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Topic Areas
ACE Topic Areas
Electoral Systems
Electoral Systems
Overview of Electoral Systems
Guiding Principles of Electoral Systems
Context of Electoral Systems
Criteria for Design
Criteria for Design
Providing Representation
Making Elections Accessible and Meaningful
Providing Incentives for Conciliation
Facilitating Stable and Efficient Government
Holding the Government Accountable
Holding Individual Representatives Accountable
Encouraging Political Parties
Promoting Legislative Opposition and Oversight
Making the Election Process Workable and Sustainable
Taking into Account 'International Standards'
Criteria for Design - Conclusions
The Process of Change
The Process of Change
Who designs?
What are the Mechanisms for Reform and Amendment?
Advice on Debate and Dialogue
Advice on Implementation
Assessing the Impact of Change
Trends in Electoral System Reform
Design Components
The Systems and Their Consequences
The Systems and Their Consequences
Plurality/Majority Systems
Plurality/Majority Systems
First Past The Post (FPTP)
First Past The Post (FPTP)
Advantages and disadvantages of FPTP system
Block Vote (BV)
Block Vote (BV)
Advantages and disadvantages of BV
Party Block Vote (PBV)
Party Block Vote (PBV)
Advantages and disadvantages of PBV
The Alternative Vote (AV)
The Alternative Vote (AV)
Advantages and disadvantages of AV
The Two-Round system (TRS)
The Two-Round system (TRS)
Advantages and disadvantages of Two-Round System (TRS)
Proportional Representation (PR)
Proportional Representation (PR)
Advantages of PR systems
Disadvantages of PR systems
List PR
List PR
Advantages and disadvantages of List PR
The Single Transferable Vote (STV)
The Single Transferable Vote (STV)
Advantages and disadvantages of STV
Proportional representation related issues
Proportional representation related issues
District Magnitude
The Threshold
Open, Closed and Free Lists
Apparentement
Independent Candidates and PR systems
Mixed Systems
Mixed Systems
Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)
Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)
Advantages and Disadvantages of MMP
Parallel Systems
Parallel Systems
Advantages and disadvantages of Parallel systems
Other Electoral Systems
Other Electoral Systems
The Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV)
The Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV)
Advantages and disadvantages of SNTV
The Limited Vote (LV)
The Limited Vote (LV)
Advantages & Disadvantages of Limited Vote
Borda Count (BC)
Advantages & Disadvantages of BC
Electoral System Tiers and Hybrid Systems
Considerations on Representation
Considerations on Representation
Representation of Women
Representation of Minorities
Communal Representation
The timing of Elections
Remote Voting
Turnout Issues
Additional Issues Relevant to Post-conflict and Transitional Elections
Electoral Systems, Institutional Framework & Governance
Electoral Systems, Institutional Framework & Governance
Electing a President
Electing a President
Electing a President - First Past The Post
Electing a President - Two-Round Systems
Electing a President - Preferential Voting
Electing a President - Distribution Requirements
Electing an Upper House
Different Tiers of Governance
Electing Supranational Bodies
Electing Federal/State Assemblies and Autonomous Jurisdictions
Electing Local Authorities
Electoral Systems and Political Parties
Direct Democracy Options
Direct Democracy Options
Referendum
Referendum
Common types of Referendums
Design and Political issues of Referendums
Advantages and disadvantages of the referendum instrument
Citizens' Initiatives
Citizens' Initiatives
Different types of Citizens' initiative
Design and Political Issues
Advantages and disadvantages of the citizens’ initiative instrument
Recall
Recall
Design and Political issues of Recalls
Advantages and disadvantages of the recall instrument
Cost and Administrative Implications of Electoral Systems
Cost and Administrative Implications of Electoral Systems
Electoral Systems and the Drawing of Electoral Boundaries
Electoral Systems and the Registration of Voters
Electoral Systems and the Design and Production of Ballot Papers
Electoral Systems and Voter Education
Electoral Systems and Number of Polling Days
Electoral Systems and By-elections
Electoral Systems and the Count
Cost and administrative implications - conclusions
Advice for Electoral Systems Designers
Advice for Electoral Systems Designers
A Design Checklist
Electoral Systems Case Studies
Electoral Systems Case Studies
Argentina
Australia: The Alternative Vote System
Bolivia: Electoral Reform in Latin America
Brazil: Candidate-Centred PR in a Presidential System
Canada: The Canadian Electoral System
British Columbia: Empowered Citizen Participation
Switzerland
Swiss Direct Democracy
Chile: A System Frozen by Elite Interests
China: Village Committee Elections: First Steps on a Long March?
Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System
Ecuador: The Search for Democratic Governance
European Parliament: Elections to a Supranational Body
The Spanish Electoral System - Historical Accident
Finland: Candidate Choice and Party Proportionality
Indonesia: Continuity, Deals and Consensus
Republic of Ireland: The Single Transferable Vote in Action
Israel: Electoral Reform in Israel
India - First Past the Post on a Grand Scale
Jordan - Electoral System Design in the Arab World
Japan: Adapting to a New Electoral System
Kyrgyzstan: Electoral Manipulation in Central Asia
Sri Lanka: Changes to Accommodate Diversity
Lesotho: Africa’s First MMP Electoral System
Mali: A Two-Round System in Africa
Malta: STV With Some Twists
Mexico: Democratization Through Electoral Reform
Namibia - National List PR in Southern Africa
The Netherlands
New Zealand: Learning to Live with Proportional Representation
Papua New Guinea: Electoral Incentives for Inter-Ethnic Accomodation
Poland: Between Fragmentation and Polarisation
Palestine: Political Realities Shape the System
Russia - An Evolving Parallel System
Senegal:A Parallel System in Africa
Thailand: Combating Corruption through Electoral Reform
Ukraine - The Perils of Majoritarianism in a New Democracy
United Kingdom: Electoral System Experimentation in Cradle of FPTP
United States: Ethnic Minorities and Single-Member Districts
United States: Total Recall - the election of Schwarzenegger in California
South Africa: Electoral Systems, Conflict Management and Inclusion
Contributors to Electoral Systems
Electoral Systems Glossary
Bibliography
Legal Framework
Legal Framework
Overview
Guiding Principles
Context
Basic Alternatives
Basic Alternatives
Different Legal Traditions
Political and Governmental Systems
Political and Governmental Systems
Territorial Organization of the State
Democratic Political Government
Political Parties System
Legal Instruments
Legal Instruments
International Treaties
Constitution
Electoral Laws and Acts
Administrative Regulations
Judicial Precedents
Electoral Authorities Executive Orders
Codes of Conduct
Creation and Amendment Process
Creation and Amendment Process
Creation Strategies
Problems in Amendment Process
Essential Elements
Essential Elements
Electoral System
Electoral Management
Boundary Delimitation
Voter Registration
Voter Registration
Requirements
Registration Procedures
Political Parties and Candidates
Political Parties and Candidates
Political Parties and Other Organizations
Political Parties and Other Organizations
Political Parties
Alliances of Political Parties
Other Political Organizations
Candidates
Candidates
Qualifications
Independent Candidates
Registration Process
Voting Operations
Voting Operations
Polling Reception Centers
Voting Process
Vote Counting
Voter Education
Media and Elections
Elections and Technology
Election Integrity
Electoral Dispute Resolution
Electoral Dispute Resolution
Election Nullification
Different Systems
Different Systems
Legislative Model
Judicial Court Model
Electoral Tribunal Model
Electoral Tribunal Model
Autonomous
Part of the Judiciary
Constitutional Courts Model
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Appeals and Other Challenging Means
Appeals and Other Challenging Means
Terms
Evidence
Legal Framework End Notes
Legal Framework - Bibliography
Electoral Management
Electoral Management
Overview of Electoral Management
Guiding Principles of Electoral Management
Context of Electoral Management
Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies (EMBs)
Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies (EMBs)
What is an electoral management body (EMB)?
Independent Model EMBs
Independent Model EMBs
What an Independent Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not
Governmental Model EMBs
Governmental Model EMBs
What a Governmental Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not
Mixed Model EMBs
Mixed Model EMBs
Examples of Formats for a Mixed Model EMB
What Can Be Expected of the Different EMB Models?
