lithuania, Romania, Turkey,

ME74

Which of the following types of radio stations provide paid broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	7 countries (36%): Armenia, Belgium, Gambia, Ireland, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	2 countries (10%): Djibouti, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	11 countries (57%): Armenia, Belgium, Benin, Djibouti, Gambia, Ireland, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Somalia,
d. Owned by political parties	1 countries (5%): Djibouti,
e. None	7 countries (36%): Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania, Morocco, Romania, Turkey,

ME75

Which of the following types of television stations provide paid broadcast time to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	7 countries (38%): Armenia, Belgium, Gambia, Ireland, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	2 countries (11%): Djibouti, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	10 countries (55%): Armenia, Belgium, Benin, Djibouti, Ireland, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Somalia,
d. Owned by political parties	1 countries (5%): Djibouti,
e. None	6 countries (33%): Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania, Romania, Turkey,

ME76

Which of the following types of daily and weekly newspapers provide paid broadcast time or print space to the EMB for voter information campaigns?

a. Publicly owned	5 countries (27%): Armenia, Gambia, Ireland, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Russian Federation,
b. Government owned	3 countries (16%): Austria, Djibouti, Tunisia,
c. Privately owned	12 countries (66%): Armenia, Belgium, Benin, Djibouti, Gambia, Ireland, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Somalia, Tunisia,
d. Owned by political parties	1 countries (5%): Djibouti,
e. None	5 countries (27%): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania, Romania, Turkey,

ME77

What steps does the EMB take to make sure that it is communicating its message to the media?

a. It consults the media about the usefulness of materials provided to them by the EMB.	7 countries (31%): Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djibouti, Gambia, Germany, Liberia, Niger,
b. It consults the media about the usefulness of the EMB’s website.	2 countries (9%): Djibouti, Niger,
c. It encourages the media to subscribe to a media page in the EMB’s website in order to receive regular updates.	1 countries (4%): Niger,
d. It monitors the media coverage of its own activities.	13 countries (59%): Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Egypt, Gambia, Germany, Ireland, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Russian Federation, Somalia, Tunisia, Turkey,
e. None of the above	6 countries (27%): Armenia, Croatia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Romania,
f. Other	2 countries (9%): Russian Federation, Turkey,

ME78

Which of the following do you judge to be significant barriers to the EMB in communicating its message to the media?

a. Insufficient staff with responsibility for media relations	9 countries (42%): Armenia, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Romania, Somalia,
b. Insufficient training of staff with responsibility for media relations	7 countries (33%): Belgium, Croatia, Egypt, Morocco, Palestine, Romania, Somalia,
c. Cost of paid advertising limiting dissemination of voter education messages	9 countries (42%): Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Niger, Russian Federation, Sierra Leone, Somalia,
d. Other	5 countries (23%): Armenia, Benin, Somalia, Tunisia, Turkey,

ME79

Overall, how effective do you judge the EMB’s ability to communicate through the media during election campaigns to be?

a. Very effective	4 countries (12%): Benin, Gambia, Hungary, Liechtenstein,
b. Quite effective	19 countries (59%): Albania, Australia, Bahrain, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Russian Federation, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,
c. Not very effective	8 countries (25%): Algeria, Armenia, Belarus, Croatia, Djibouti, Egypt, Romania, Sierra Leone,
d. Not at all effective	1 countries (3%): Somalia,

May 20, 2008 02:14 AM

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