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Table of Contents

ACE Encyclopaedia

Topic Areas

ACE Topic Areas

Electoral Systems

Electoral Systems

Overview of Electoral Systems

Guiding Principles of Electoral Systems

Context of Electoral Systems

Criteria for Design

Criteria for Design

Providing Representation

Making Elections Accessible and Meaningful

Providing Incentives for Conciliation

Facilitating Stable and Efficient Government

Holding the Government Accountable

Holding Individual Representatives Accountable

Encouraging Political Parties

Promoting Legislative Opposition and Oversight

Making the Election Process Workable and Sustainable

Taking into Account 'International Standards'

Criteria for Design - Conclusions

The Process of Change

The Process of Change

Who designs?

What are the Mechanisms for Reform and Amendment?

Advice on Debate and Dialogue

Advice on Implementation

Assessing the Impact of Change

Trends in Electoral System Reform

Design Components

The Systems and Their Consequences

The Systems and Their Consequences

Plurality/Majority Systems

Plurality/Majority Systems

First Past The Post (FPTP)

First Past The Post (FPTP)

Advantages and disadvantages of FPTP system

Block Vote (BV)

Block Vote (BV)

Advantages and disadvantages of BV

Party Block Vote (PBV)

Party Block Vote (PBV)

Advantages and disadvantages of PBV

The Alternative Vote (AV)

The Alternative Vote (AV)

Advantages and disadvantages of AV

The Two-Round system (TRS)

The Two-Round system (TRS)

Advantages and disadvantages of Two-Round System (TRS)

Proportional Representation (PR)

Proportional Representation (PR)

Advantages of PR systems

Disadvantages of PR systems

List PR

List PR

Advantages and disadvantages of List PR

The Single Transferable Vote (STV)

The Single Transferable Vote (STV)

Advantages and disadvantages of STV

Proportional representation related issues

Proportional representation related issues

District Magnitude

The Threshold

Open, Closed and Free Lists

Apparentement

Independent Candidates and PR systems

Mixed Systems

Mixed Systems

Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)

Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)

Advantages and Disadvantages of MMP

Parallel Systems

Parallel Systems

Advantages and disadvantages of Parallel systems

Other Electoral Systems

Other Electoral Systems

The Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV)

The Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV)

Advantages and disadvantages of SNTV

The Limited Vote (LV)

The Limited Vote (LV)

Advantages & Disadvantages of Limited Vote

Borda Count (BC)

Advantages & Disadvantages of BC

Electoral System Tiers and Hybrid Systems

Considerations on Representation

Considerations on Representation

Representation of Women

Representation of Minorities

Communal Representation

The timing of Elections

Remote Voting

Turnout Issues

Additional Issues Relevant to Post-conflict and Transitional Elections

Electoral Systems, Institutional Framework & Governance

Electoral Systems, Institutional Framework & Governance

Electing a President

Electing a President

Electing a President - First Past The Post

Electing a President - Two-Round Systems

Electing a President - Preferential Voting

Electing a President - Distribution Requirements

Electing an Upper House

Different Tiers of Governance

Electing Supranational Bodies

Electing Federal/State Assemblies and Autonomous Jurisdictions

Electing Local Authorities

Electoral Systems and Political Parties

Direct Democracy Options

Direct Democracy Options

Referendum

Referendum

Common types of Referendums

Design and Political issues of Referendums

Advantages and disadvantages of the referendum instrument

Citizens' Initiatives

Citizens' Initiatives

Different types of Citizens' initiative

Design and Political Issues

Advantages and disadvantages of the citizens’ initiative instrument

Recall

Recall

Design and Political issues of Recalls

Advantages and disadvantages of the recall instrument

Cost and Administrative Implications of Electoral Systems

Cost and Administrative Implications of Electoral Systems

Electoral Systems and the Drawing of Electoral Boundaries

Electoral Systems and the Registration of Voters

Electoral Systems and the Design and Production of Ballot Papers

Electoral Systems and Voter Education

Electoral Systems and Number of Polling Days

Electoral Systems and By-elections

Electoral Systems and the Count

Cost and administrative implications - conclusions

Advice for Electoral Systems Designers

Advice for Electoral Systems Designers

A Design Checklist

Electoral Systems Case Studies

Electoral Systems Case Studies

Argentina

Australia: The Alternative Vote System

Bolivia: Electoral Reform in Latin America

Brazil: Candidate-Centred PR in a Presidential System

Canada: The Canadian Electoral System

British Columbia: Empowered Citizen Participation

Switzerland

Swiss Direct Democracy

Chile: A System Frozen by Elite Interests

China: Village Committee Elections: First Steps on a Long March?

Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System

Ecuador: The Search for Democratic Governance

European Parliament: Elections to a Supranational Body

The Spanish Electoral System - Historical Accident

Finland: Candidate Choice and Party Proportionality

Indonesia: Continuity, Deals and Consensus

Republic of Ireland: The Single Transferable Vote in Action

Israel: Electoral Reform in Israel

India - First Past the Post on a Grand Scale

Jordan - Electoral System Design in the Arab World

Japan: Adapting to a New Electoral System

Kyrgyzstan: Electoral Manipulation in Central Asia

Sri Lanka: Changes to Accommodate Diversity

Lesotho: Africa’s First MMP Electoral System

Mali: A Two-Round System in Africa

Malta: STV With Some Twists

Mexico: Democratization Through Electoral Reform

Namibia - National List PR in Southern Africa

The Netherlands

New Zealand: Learning to Live with Proportional Representation

Papua New Guinea: Electoral Incentives for Inter-Ethnic Accomodation

Poland: Between Fragmentation and Polarisation

Palestine: Political Realities Shape the System

Russia - An Evolving Parallel System

Senegal:A Parallel System in Africa

Thailand: Combating Corruption through Electoral Reform

Ukraine - The Perils of Majoritarianism in a New Democracy

United Kingdom: Electoral System Experimentation in Cradle of FPTP

United States: Ethnic Minorities and Single-Member Districts

United States: Total Recall - the election of Schwarzenegger in California

South Africa: Electoral Systems, Conflict Management and Inclusion

Contributors to Electoral Systems

Legal Framework

Legal Framework

Overview

Guiding Principles

Context

Basic Alternatives

Basic Alternatives

Different Legal Traditions

Political and Governmental Systems

Political and Governmental Systems

Territorial Organization of the State

Democratic Political Government

Political Parties System

Legal Instruments

Legal Instruments

International Treaties

Constitution

Electoral Laws and Acts

Administrative Regulations

Judicial Precedents

Electoral Authorities Executive Orders

Codes of Conduct

Creation and Amendment Process

Creation and Amendment Process

Creation Strategies

Problems in Amendment Process

Essential Elements

Essential Elements

Electoral System

Electoral Management

Boundary Delimitation

Voter Registration

Voter Registration

Requirements

Registration Procedures

Political Parties and Candidates

Political Parties and Candidates

Political Parties and Other Organizations

Political Parties and Other Organizations

Political Parties

Alliances of Political Parties

Other Political Organizations

Candidates

Candidates

Qualifications

Independent Candidates

Registration Process

Voting Operations

Voting Operations

Polling Reception Centers

Voting Process

Vote Counting

Voter Education

Media and Elections

Elections and Technology

Election Integrity

Electoral Dispute Resolution

Electoral Dispute Resolution

Election Nullification

Different Systems

Different Systems

Legislative Model

Judicial Court Model

Electoral Tribunal Model

Electoral Tribunal Model

Autonomous

Part of the Judiciary

Constitutional Courts Model

Alternative Dispute Resolution

Appeals and Other Challenging Means

Appeals and Other Challenging Means

Terms

Evidence

Legal Framework End Notes

Legal Framework - Bibliography

Electoral Management

Electoral Management

Overview of Electoral Management

Guiding Principles of Electoral Management

Context of Electoral Management

Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies (EMBs)

Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies (EMBs)

What is an electoral management body (EMB)?

Independent Model EMBs

Independent Model EMBs

What an Independent Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not

Governmental Model EMBs

Governmental Model EMBs

What a Governmental Model EMB Is, May Be, and Is Not

Mixed Model EMBs

Mixed Model EMBs

Examples of Formats for a Mixed Model EMB

What Can Be Expected of the Different EMB Models?