Factors that influence EMB behaviour
Permanent and Temporary EMBs
Centralised or Decentralised EMBs
EMBs in Federal Countries
Transitional International EMBs and National EMBs
Representation of the EMB to Cabinet and the Legislature
Summary: Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies
The Legal Framework: The Context for the EMB’s Role and Powers
The Legal Framework: The Context for the EMB’s Role and Powers
International Treaties and Agreements
International Treaties and Agreements
The Constitution
Electoral Laws: Acts and Ordinances
Electoral Laws: Acts and Ordinances
Checklist for Electoral Management Legal Framework
EMB Rules, Regulations and Proclamations
Summary: The Legal Framework
How Legal Instruments Define Electoral Processes
How Legal Instruments Define Electoral Processes
The Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of an EMB
The Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of an EMB
EMB Powers and Functions
Extent of Powers and Functions
Extent of Powers and Functions
Responsibility for Voter Registration
Responsibility for the Registration and Funding of Political Parties
Election Campaign Responsibilities
Voter Education Responsibilities
Validation of Election Results
Supervision of Political Party Candidate Selections
Responsibility for Boundary Delimitation
Electoral Observation Responsibilities
International Activities
Community Responsibilities of EMBs
Avoidance of Conflicts of Interest
Gender Balance Responsibilities
Account of Ethnicity Issues
Equality and Equity
Broadly-based Access
Direct Democracy Instruments
Functional Divisions between Electoral Institutions
Summary:The Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of an EMB
EMB Composition and Roles
EMB Composition and Roles
EMB Membership
EMB Membership
Status of EMB Members
The EMB Chair: A Special Role?
EMB Members: Respected Experts or Watchdogs on Each Other?
EMB Members: Respected Experts or Watchdogs on Each Other?
Multiparty-based EMBs
Expert-based EMBs
EMBs with Both Expert and Multiparty Membership
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiparty, Expert, and Combined EMBs
Full-time or Part-time EMB Members?
How Many EMB Members?
Term of Office of Members of Permanent EMBs
Recruitment and Appointment of EMB Members
Recruitment and Appointment of EMB Members
Recruitment through Open Advertisement
Nomination of Candidates for EMB Membership by the Head of State and Confirmation by or in Consultation with the Legislature
Unilateral Appointments of EMB Members by One Branch of Government
Involvement of Other Actors in EMB Appointment
Qualifications for Appointment
Conditions of Service and Security of Tenure for EMB Members
Conditions of Service and Security of Tenure for EMB Members
Oath/pledge-taking or Affirmation
EMB Decision-Making Processes
EMB Decision-Making Processes
Meetings of EMB Members
Meetings of EMB Members
Closed or Open EMB Meetings
EMB Member Committees
EMB Members Relationships With The EMB Secretariat
EMB Members Relationships With The EMB Secretariat
Internal Regulations
Summary: EMB Composition and Roles
Planning and Implementing EMB Activities
Planning and Implementing EMB Activities
The EMB Secretariat
The EMB Secretariat
The EMB Secretariat and the Public Service
The EMB Secretariat and the Public Service
Possible Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Public Servants as EMB Secretariat Staff
Possible Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Public Servants as EMB Secretariat Staff
Structuring the Secretariat
Developing an EMB organisational structure
Developing an EMB organisational structure
Alternative Functional Divisions
Organisational Structure Charts
The Election Calendar – A Planning Assistant
EMB Internal Rule Making
EMB Internal Rule Making
Codes of Conduct for EMB Members and Staff
Strategic Planning
Operational Planning
Operational Planning
Operational Concept
EMB Budget
Staffing of EMBs
Procurement by the Election Management Body (EMB)
Communications and Public Relations
Communications and Public Relations
The Media
Records Management
Report Writing
Summary: Planning and Implementing EMB Activities
EMB Staffing and Development of Professional Electoral Management
EMB Staffing and Development of Professional Electoral Management
Staffing of EMBs
Staffing of EMBs
Use of Public Service Staff for EMB Secretariats
Permanent and Temporary Staff
Conditions of Employment: EMB-Specific or Public Service Staff
Staff Pensions
Procedures for Recruitment of EMB Staff
Procedures for Recruitment of EMB Staff
Appointment of EMB Secretariat Staff
Appointment of EMB Secretariat Staff
Procedures for the Appointment for EMB Secretariat Staff
Staff Appointment Formalities
What Is a Professional Electoral Administrator?
Staff Training and Development
Staff Training and Development
EMB Organisational and Staff Development for Permanent Staff
Identifying Training Requirements
Internal Training of EMB Staff
Internal Training of EMB Staff
Written Materials
Practical Exercises
Oral/visual Training
External Training of EMB Staff
External Training of EMB Staff
Information Exchange
Training Courses and Events
Education and Development Courses for EMB Staff
External Election Advisers, Consultants and Trainers
Using International Experience
Mentoring
Secondment of Staff
Handbooks and Specialist Publications
Factors Which May Inhibit EMB Professionalism
Summary: EMB Staffing and Development of Professional Electoral Management
Financial Management of EMBs
Financial Management of EMBs
Common EMB Financing Issues
What Electoral Costs Need to be Financed?
What Electoral Costs Need to be Financed?
Attributes and Examples of Electoral Core, Diffuse and Integrity Costs
Who Finances EMBs and How?
Who Finances EMBs and How?
Method of Disbursing State Funding
Approval of EMB Budget Proposals
Integrated or Distributed Electoral Budgets
Donor Funding
Donor Funding
Some Key Advantages and Disadvantages of International Donor Funding for Electoral Processes
Other Sources of EMB Funding
Budget Formulation Methods for EMBs
Budget Formulation Methods for EMBs
The Process for Budget Formulation and Approval
Availability of Budget Funds
Control of EMB Funding
EMB Financial Control Measures
Asset Management
Principles for EMB Financial Management
Audit and Evaluation
Summary: Financial Management of EMBs
EMB Stakeholder Relationships
EMB Stakeholder Relationships
Who are the Stakeholders and What Is Their Role In the Electoral Process?
Political Parties and Candidates as EMB Stakeholders
The EMB’s Staff
Executive Branch of Government
The Legislature – An EMB Stakeholder
Electoral Dispute Resolution Bodies
The Judicial System
Election Monitors and Observers
The Media – An EMB Stakeholder
The Electorate As an EMB Stakeholder
Civil Society Organisations as EMB Stakeholders
Donor Community – A Key Stakeholder
Secondary EMB Stakeholders
Managing Relationships With Stakeholders
Principles of Stakeholder Management
How To Deal With Difficult Stakeholders
Summary: EMB Stakeholder Relationships
Assessing EMB Performance
Assessing EMB Performance
Principles and Best Practices for EMB Accountability
Stakeholder Accountability
Performance and Financial Accountability
Performance and Financial Accountability
Internal Performance Accountability
External Performance Accountability
Internal Financial Accountability
External Financial Accountability
Auditing EMBs
Auditing EMBs
Performance Audits
Performance Audits
Methodology and Scope of a Performance Audit
Election Performance Audits: Potential Criteria and Specific Issues
Performance Audit Outputs
Financial Audits
Internal Quality Controls
Programme Evaluation by EMBs
Post-election Reviews
Post-election Reviews
EMB’s Post-Election Review Cycle Checklist: Responsibility and Action
Peer Reviews
External Oversight Issues
Accountability for the Use of Technology-based Systems
Summary: Assessing EMB Performance
The Sustainability of EMBs
The Sustainability of EMBs
What is sustainability?
What is sustainability?
Why is EMB sustainability important?
Needs assessment
Electoral sustainability and donor support
Practices favouring sustainability
Staffing for Sustainability
Electoral Materials
Structural and Technological Implications of Sustainability
Automated Voting and Counting Processes
Summary: The Sustainability of EMBs
Cooperation through EMB Networks
Cooperation through EMB Networks
What Are Electoral Networks and Why Do they Matter?
National Electoral Networks
Regional EMB Networks
Global Electoral Networks
Electoral Support Networks
Summary: Cooperation through EMB Networks
Reforming Electoral Processes
Reforming Electoral Processes
What Is Electoral Reform?
Failing EMBs
The EMB’s Role in Electoral Reforms
The Scope of Electoral Reform
Managing Electoral Change
Summary: Reforming Electoral Processes
Electoral Management Case Studies
Afghanistan: An Electoral Management Body Evolves
Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Success Story for the Independent Model
Cambodia: Tensions Around the National Election Committee
Canada: Stability, Independence and Public Trust
Costa Rica: A Powerful Constitutional Body
Fiji: A New System Under Pressure
Republic of Georgia: A Commission in Tranistion
India: The Embodiment of EMB Independence
Iraq: International Institution Design
Japan: Mixed Model Electoral Management for a Mixed Parallel Electoral System
Kenya: Compromised Independence of the EMB
Lesotho: Building a Reputation
Mozambique: A Need for Depoliticization
Nigeria: A Need for Modernization
Senegal: Independence Strengthened in a Mixed Model of Electoral Management
Spain: Mixed Model Electoral Management Becomes Well Established
Sweden: Governmental in Form, Independent in Practice: A Decentralized Election Management System
The United Kingdom: Electoral Modernization
The United States: Decentralized to the Point of Being Dysfunctional
Uruguay: The Electoral Court - A Fourth Branch of Government?
Yemen: An Emerging Independent EMB
Vanuatu: Limitations to the Independence of the EMB
Zimbabwe: A New Era in Election Management
Contributors to Electoral Management
Electoral Management Glossary
Bibliography
Boundary Delimitation
Boundary Delimitation
Overview of Boundary Delimitation
Guiding Principles of Boundary Delimitation
Context of Boundary Delimitation
Delimiting Electoral Districts
Delimiting Electoral Districts
Electoral Systems that Delimit Electoral Districts
Electoral Systems that Delimit Electoral Districts
Plurality Electoral Systems
Majority Electoral Systems
Mixed Electoral Systems
Proportional Systems
Electoral District Alternatives
Electoral District Alternatives
District Magnitude
District Magnitude
Single-Member Districts
Multimember Districts
Alignment of Districts with Administrative Boundaries
Country Survey of Delimitation Practices
Structure and Rules for Delimiting Electoral Districts
Structure and Rules for Delimiting Electoral Districts
Designation of a Boundary Authority
Designation of a Boundary Authority
Composition of the Boundary Authority
Partisan Considerations in Choosing a Boundary Authority
Degrees of Boundary Authority Centralisation
Authority for Choosing the Final Districting Plan
Frequency of Electoral District Delimitation
Length of Time Permitted for the Delimitation Process
Public Access to the Delimitation Process
Establishment of Criteria for Delimiting Districts
Establishment of Criteria for Delimiting Districts
Equal Population in Redistricting
Geographic Criteria for Delimiting Electoral Districts
Special Provisions for Minority Groups When Delimiting Electoral Districts
Communities of Interest: Delimiting Boundaries
Role of the Courts in Electoral District Delimitation
Tasks Involved in Drawing Electoral District Boundaries
Tasks Involved in Drawing Electoral District Boundaries
Information Required to Draw Electoral Districts
Information Required to Draw Electoral Districts
Use of Population Data in the Delimitation Process
Use of Political Data in the Delimitation Process
Use of Maps in the Delimitation Process
Steps in the Electoral District Delimitation Process
Steps in the Electoral District Delimitation Process
Allocating Seats
Drawing District Boundaries
Drawing District Boundaries
Preparing a Districting Database
Drawing Electoral District Boundaries
Describing and Evaluating an Electoral District Plan
Delimitation Technology
Delimitation Technology
Use of Computers and Software for Delimitation
Low-Technology Delimitation
Use of Consultants
Special Considerations for Delimiting Voting Areas
Country Case Studies
Country Case Studies
Afghanistan: Delimiting Districts for Transitional Elections in a Post-Conflict Society
Australia: Using Projections to Equalize Electoral District Populations
Canada: Representation in Parliament
Democratic Republic of Congo: Determining How Districts Might be Delimited in a Post-Conflict Society
Germany: Delimiting Districts in a Mixed Member Proportional Electoral System
Fiji: Delimiting Communal Seats to Guarantee Ethnic Representation
The United Kingdom: Redistribution Process
Kosovo: Delimiting Electoral Districts for a Proportional Representation System
Malaysia: Malapportioned Districts and Over-Representation of Rural Communities
New Zealand: Drawing Electoral Districts to Guarantee Minority Representation[1]
Singapore: Drawing Districts to Ensure Super-Majorities in the Parliament
The United States of America: Reapportionment and Redistricting
Yemen: Assessing the Feasibility of Computer-Assisted Delimitation
Contributors to Boundary Delimitation
Bibliography
Boundary Delimitation Glossary
Voter Education
Civic and Voter Education
Overview of Civic and Voter Education
Guiding Principles of Civic and Voter Education
Context of Civic and Voter Education
Basic Ideas and Definitions of Voter Information, Voter Education and Civic Education
Basic Ideas and Definitions of Voter Information, Voter Education and Civic Education
Meaning of democracy
Basic Voter Information
Basic Voter Education
Common Features of Voter Information and Education
Common Features of Voter Information and Education
Explaining electoral systems
The election calendar and timetable
Political Parties in Voter Education
Election officials in voter education
Election Sites
Use of Election Sites for Voter Education
Election authority offices
Voter Education at Voting Sites
Voter Education at Counting stations
Role of Voter Education in Registration Process
Basic Civic Education
Direct Democracy
Civic Education
Civic Education
Introduction to civic education
Introduction to civic education
Authoritarian Regimes and Fragile States
Post war reconstruction
Civic Education in Emerging Democracies
Civic Education in Established Democracies
Civic Education During Emergencies
Relationship Between General and Civic Education
Institutionalising Civic Education
Institutionalising Civic Education
National Curricula for Civic Education
Responsibility of Civic Education Among National Institutions
Popular education
Social Processes
The Educational Mandate
The Educational Mandate
International Principles of the Educational Mandate
Legislative Framework
Legislative Framework for Voter Education
National Legislation and Local Ordinances Impact Voter Education Initiatives
Election legislation
Constructing a Mandate
Constructing a Voter Education Mandate
Election Stakeholders
Stakeholders in Voter Education Mandate
Election Authority and Other Statutory Bodies as Stakeholders in the Voter Education Mandate
Organised Civil Society as Stakeholders in the Voter Education Mandate
Contestants as Stakeholders in the Voter Education Mandate
Competition and Cooperation in Educating Voters
Mechanisms for Partnerships in Voter Education
Context Assessment
Assessing the Context
Voter Background
Voter Background
Consideration of Demographics in Shaping Voter Education
Cultural and Religious Norms
Gender
Considerations of Literacy and Schooling for Voter Education
Using Existing Resources for Educational Programmes
Using Existing Resources for Education Programmes
Country Infrastructure
Country Infrastructure
Educational System
Venue for Education Events
Communication Mechanisms
Importance of Mass Media in Education Programmes
Political Parties in Voter Education
Time and Money
Existing Social Organisations
Statutory Authorities
The Private Sector
International Support
International Support
South-South Cooperation
Educational Needs
Educational Needs
Target Groups, Audiences, and Constituencies
Target Groups, Audiences, and Constituencies
The General Electorate
High Impact Groups
Marginalized Voters and Groups with Special Needs
Other Considerations
Background Considerations
Political, Constitutional, and Legislative Considerations
Logistical Considerations
Educator Values
Assessing Voter Needs
Assessing Voter Needs
Surveys
Surveys
Survey Design
Framing Questions to Maximize Survey Data
Survey Preparation
Sampling
Selecting Participants
Getting Into the Field
Using Existing Data
Interlocutors and Intermediaries
Strategy Development
Strategy Development
Educational Theory
Educational Theory
Adult Learning
Ideological Considerations
Cultural and Social Considerations
Legitimacy and Credibility
Educating Leaders and Citizens
Language
Public Education Principles
Organisation
Organisation
Planning and Alignment
Existing Institutions
Election Specific Organisation
Election Specific Organisation
Codes of Conduct
Access to Information
Non-Partisanship
Liaison with Election Authorities
Methodology Selection
Message Development
Special Cases
Strategies for Special Cases
Approaching Military and Police Forces
Education of Prisoners
Engaging Apathetic and Disempowered Groups
Discrimination and Exclusion
Reaching Nomads and Isolated Groups
Communicating with Exiles, Refugees, and Internally Displaced Persons
Ensuring the Participation of Shut-Ins and the Disabled
First Time voters
Potential Programme Elements
Potential Programme Elements
The Media
The Media
Government Media
National Impact Media
Community Impact Media
Use of Radio Advertising
Alternative Methods of Communicating Voter Education
Printed Materials
Printed Materials
Legal Considerations
How Copyright Affects Voter Education Programmes
Indexing and Dating
Environmental Considerations of Voter Education
Traditional Print Items
Specialty Print Items
Specialty Print Items
Comics and Pictorials
Posters and Banners
Bookmarks
Beverage Coasters
Stickers
Voter Education Clothing
Promoting Voter and Civic Education with Product Packaging
Calendars
Arts and Culture
Arts and Culture
Formal Performance Art
Street Theatre
Special Events
Art and Handicrafts
Face To Face Interaction
Face To Face Interaction
Group Learning
Simulations
Door To Door Canvassing
Each One Teach One