Factors that influence EMB behaviour

Permanent and Temporary EMBs

Centralised or Decentralised EMBs

EMBs in Federal Countries

Transitional International EMBs and National EMBs

Representation of the EMB to Cabinet and the Legislature

Summary: Structuring of Electoral Management Bodies

The Legal Framework: The Context for the EMB’s Role and Powers

The Legal Framework: The Context for the EMB’s Role and Powers

International Treaties and Agreements

International Treaties and Agreements

The Constitution

Electoral Laws: Acts and Ordinances

Electoral Laws: Acts and Ordinances

Checklist for Electoral Management Legal Framework

EMB Rules, Regulations and Proclamations

Summary: The Legal Framework

How Legal Instruments Define Electoral Processes

How Legal Instruments Define Electoral Processes

The Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of an EMB

The Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of an EMB

EMB Powers and Functions

Extent of Powers and Functions

Extent of Powers and Functions

Responsibility for Voter Registration

Responsibility for the Registration and Funding of Political Parties

Election Campaign Responsibilities

Voter Education Responsibilities

Validation of Election Results

Supervision of Political Party Candidate Selections

Responsibility for Boundary Delimitation

Electoral Observation Responsibilities

International Activities

Community Responsibilities of EMBs

Avoidance of Conflicts of Interest

Gender Balance Responsibilities

Account of Ethnicity Issues

Equality and Equity

Broadly-based Access

Direct Democracy Instruments

Functional Divisions between Electoral Institutions

Summary:The Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of an EMB

EMB Composition and Roles

EMB Composition and Roles

EMB Membership

EMB Membership

Status of EMB Members

The EMB Chair: A Special Role?

EMB Members: Respected Experts or Watchdogs on Each Other?

EMB Members: Respected Experts or Watchdogs on Each Other?

Multiparty-based EMBs

Expert-based EMBs

EMBs with Both Expert and Multiparty Membership

Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiparty, Expert, and Combined EMBs

Full-time or Part-time EMB Members?

How Many EMB Members?

Term of Office of Members of Permanent EMBs

Recruitment and Appointment of EMB Members

Recruitment and Appointment of EMB Members

Recruitment through Open Advertisement

Nomination of Candidates for EMB Membership by the Head of State and Confirmation by or in Consultation with the Legislature

Unilateral Appointments of EMB Members by One Branch of Government

Involvement of Other Actors in EMB Appointment

Qualifications for Appointment

Conditions of Service and Security of Tenure for EMB Members

Conditions of Service and Security of Tenure for EMB Members

Oath/pledge-taking or Affirmation

EMB Decision-Making Processes

EMB Decision-Making Processes

Meetings of EMB Members

Meetings of EMB Members

Closed or Open EMB Meetings

EMB Member Committees

EMB Members Relationships With The EMB Secretariat

EMB Members Relationships With The EMB Secretariat

Internal Regulations

Summary: EMB Composition and Roles

Planning and Implementing EMB Activities

Planning and Implementing EMB Activities

The EMB Secretariat

The EMB Secretariat

The EMB Secretariat and the Public Service

The EMB Secretariat and the Public Service

Possible Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Public Servants as EMB Secretariat Staff

Possible Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Public Servants as EMB Secretariat Staff

Structuring the Secretariat

Developing an EMB organisational structure

Developing an EMB organisational structure

Alternative Functional Divisions

Organisational Structure Charts

The Election Calendar – A Planning Assistant

EMB Internal Rule Making

EMB Internal Rule Making

Codes of Conduct for EMB Members and Staff

Strategic Planning

Operational Planning

Operational Planning

Operational Concept

EMB Budget

Staffing of EMBs

Procurement by the Election Management Body (EMB)

Communications and Public Relations

Communications and Public Relations

The Media

Records Management

Report Writing

Summary: Planning and Implementing EMB Activities

EMB Staffing and Development of Professional Electoral Management

EMB Staffing and Development of Professional Electoral Management

Staffing of EMBs

Staffing of EMBs

Use of Public Service Staff for EMB Secretariats

Permanent and Temporary Staff

Conditions of Employment: EMB-Specific or Public Service Staff

Staff Pensions

Procedures for Recruitment of EMB Staff

Procedures for Recruitment of EMB Staff

Appointment of EMB Secretariat Staff

Appointment of EMB Secretariat Staff

Procedures for the Appointment for EMB Secretariat Staff

Staff Appointment Formalities

What Is a Professional Electoral Administrator?