Other Strategies for Education Programmes
Other Strategies for Education Programmes
Voter Education Outreach via Information Centres and Hotlines
Direct Mail
Telephone Canvassing
Street and Neighbourhood Campaigns
Commercial Advertising
Distance Learning Techniques
Digital Materials
Digital Materials
Digital and Recorded Materials
Web-based Voter Education Materials
Implementation
Voter Education Programme Implementation
Preparation
Preparation
Voter Education Calendar
Budgeting and Financing for Voter Education Programmes
Programme Design
Programme Design
Design Cycle
Team Development
Educational Objectives
Obtaining and Maintaining Commitment To the Plan
Production Considerations
Production Considerations
Projected Materials
White Boards and Black Boards
Preparing Instructional Materials
Procurement
Procurement
Commissioning Materials
Managing Contracts
Assessing and Adapting Existing Materials
Goods and Services
Storage and Distribution
Staffing for Civic and Voter Education
Staffing for Civic and Voter Education
Job Definition and Profiling
Recruitment
Managing Staff and Volunteers
Training and Orientation
Administration and Management
Administration and Management
Leadership
Co-ordination and Control
Quality Assessment
Staff and Volunteer Morale
Relationships to Other Stakeholders
Security for Staff
Security for Staff
Peacekeeping and Peace enforcement
Education In Closed Institutions
Education in Unsafe Areas
Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring and Evaluation
Who Should Evaluate
Monitoring Or Formative Evaluation
Measuring Impact
Measuring Impact
Importance Of Prior Planning
Evaluation Methodology
Evaluation Methodology
Terms Of Reference
Evaluation Design Options
Data Collection Options
Legitimacy and Reliability
Time and Cost of Evaluations
Baseline Studies
Developing Organisational Capacity
Managing Evaluation Recommendations
System Learning
System Learning
Maintenance Of Records
Maintenance Of Records
Staff and Volunteer Details
Logistical Arrangements
Best Practices and Lessons Learned Documentation
Preparing Reports
Archiving and Protecting Materials
Developing Continuity
Contributors to Civic and Voter Education
Voter Registration
Voter Registration
Overview of Voter Registration
Guiding Principles of Voter Registration
Context of Voter Registration
General Issues
General Issues
Alternative Methods- Pro and Con
Periodic List
Periodic List
Periodic List - Advantages
Periodic List - Disadvantages
Continuous Register
Continuous Register
Continuous Register - Advantages
Continuous Register- Disadvantages
Civil Registry
Civil Registry
Civil Register - Advantages
Civil Register - Disadvantages
Administration Considerations
Encouraging Registration
Characteristics of Eligible Voters
Characteristics of Eligible Voters
Qualifications and Identification
Identification for Registration Purposes
Voter's Proof of Identification
Voter's Proof of Identification
The Voter Identification Card: Advantages and Disadvantages
Voluntary versus Mandatory Registration
Self-initiated versus State-Initiated Registration
Resident versus Non-resident Voters
Political Parties and Interest Groups
Polling location
Anonymous registration
Eligibility for simultaneous elections
Legal provisions to prevent fraud
Secondary uses of voter register
Multi-part forms
Outsourcing
Computerization
Technologies
E-registration
Targeted registration
Voter registration methods and participation
Cost Considerations
Specific Administrative Issues
Specific Administrative Issues
Planning
Legal and Administrative Framework
Logistics
Logistics
Logistical Planning - Periodic List
Logistical Planning - Continuous Register
Logistical Planning - Civil Registry
Registration Data Collection
Procurement
Operational Infrastructure
Voter Education
Staff Selection and Training
Implementation
Compiling Registration Data
Storing Registration Data
Production of Preliminary Voters List
Method of Production
Voter Roll Maintenance
Promotion Strategies
Gathering Changes to Preliminary List
Production of Final Voters List
Distribution of Final Voters List
Audit Trail Maintenance
Closing Date for Registration
List Revisions for Early Voters
Objection Hearings
Election Day Registration Additions and Revisions
Contributors to Voter Registration
Bibliography
Voting Operations
Voting Operations
Overview of Voting Operations
Guiding Principles of Voting Operations
Context of Voting Operations
Context of Voting Operations
Participation History
Human Rights
International Intervention
Legislative and Regulatory Framework
The Electoral Management Structure and the Delivery of Voting Operations
Other Players to Support the Voting Process
Use of Technology in Voting Operations
Sustainability Considerations
Cost Considerations
Budgeting and Planning Cycle
Budgeting Systems
Budgeting Systems
Budgeting and Historical Data
Inclusiveness and Comparability of Budgets
Funds Assurance and Timing of Electoral Funds
Budget Line Item Considerations
Budget Line Item Considerations
Staffing and Training Costs
Equipment, Materials and Premises Costs
Communications and Postage Costs
Transport and Freight Costs
Other Costs
Voting Preparations
Voting Preparations
Implementing the Law
Voting Procedures
Voting Procedures
Voting in Person on Voting day
Absentee Voting
Absentee Voting
Qualifications and Eligibility Procedures
Locations For Absentee Voting
Absentee Ballot Forms
Voting in a Foreign Country
Early Voting
Early Voting
Early Voting Procedures
Proxy Voting
Provisional or Tendered Votes
Other Special Voting Arrangements
Other Special Voting Arrangements
Assisted Voters at Voting Stations
Assisted Voters at Other Locations
Voting in Remote Areas
Security and Emergency Forces
Refugees and Displaced Persons
Suppressed Voter Addresses
Planning
Planning
Needs Assessments
Operational Work Plan
Operational Work Plan
Calendars and Time Lines
Assignment of Responsibilities
Checklists for Planning
Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Transportation Infrastructure
Communications
Materials Production
Voter Information
Voter Information
General Media
Information Direct to Voters
Information Direct to Voters
Usage of Telephone Information Services
Information at Voting Locations
Voter Information Requirements
Voter Information Requirements
Information on Eligibility and Methods
Information on Voting Location and Hours
Information on Voting Station Procedures
Information on How to Ensure a Vote is Valid
Information on the Integrity of the Voting Process
Expenditure Planning
Materials and Equipment
Materials and Equipment
Use of Standard Reference Material
Use of Standard Reference Material
Manuals
Manuals
Administration Manuals
Voting Station Officials Manuals
Trainers Manuals
Party/Candidate Manuals
Observer Manuals
Security Force Manuals
Checklists and Cue Cards
Production of Ballot Papers
Production of Ballot Papers
Ballot Paper Design
Printing of Ballots
Printed Ballot Integrity Controls
Voting Day Equipment and Maintenance Considerations
Voting Day Equipment and Maintenance Considerations
Ballot Boxes and Seals
Voting Compartments
Temporary Structures
Furniture
Amenities
Sensitive vs. Non-Sensitive Material
Voting Materials
Voting Materials
Voters' Lists
Election Forms
General Supplies
Materials Quality Control
Requisition and Inventory Preparation
Storage Prior to Voting
Packaging Materials and Equipment for Delivery
Storage After Voting Day
Logistics
Logistics
Transportation
Transportation
Delivering Voting Site Resources
Arrangements with Suppliers
Security Force Transportation
Transportation Security
Communications Systems
Voice Communications
Recruitment and Training of Voting Station Staff
Recruitment and Training of Voting Station Staff
Voter Operation Staffing Profile
Voter Operation Staffing Profile
Voter Service Standards
Level, Categories & Duties of Electoral Staff
Level, Categories & Duties of Electoral Staff
Voting Station Management
Entrance and Queue Control
Information and Language Assistance
Controlling the Voting Process
Other Voting Operations Staff
Recruitment
Recruitment
Recruitment Standards
Recruitment Standards
Representativeness and independence of staff
Disqualifications from Employment
Educational Qualifications
Recruitment Action Plan
Recruitment Action Plan
Recruitment Methodology
Transparency in Recruitment
The Nature of Appointment Contracts
Contingency Staff
Staff Appointment Documentation
Codes of Conduct for Voting Operations Staff
Training of Voting Operations Staff
Training of Voting Operations Staff
Organisation of Training
Organisation of Training
Defining Training Objectives
Training Materials, Equipment, and Sites
Training Plan
Training of Trainers
Training Methodology
Training Methodology
Training Delivery Responsibilities
Training Session Content
Training Delivery Style
Training Environment
Timing of Training
Knowledge Assessment
Training Reference Materials
Security Force Training
Evaluation of Recruitment and Training
Training for Parties and Candidates
Training for Observers
International Observer Training
Voting Sites
Voting Sites
Demographic Analysis
Locations of Voting Sites
Voting Site Arrangements
Voting Site Arrangements
Voting Site Standards
Voting Site Standards
Voting Site Facilities
Voting Station Layout Standards
Potential Voting Station Layouts
Reserving Voting Sites
Voting Site Needs Assessments
Voting Station Readiness
Voting Location Maps
Voting Site Security
Voting Site Security
Security Responsibilities and Planning
Security Responsibilities and Planning
Security Risk Assessments
Standards and Site Assessments
Operations and Security Centres
Voting Site Security Arrangements
Voting Site Security Arrangements
Role and Powers of Voting Station Staff and Security Forces
Use of Communication Networks
Rapid Reaction and Reserve Forces
Information Security
Voting
Voting
Ensuring Readiness
Ensuring Readiness
Distribution and Receipt of Voting Materials
Transportation of Voting Station Officials
Multi-Day Voting
Contingency Plans
Contingency Plans
Voting Hours Operations
Voting Hours Operations
Preparations for Commencement of Voting
Preparations for Commencement of Voting
Site Checks
Staffing Checks
Materials Checks
Equipment Checks
Voter Service
Voter Service
Crowd and Queue Control
Determination of Eligibility to Vote
Issue and Casting of Ballots
Informing and Assisting Voters
Assistance to Voters
Voters not Found on Voters' Lists
Voting Station Staff Management
Voting Station Staff Management
Monitoring Voting Station Staff Performance
Staff Welfare on Voting Day
Integrity Controls
Security in Voting Stations
Crisis Management
Role of Party/Candidate Representatives
Role of Party/Candidate Representatives
Rights and Conduct Within Voting Stations
Representatives at Mobile Voting Stations
Close of Voting
Close of Voting
Collection of Ballots
Collection of Ballots
Reconciliation of Ballots or Envelopes Received
Reconciliation of Ballots or Envelopes Issued
Verification and Packing of Materials
Preparation for Ballot Count
Role of Party/Candidate Representatives
Closing Arrangements for Special Voting
Closing Arrangements for Special Voting
Close of Voting for Provisional Votes
Close of Voting for Early Voting
Close of Voting for Absentee Voting
Close of Voting for Mail Voting
Close of Voting for Votes Cast Outside the Country
Close of Voting for Mobile Voting Stations
Voting Station Managers' Reports
Management of Challenges and Complaints
Management of Challenges and Complaints
Challenges to Voters
Challenges to Validity of Ballots
Challenges to Party/Candidate Representatives' Actions
Challenges to Voting Operations Management
Voter Follow-Up
Voter Follow-Up
Compulsory Voting System
Voter Fraud
Country Case Studies
Country Case Studies
Elections in Ethiopia
Elections in Palestine
Contributors to Voting Operations
Parties and Candidates
Parties and Candidates
Overview of Parties and Candidates
Guiding Principles of Parties and Candidates
Context of Parties and Candidates
External Regulations of Parties and Candidates
External Regulations of Parties and Candidates
Laws and Regulation that concern Political Parties
Laws and Regulation that concern Political Parties
Roles and Definition of Political Parties
Registration of Political Parties as Organisations
Financial Regulations
Financial Regulations
Direct and Indirect Public Funding
Direct and Indirect Public Funding
Use of Direct Public Funding
Timing of Direct Public Funding
Allocation of Direct Public Funds
Indirect Public Funding of Parties and Candidates
Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Funds to Political Parties and Candidates
Reporting and Public Disclosure of Party Finance
Reporting and Public Disclosure of Party Finance
Prohibited Sources of Funds
Prohibited Sources of Funds
Ceilings on Elections Expenditure
Ceilings on Elections Expenditure
Limits on Donations
Limits on Donations
Legislated Quotas
Legislated Quotas
Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation
Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation
Advantages and Disadvantages of Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation
Legislated Quotas for National Minorities
Legislated Quotas for National Minorities
Advantages and Disadvantages of Legislated Quotas for Minority Representation
Internal Functioning of Political Parties
Internal Functioning of Political Parties
Legal Regulations Regarding Internal Functioning
Legal Regulations Regarding Internal Functioning
Internal Elections for Leadership Positions
Other Legal Regulations Regarding Internal Functioning
Internal Voluntary Party Regulations
Internal Voluntary Party Regulations
Candidate Selection within Political Parties
Candidate Selection within Political Parties
Primary Elections
Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas
Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas
Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for Women
Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for other Disadvantaged Groups
Conditions under which voluntary party quotas are most likely applied
Advantages and Disadvantages of Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for Women's Representation
Factors influecing the implementation of voluntary party candidate quotas
Party Structure
Party Structure
Party Media
Party Media
The Role of Members
The Role of Members
Parties and Candidates in the Electoral Process
Parties and Candidates in the Electoral Process
Political Party Codes of Conduct
Political Party Codes of Conduct
Content of Political Party Codes of Conduct
Registration for Election and Nomination of Candidates
Registration for Election and Nomination of Candidates
Registration Requirements of Candidates for Election
Registration Requirements of Candidates for Election
Monetary Deposits for Ballot Access
Criteria to stand as a candidate
De-Registration of Parties and Candidates
De-Registration of Parties and Candidates
The Effect of Electoral System on Parties and Candidates
The Effect of Electoral System on Parties and Candidates
District Magnitude and Political Parties
Party Magnitude and Candidate Selection
The Effect of Electoral System on Party System
The Effect of Electoral System on Candidates
By-Elections
Relationship between Parties and Candidates and the Electoral Management Body
Relationship between Parties and Candidates and the Electoral Management Body
Parties and Candidates as Stakeholders
Types of Involvement
Political Parties Liaison Committee
Media in Election Campaigns
Campaigning
Coalitions and Elections Alliances
Resignation, Removal, Death of a Candidate Before an Election
Parties as Election Monitors
Parties and Candidates in Legislatures
Parties and Candidates in Legislatures
Formation of Government
Party Group/Caucus
Floor-Crossing
Parties and Candidates Case Studies
India: Reservation of Number of Seats for Minorities
Cambodia: Code of Conduct
Russia: Electoral Campaign of Variable Duration
United States: Study on Primary Elections
South Africa: Case Study on Floor-Crossing
Sources/Bibliography
Contributors to Parties and Candidates
Vote Counting
Vote Counting
Overview of Vote Counting
Guiding Principles of Vote Counting
Context of Vote Counting
Application of Technology
Cost Considerations
Cost Components
Electoral System and Ballot Type Implications for the Count
Electoral System and Ballot Type Implications for the Count
Electoral Systems Counting Requirements for Different Electoral Systems
Ballot Type Counting Requirements
Transforming Votes to Seats
Different Types and Requirements for Vote Counting
Different Types and Requirements for Vote Counting
Differences in terms of Where the Counting is Held
Differences in terms of How the Counting is Done
Basic Criteria and Procedures for Vote Counting
Basic Criteria and Procedures for Vote Counting
Criteria to Determine when Votes should Count as Valid
Special Considerations for Counting Votes Cast Outside the Country
Procedures for Vote Counting at Voting Stations
Procedures for Vote Counting at Voting Stations
Opening/Closing Ballot Boxes
Opening/Closing Ballot Boxes
Reconciling Ballot Accounts
Sorting
Sorting
Checking Validity of the Ballot
Separating Spoiled and Rejected Ballots
Separating Valid Ballots
Counting
Counting
Count of Spoiled and Rejected Ballots
Count of Valid Ballots
Verification of Count
Sealing the Ballots
Transmitting Voting Station Results
Transmitting Voting Station Results
Voting Station Statement of Votes
Issuing of the Statement of Votes
Communicating Results
Consolidating Voting Results
Consolidating Voting Results
Receiving Result Counts
Cumulative Audit Trail
Results per Party/Candidate
Results per Party/Candidate
Consolidating Results: List Systems
Publicizing Election Results
Publicising Election Results
Publishing Interim Election Results
Publicising Official Final Results
Challenging Results
Challenging Results
Recount at the Voting Station
Recount at District/National Level
Judicial Recounts
Procedures for Vote Counting at Counting Centres
Procedures for Vote Counting at Counting Centres
Preparation for Ballot Box Transport
Preparation for Ballot Box Transport
Creation of Ballot Account
Providing Security Controls
Creation of Transport Logs
Arrangement for Transport of Ballot Boxes to the Counting Centre
Transport of Ballot Boxes
Transport of Ballot Boxes
Securing Ballot Boxes During Transportation
Unloading of Ballot Boxes
Completion of Transport Logs
Opening and Closing of Ballot Boxes
Sorting of Ballots
Sorting of Ballots
Checking Validity of the Ballot
Separating Spoiled and Rejected Ballots
Separating Valid Ballots
Counting
Counting
Count of Spoiled and Rejected Ballots
Count of Valid Ballots
Verification of Count
Sealing of Ballot
Transmitting Counting Centre Results
Transmitting Counting Centre Results
Progress Reports; Cumulative Statement of Votes
Issuing the Statement of Votes
Communicating Results to National Level
Consolidating Voting Results
Consolidating Voting Results
Receiving Results from Counting Centres
Creating an Audit Trail
Tallying Results Per Party or Candidate
Publicising Results
Country Case Studies
Country Case Studies
Ghana: Vote Counting using Majoritatrian and First-Past-the-Post
Indonesia: Counting the Votes for the 1999 Elections
Mozambique: Vote Counting and Tabulation
Russia: Counting Votes for Local Elections
Sweden: Counting Ballots
Vote Counting Glossary
Contributors to Vote Counting
Additional Resources
Media and Elections
Media and Elections
Overview of Media and Elections
Guiding Principles of Media and Elections
Context of Media and Elections
Legal Principles
Legal Principles
International Law on Media and Elections
International Law on Media and Elections
Media and Democracy
Obligations of Pluralism
Freedom of Political Debate
Right of Access to Government Media
Publishing Opposition Views
Right of Reply to Media Reports during Elections
Limits to Liability of Media During Elections
Restrictions on Political Speech
Criticism of Politicians and Government
Right to an Effective Remedy
Protecting the Safety of the Media
Media Environment
Media Environment
Where do people get their information?