Staff Training and Development

Staff Training and Development

EMB Organisational and Staff Development for Permanent Staff

Identifying Training Requirements

Internal Training of EMB Staff

Internal Training of EMB Staff

Written Materials

Practical Exercises

Oral/visual Training

External Training of EMB Staff

External Training of EMB Staff

Information Exchange

Training Courses and Events

Education and Development Courses for EMB Staff

External Election Advisers, Consultants and Trainers

Using International Experience

Mentoring

Secondment of Staff

Handbooks and Specialist Publications

Factors Which May Inhibit EMB Professionalism

Summary: EMB Staffing and Development of Professional Electoral Management

Financial Management of EMBs

Financial Management of EMBs

Common EMB Financing Issues

What Electoral Costs Need to be Financed?

What Electoral Costs Need to be Financed?

Attributes and Examples of Electoral Core, Diffuse and Integrity Costs

Who Finances EMBs and How?

Who Finances EMBs and How?

Method of Disbursing State Funding

Approval of EMB Budget Proposals

Integrated or Distributed Electoral Budgets

Donor Funding

Donor Funding

Some Key Advantages and Disadvantages of International Donor Funding for Electoral Processes

Other Sources of EMB Funding

Budget Formulation Methods for EMBs

Budget Formulation Methods for EMBs

The Process for Budget Formulation and Approval

Availability of Budget Funds

Control of EMB Funding

EMB Financial Control Measures

Asset Management

Principles for EMB Financial Management

Audit and Evaluation

Summary: Financial Management of EMBs

EMB Stakeholder Relationships

EMB Stakeholder Relationships

Who are the Stakeholders and What Is Their Role In the Electoral Process?

Political Parties and Candidates as EMB Stakeholders

The EMB’s Staff

Executive Branch of Government

The Legislature – An EMB Stakeholder

Electoral Dispute Resolution Bodies

The Judicial System

Election Monitors and Observers

The Media – An EMB Stakeholder

The Electorate As an EMB Stakeholder

Civil Society Organisations as EMB Stakeholders

Donor Community – A Key Stakeholder

Secondary EMB Stakeholders

Managing Relationships With Stakeholders

Principles of Stakeholder Management

How To Deal With Difficult Stakeholders

Summary: EMB Stakeholder Relationships

Assessing EMB Performance

Assessing EMB Performance

Principles and Best Practices for EMB Accountability

Stakeholder Accountability

Performance and Financial Accountability

Performance and Financial Accountability

Internal Performance Accountability

External Performance Accountability

Internal Financial Accountability

External Financial Accountability

Auditing EMBs

Auditing EMBs

Performance Audits

Performance Audits

Methodology and Scope of a Performance Audit

Election Performance Audits: Potential Criteria and Specific Issues

Performance Audit Outputs

Financial Audits

Internal Quality Controls

Programme Evaluation by EMBs

Post-election Reviews

Post-election Reviews

EMB’s Post-Election Review Cycle Checklist: Responsibility and Action

Peer Reviews

External Oversight Issues

Accountability for the Use of Technology-based Systems

Summary: Assessing EMB Performance

The Sustainability of EMBs

The Sustainability of EMBs

What is sustainability?

What is sustainability?

Why is EMB sustainability important?

Needs assessment

Electoral sustainability and donor support

Practices favouring sustainability

Staffing for Sustainability

Electoral Materials

Structural and Technological Implications of Sustainability

Automated Voting and Counting Processes

Summary: The Sustainability of EMBs

Cooperation through EMB Networks

Cooperation through EMB Networks

What Are Electoral Networks and Why Do they Matter?

National Electoral Networks

Regional EMB Networks

Global Electoral Networks

Electoral Support Networks

Summary: Cooperation through EMB Networks

Reforming Electoral Processes

Reforming Electoral Processes

What Is Electoral Reform?