History of Respect for Media Freedom
Relative Importance of Different Media
Relative Importance of Different Media
Structure of Media Ownership
Structure of Media Ownership
Public/State Media
Corporate Media
Private Broadcasters
Print Media
Community Media
Party Media
"New" Media
"New" Media
The Internet
Cellular Telephones and Election Campaigning
Level of Media Professionalism
Level of Media Professionalism
Journalism Training
Legal Framework for Media
Legal Framework for Media
Constitutional Protection for Media Freedom
Statutes Affecting the Media
Other Statutory Instruments Affecting the Media
Case Law Affecting the Media
Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks
Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks
Broadcasting Regulator
Voluntary Media Council
Statutory or Constitutional Regulators
Law or Regulations on Media During Elections
Law or Regulations on Media During Elections
Who Should be Involved in the Drafting Process?
A Specified Campaign Period?
Different Obligations of Public and Private Media
Different Obligations of Public and Private Media
Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media
Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media
Implementation Mechanism for Media and Election Regulations
Implementation Mechanism: Existing Media Regulatory Body
Implementation Mechanism: Media Self-Regulation
Implementation Mechanism: Electoral Commission
Implementation Mechanism: Specialist Body
Implementation Mechanism: Judiciary
Complaints Procedure on Media Coverage
News Blackouts
Regulating Coverage of Opinion Polls
Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation
Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation
International and Comparative Law on Hate Speech
Media Liability for Reports of Unlawful Statements
Hate Speech - Operations of the Regulator
Right of Reply to Criticism or Adverse Statements
Journalists' Right of Access to Election Events
Accreditation of Journalists
Accreditation of Journalists
Foreign Media
Measures to Protect Journalists
Provisions for Public Media
Provisions for Public Media
Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties
Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties
Equal or Equitable Direct Access Coverage?
Equal Access for All Parties?
Equitable (or Fair) Access for Political Parties?
Criteria for Allocation of Direct Access Time
Timing and Length of Direct Access Slots
Who Pays for Direct Access Broadcasts?
Who Produces Direct Access Broadcasts?
Direct Access in Referenda
Paid Political Advertising
Paid Political Advertising
Countries that Allow Paid Political Advertising
A Mixed System of Advertising and Free Access
Political Advertising and Campaign Spending Limits
Regulation of Content of Direct Access Material?
Government's Duty to Inform - Voter Information
Balanced News Coverage
Provisions for the Private Media
Why Communication Matters
Why Communication Matters
Analysing Your Strenghts and Weaknesses
Defining Your Message
Defining Your Audience
Developing a Media Strategy
Developing Techniques of Media Relations
Developing Techniques of Media Relations
Briefing Packs
Pre-recorded Audio and Video Material
Providing Information on Electoral Authority Web Site
Media Briefings
Press Releases
Media Centre
Timing Work with Media
Timing Work with Media
Pre-Campaign Issues
Campaign Issues
Campaign Issues
Role of the Regulatory Body - Monitoring the Process
Role of Non-governmental Organisations
Media Monitoring
Election Day Reporting
Election Day Reporting
Media Access to Polling Stations
Reporting the Vote
Promoting Professional Coverage of Results
Promoting Professional Coverage of Results
Exit Polls
Reporting on Quick Counts
Post-election Reporting
Media Monitoring
Media Monitoring
Media Monitoring by Electoral Management Bodies
Media Monitoring by International Election Observation Missions
Media Monitoring by Non-Governmental Organisations
Media Monitoring Methodology
Media Monitoring Methodology
Media Monitoring and Media Analysis
Quantitative Media Monitoring Methods
Qualitative Media Monitoring Methods
Reporting Media Monitoring Findings
Covering an Election Campaign
Covering an Election Campaign
Training Journalists to Report Elections
Planning Election Coverage
Ethical and Professional Issues
Ethical and Professional Issues for Media in Elections
Codes of Conduct for Media in Elections
Codes of Conduct for Media in Elections
Accuracy of Media Reports
Impartiality
Responsibility
Legal Issues in Election Reporting
Reporting Opinion Polls
Reporting Exit Polls
Reporting Hate Speech
Reporting the Campaign
Reporting the Campaign
Parties' Media Strategies
Reporting Political Events
Voters-Voice Reporting
Policy-Making and Evaluation
Policy-Making and Evaluation
A Process of Consultation
Case Studies
Media and Elections Case Studies
Bosnia: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech
Canada: Paid Political Advertising
Canada: Canada prohibits bloggers from reporting results
Gambia: The Independent Electoral Commission of The Gambia develops a communications plan
Italy: An Existing Regulatory Body
Russia: Complaints Procedure (1993)
United Kingdom: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech
United States: bringing the bloggers to heel?
Zimbabwe: An Example Of Unbalanced Coverage
Contributors to Media and Elections
Electoral Integrity
Electoral Integrity
Overview of Electoral Integrity
Guiding Principles of Electoral Integrity
Context of Electoral Integrity
Context of Electoral Integrity
Cost Considerations
Principles of Electoral Integrity
Principles of Electoral Integrity
Ethical Behaviour
Fair Process
Accountability
Legal Framework of Electoral Integrity
Legal Framework of Electoral Integrity
Constitution
Legislation
Regulations
Regulations
Codes of Conduct
Institutional Framework of Electoral Integrity
Institutional Framework of Electoral Integrity
Electoral Policy Body
Electoral Management Body
Oversight Agencies
Political Party Organizations
Political Party Organizations
Code of Conduct for Political Parties
Interest Group Organizations
Interest Group Organizations
Non-Governmental Organizations
Independent Observers
Media
Media
Media Code of Conduct
Enforcement Agencies
Monitors of Election Integrity
Monitors of Election Integrity
Official Oversight
Official Oversight
Integrity Issues in Oversight
Monitoring by Political Parties
Monitoring by the Media
Monitoring by Individuals
Organized National Election Observation
Organized National Election Observation
Efficacy of National Observation
International Election Observation
International Election Observation
Roles and Rules of International Observers
Standards to Evaluate Elections
Enforcement of Electoral Integrity
Enforcement of Electoral Integrity
Types of Offences
Making a Complaint
Investigations
Investigations
Duties and Ethical Conduct of Investigators
Decision to Investigate
Procedures and Powers of Investigators
Procedures and Powers of Investigators
Rights of Individuals in Investigations
Handling of Evidence
Investigator's Analysis
Decision to Prosecute
Audits
Prosecution and Judicial Proceedings
Prosecution and Judicial Proceedings
Rights of the Accused
Civil Litigation
Sentences and Penalties
Monitoring of Enforcement
Investigating in Difficult Circumstances
Integrity in Election Administration
Integrity in Election Administration
Election Management
Election Management
Budget
Budget
Integrity Problems and Solutions
Staffing and Recruitment
Procurement
Electoral System
Boundary Delimitation
Electoral Calendar
Voter Education
Voter Registration
Voter Registration
Registration Facilities: Registration by Mail and by Internet
Avoiding Voter Registration Fraud
Privacy Rights about Voter Information
Registration of Political Entities
Registration of Political Entities
Registration of Political Parties
Registration of Candidates
Registration of Interest Groups
Electoral Campaign
Electoral Campaign
Access to Media
Opinion Polling
Political Finance
Political Finance
Political Finance Policy Goals
Political Finance Regulation Components
Political Finance Enforcement
Political Finance Enforcement
Clear Law and Regulations
Establishment of Independent Political Finance Regulator
Oversight Powers of Political Finance Regulator
Political Finance Oversight - Disclosure
Political Finance Oversight - Audits
Political Finance Oversight - Investigations
Enforcement Powers of Political Finance Regulator
Enforcement Powers - Material Incentives
Enforcement Powers - Administrative
Enforcement Powers - Civil and Criminal
Access to Information About Political Finance
Voting Operations
Voting Operations
Secrecy of the Vote
Security
Voting Mechanisms
Voting Mechanisms
Internet Voting
Discrimination, Intimidation and Fraud
Vote Counting
Vote Counting
Electronic Vote Counting
Complaints and Appeals
Official Results
Contributors to Electoral Integrity
Electoral Integrity - Bibliography
Elections and Technology
Elections and Technology
Overview of Elections and Technology
Guiding Principles of Elections and Technology
Context of Elections and Technology
Technologies with Electoral Applications
Technologies with Electoral Applications
Telecommunications Technology
Telecommunications Technology
Networks
The Internet
Computer Hardware and Software
Computer Hardware and Software
Word Processing
Spreadsheets
Databases
Other technologies
Managing Technology
Managing Technology
Choosing and Acquiring Technology
Choosing and Acquiring Technology
Considerations on Technology Solutions
Costs and Benefits of Technology
Planning and Development Strategies
Planning and Development Strategies
Information Technology Strategy
Implementation Methodologies
Implementation Methodologies
Needs Assessments, Business Cases, and Specifications
Development
Testing
Implementation
Development and Implementation Timeframes
Data Conversion
Systems Integration and Compatibility
Quality Assurance
Financing Technology
Financing Technology
Budgeting
Funds Acquisition
Depreciation and Amortization Policies
Management Structure
Management Structure
Computer Systems Administration
Tele Communications Management
Database Management
Help Desk
System Library and Distribution
User Management
Computer Supplies and Consumables
Maintenance
Staffing, Training and Support
Evaluation and Audit
Minimizing Risks In Using Technology
Minimizing Risks In Using Technology
Security
Ensuring Reliability of Data
Manual/Alternative Contingency Systems
System Verification, Testing and Maintenance
Insurance
Performance Safeguards
Encryption
Public Assurance Measures
Public Information and Privacy Policies
Technology for Boundary Delimitation
Technology for Boundary Delimitation
Using GIS to Draw District Boundaries
Using GIS to Evaluate Redistricting Plans
Requirements for Using GIS Software for Redistricting
Making the Decision to Use GIS for Redistricting
Technology for Regulation of Party and Candidates
Technology for Regulation of Party and Candidates
Party Registration
Providing Information To Parties
Party And Campaign Financing - Regulation and Reporting
Candidate Nomination
Technology for Voter Registration
Technology for Voter Registration
Purposes of Voter Registration
Purposes of Voter Registration
Voter Registration and the Electoral System
Impact of Voter Registration Methods
Voter Identification Methods
Voter Registration Processing
Voter Registration Processing
Environment
Database Design
Functions
Voter Register Data
Voter Register Data
Voter Identification
Geographic Information
Technology for Reaching Voters
Technology for Reaching Voters
Audio Visual Applications
Telephone
Automated Direct Mail
Internet
Computer Kiosks
Desktop Publishing
Special Needs Groups
Technology for Voting Operations
Technology for Voting Operations
Voting Operation Steps
Technology for Voting
Technology for Voting
Mechanical Voting Systems
Electronic Voting Systems
Electronic Voting Systems
Punch Cards
Optical Scanning Systems
Direct Recording Electronically (DRE)
Internet Voting
Technology for Corporate Management
Technology for Corporate Management
Project Management
Personnel Management
Financial Management Systems
Supply and Inventory Management
The Future of Elections and Technology
Case Studies
Elections and Technology Case Studies
An Electoral Register from Scratch: The Palestinian Elections of 20 January 1996
Russia - The State Automated Elections System
Saint Lucia
United States
Contributors to Elections and Technology
Bibliography
Auteurs du sujet « Élections et technologie »
Bibliographie
Voting from Abroad
Voting from Abroad
Overview of Voting from Abroad
Guiding Principles of Voting from Abroad
Context of Voting from Abroad
Comparative Review
Comparative Review of Voting from Abroad
Types of Election to Which External Voting Applies
Persons Eligible to Vote from Abroad
Voting Procedures in Use for External Voting
Political Representation for External Voters
External Voting and Participation
Legal Framework
Legal Framework of Voting from Abroad
The Concept and Provisions of External Voting: Basic Features and Institutional Choices
Three Structural Problems of External Voting
Conclusions of the Legal Framework of Voting from Abroad
Entitlement to Vote from Abroad
Entitlement to Vote from Abroad
Conditions for Entitlement to Vote
Qualification to Stand as a Candidate in Elections
Registration of External Electors
Examples of Qualifications for External Voting
Conclusions of the Entitlement to Vote from Abroad
The Implementation of External Voting
The Implementation of External Voting
Planning of External Voting
Aspects of the Implementation of External Voting
Conclusions of the Implementation of External Voting
Host Country Issues
Host Country Issues
Negotiating with Host Countries
The Roles and Responsibilities of Host Countries
Host Country Agreements
Costs
Conclusions of Host Country Issues
The Political Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons: Enfranchisement and Participation
The Political Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons: Enfranchisement and Participation
Obstacles to Refugee Enfranchisement
The Regulatory Framework
Special Political and Logistical Requirements
Conclusions of the Political Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons
The Political Rights of Migrant Workers and External Voting
The Political Rights of Migrant Workers and External Voting
Awareness of Migrant Workers’ Political Rights
The Challenges of Designing an External Voting Mechanism that Includes Migrant Workers
Alternatives for Design and Implementation
Conclusions of the Political Rights of Migrant Workers and External Voting
Observation of External Voting
Observation of External Voting
Types of Observation and Their Purpose
The Assessment Prior to Observation of External Voting
When Should External Voting be Observed?
External Voting: Controlled and Uncontrolled Environments
Data Collection
The Observation Process: Possibilities and Limitations
Conclusions of Observation of External Voting
”E-voting” and External Voting
”E-voting” and External Voting
Remote E-voting and External Voting
Arguments in Favour of and Against Remote E-voting for External Electors
Some Security Challenges for Remote E-voting and Possible Solutions
Other support through new information and communication technologies
Conclusions of e-voting and external voting
Country Case Studies
Botswana: Disappointing Results of External Voting
Afghanistan’s 2004 Presidential Election: External Voting for a Large Displaced Population
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Post-war Trends in External Voting
Brazil: Compulsory Voting and Renewed Interest Among External Voters
Cape Verde: A Large Diaspora and Low Turnout by External Voters
Honduras: A Decision Based on Political Calculations
Colombia: Representation of Emigrants in the Congress
The Dominican Republic: Political Agreement in Response to Demands for the Right to Vote from Abroad
The Cook Islands: Seat for Overseas Voters Abolished
Estonia: More Options for External Voting
Mexico: Safeguarding the Integrity of the Electoral Process
The Marshall Islands: A High Proportion of External Voters
Indonesia: A Long-established System for External Voting at Diplomatic Missions
Mozambique: A System that is too Subjective?
Portugal: Extended Voting Rights and Decreasing Participation
Iraq: A Large Diaspora and Security Concerns
Senegal: A Significant External Electorate
The Philippines: The First Experience of External Voting
Switzerland: External Voting in a Federal State with Direct Democracy
Zimbabwe: Highly Restrictive Provisions
The Cost of External Voting: Some Examples
External Voting: A World Survey of 214 Countries and Territories
Glossary of Terms
Contributors to Voting from Abroad
References and Further Reading
ACE Topic Areas
Focus On... Series
"Focus On..." Series
Electoral Laws: A Macroscopic Perspective
Electoral Laws: A Macroscopic Perspective
Objectives
Methodology
Legal Framework
Electoral Management
Boundary Delimitation
Voter Registration
Parties and Candidates
Media and Election
Voting Operations
Vote Counting
Voter Education
Summary
Conclusion
About The Authors
Effective Electoral Assistance
Focus On Effective Electoral Assistance
Introduction
Brief History of Electoral Assistance – Three leading actors
The hard lessons of the 1990s
The Wake-Up Call of the New Millennium
Facing Electoral Realities: Too Much Assistance, Too Late
The Electoral Cycle Approach
Setting Up an Effective Electoral Assistance Project: From Identification to Evaluation
Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Development
Existing Knowledge and Capacity Building Services
Embracing technology
The Way Forward
Conclusions
Links Relevant to Effective Electoral Assistance
Elections and Security
Focus on Elections and Security
Principles of Elections and Security
Election Security Threats and Analysis
Security Actors
Electoral Special Security Measures
Conclusion
Contributors
Cost of Registration and Elections
Focus on Cost of Registration and Elections
Working definitions of election costs in a core-costing model
Working definitions of election costs in a core-costing model
Election budgets and revenue sources for funding the administration of elections
Election budgets and revenue sources for funding the administration of elections
Election funding: legal framework and practice; election budget processes and cycles
Resource-sharing arrangements with other public agencies
How much do elections cost?
Electoral Budget histories in the 1990s
Public funding of political parties
Electoral Assistance from the international community
Voter registration costs
Voter registration costs
General considerations on the purpose of voter lists in comparison with other registries of people
Voter registration systems in a global perspective
Quality standards of voter lists
Managing the cost of voter/civil registries: Country Experiences
Electoral Cost management practices
Electoral cost management practices
Electoral Procurement procedures
Inventory control of unused electoral supplies
Cash transactions for electoral-related goods and services
Electoral Cost overruns
Electoral budget audit
Investing in High-technology Electoral Solutions
Cost-effectiveness in elections
Country Case Studies on Electoral Costs
Country Case Studies on Electoral Costs
Iraq: Cost of Registration and Elections
Haiti: Cost of Registration and Elections
Cost of Registration and Elections Survey Research
Cost of Registration and Elections Survey Research
Contributors
Direct Democracy
Focus on Direct Democracy
Referendums
Citizen Initiatives
Recall
Total Recall - the election of Schwarzenegger in California
Swiss Direct Democracy
Contributors
Elections and Disability
Focus on Elections and Disability
Contributors
E-Voting
Focus on E-Voting
What is "e-voting"?
Requirements for e-voting
Auditing of e-voting systems
Opportunities, risks and challenges of e-voting
Countries with e-voting projects
Contributors
Guiding Principles
Administrative Considerations
Cost Considerations
Social and Political Context
Electronic/Mechanical Voting Systems
Optical Scanning Systems
HIV/AIDS and Elections
Focus on HIV/AIDS and Elections
Electoral management and administration
Electoral system and power shifts
Political parties
Public opinion
Special vote
Stigma and discrimination
Voter Mortality
Contributors
Elections and Conflict
Procurement Aspects of Introducing ICTs solutions in Electoral Processes
Introduction
Procurement in Electoral Processes
Procurement in Electoral Processes
Procurement Challenges in Electoral Assistance
Electoral Procurement Processes and Procedures at UNDP
Procurement Principles of UNDP
UNDP Procurement Processes
Procurement Around the Electoral Cycle Strategy and Planning
Technical Specifications and their Role in the Process: Solicitation, Evaluation and Testing
Stakeholder Interactions and Communication
Management Arrangements and Types of Engagement
Centralized Procurement Support within UNDP
A Tool for Efficiency in UNDP Procurement: Long Term Agreements
Costs, Budgeting and Risk Management
Costs and Budgeting for Electoral Procurement
Risk Management
Appropriate Technologies and ICTs for Development
Appropriate Technologies and ICTs for Development
Introduction of ICTs in Electoral Processes
Guiding Principles for Procurement of ICTs Applications for Electoral Processes
ICTs and electoral integrity
Voter Registration and Information & Communications Technology
Voter Registration
Voter Registration Methodologies
Voter Registration Technologies and Materials
Voter Registration – Project Lifecycle
Auditing of the Voter List
Specific Procurement Issues for the Introduction of Voter registration Biometric Features
Procurement of ICTs Specialists
Local vs. International Competition
Minimum Standard Requirements and the Procurement Process
Security Issues Related to New Technologies
Disaster Recovery
Total Solution vs. Technology Transfer
The Impact of Introducing New Technologies
Change Management
Linkages Between Civic and Voter Registration
Creating a Voter Registry on the Basis of the Civil Registry
The Overall Responsibility of the EMB
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
ACE Focus On...Procurement
Offering Knowledge on Elections
temp
Comparative Data
Comparing how countries run elections
Electoral Materials
Sharing knowledge and information on elections
Quizzes
Electoral Quizzes
Bibliography
Bibliography
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La répresentation proportionelle des parties
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Islam and Democracy in the Middle East
An Economic Theory of Democracy
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Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State
A Framework for the Systematic Study of Election Quality
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Congressional Primaries and the Politics of Representation
Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction
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The Australian Electoral System: Origins, Variations and Consequences
Voter Satisfaction and Electoral Systems: Does Preferential Voting in Candidate-Centered Systems Make a Difference?
Mixed Electoral Systems: Contamination and Its Consequences
Adversary Politics and Electoral Reform
The Dynamics of Voter Turnout in Established Democracies Since 1945
The Politics of Electoral Systems
Fair? What Has Fairness Got to Do with It? Vagaries of Election Observations and Democratic Standards
Elections, Contracts and Markets
Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World 1946–2000
Choosing an Electoral System: The Primacy of the Particular
Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes, and Majorities
Electoral Laws and their Political Consequences
Representation and Redistricting Issues
Elections in Japan, Korea and Taiwan under the Single Non-Transferable Vote
Special Issue on Political Culture, Representation and Electoral Systems in the Pacific Islands
Mandate Politics
The Evolution of Electoral and Party System in the Nordic Countries
The Tyranny of the Majority
On the Election of Representatives, Parliamentary and Municipal: A Treatise
Democracy or Anarchy? A Study of Proportional Representation
Crisis at the Polls: An Electoral Reform Handbook
Parliamentary Elections and Party Landscape in the Visegrád Group Countries
Democracy in Divided Societies
Elections and Electoral Systems: Analyses, Situations, Dilemmas, Solutions
Electoral Systems: A Primer for Decision Makers
The German Electoral System
Values and the Electoral System
Electoral Reform: The Risks of Unintended Consequences
From Votes to Seats: Four Families of Electoral Systems
Elections and Electoral Systems in Germany
From Votes to Seats: The Operation of the UK Electoral System since 1945
Electoral Laws and the Survival of Presidential Democracies
Democracy and Elections
The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
Postconflict Elections, Democratization and International Assistance
Crafting Sustainable Election Processes in New Democracies
How Democracies Vote
The Problem with PR
Geographical Representation Under Proportional Representation: The Cases of Israel and the Netherlands
Comparing Democracies 2: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective
Can Parties Police Themselves? Electoral Governance and Democratization
Advances in the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
Electoral Systems and Party Systems. A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies
Constitutional Design for Divided Societies
Patterns of Democracy
Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice
Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives
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Gender and Party Politics
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Mixed Electoral Rules’ Impact on Party Systems
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Elections in the Asia–Pacific Region
Elections in Africa
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Electoral Rules and Corruption
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British Electoral Systems: Achieving a Sense of Proportion
Where Have All The Voters Gone?
Rules for Representation: Parliament and the Design of the Australian Electoral System
The Power of the People: Congressional Competition, Public Attention, and Voter Retribution
Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems
Predicting Party Sizes: The Logic of Simple Electoral Systems
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Offering Knowledge on Elections
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