Failing EMBs

The EMB’s Role in Electoral Reforms

The Scope of Electoral Reform

Managing Electoral Change

Summary: Reforming Electoral Processes

Administration électorale

Electoral Management Case Studies

Afghanistan: An Electoral Management Body Evolves

Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Success Story for the Independent Model

Cambodia: Tensions Around the National Election Committee

Canada: Stability, Independence and Public Trust

Costa Rica: A Powerful Constitutional Body

Fiji: A New System Under Pressure

Republic of Georgia: A Commission in Tranistion

India: The Embodiment of EMB Independence

Iraq: International Institution Design

Japan: Mixed Model Electoral Management for a Mixed Parallel Electoral System

Kenya: Compromised Independence of the EMB

Lesotho: Building a Reputation

Mozambique: A Need for Depoliticization

Nigeria: A Need for Modernization

Senegal: Independence Strengthened in a Mixed Model of Electoral Management

Spain: Mixed Model Electoral Management Becomes Well Established

Sweden: Governmental in Form, Independent in Practice: A Decentralized Election Management System

The United Kingdom: Electoral Modernization

The United States: Decentralized to the Point of Being Dysfunctional

Uruguay: The Electoral Court - A Fourth Branch of Government?

Yemen: An Emerging Independent EMB

Vanuatu: Limitations to the Independence of the EMB

Zimbabwe: A New Era in Election Management

Contributors to Electoral Management

Boundary Delimitation

Boundary Delimitation

Overview of Boundary Delimitation

Guiding Principles of Boundary Delimitation

Context of Boundary Delimitation

Delimiting Electoral Districts

Delimiting Electoral Districts

Electoral Systems that Delimit Electoral Districts

Electoral Systems that Delimit Electoral Districts

Plurality Electoral Systems

Majority Electoral Systems

Mixed Electoral Systems

Proportional Systems

Electoral District Alternatives

Electoral District Alternatives

District Magnitude

District Magnitude

Single-Member Districts

Multimember Districts

Alignment of Districts with Administrative Boundaries

Country Survey of Delimitation Practices

Structure and Rules for Delimiting Electoral Districts

Structure and Rules for Delimiting Electoral Districts

Designation of a Boundary Authority

Designation of a Boundary Authority

Composition of the Boundary Authority

Partisan Considerations in Choosing a Boundary Authority

Degrees of Boundary Authority Centralisation

Authority for Choosing the Final Districting Plan

Frequency of Electoral District Delimitation

Length of Time Permitted for the Delimitation Process

Public Access to the Delimitation Process

Establishment of Criteria for Delimiting Districts

Establishment of Criteria for Delimiting Districts

Equal Population in Redistricting

Geographic Criteria for Delimiting Electoral Districts

Special Provisions for Minority Groups When Delimiting Electoral Districts

Communities of Interest: Delimiting Boundaries

Role of the Courts in Electoral District Delimitation

Tasks Involved in Drawing Electoral District Boundaries

Tasks Involved in Drawing Electoral District Boundaries

Information Required to Draw Electoral Districts

Information Required to Draw Electoral Districts

Use of Population Data in the Delimitation Process

Use of Political Data in the Delimitation Process

Use of Maps in the Delimitation Process

Steps in the Electoral District Delimitation Process

Steps in the Electoral District Delimitation Process

Allocating Seats

Drawing District Boundaries

Drawing District Boundaries

Preparing a Districting Database

Drawing Electoral District Boundaries

Describing and Evaluating an Electoral District Plan

Delimitation Technology

Delimitation Technology

Use of Computers and Software for Delimitation

Low-Technology Delimitation

Use of Consultants

Special Considerations for Delimiting Voting Areas

Country Case Studies

Country Case Studies

Afghanistan: Delimiting Districts for Transitional Elections in a Post-Conflict Society

Australia: Using Projections to Equalize Electoral District Populations

Canada: Representation in Parliament

Democratic Republic of Congo: Determining How Districts Might be Delimited in a Post-Conflict Society

Germany: Delimiting Districts in a Mixed Member Proportional Electoral System

Fiji: Delimiting Communal Seats to Guarantee Ethnic Representation

The United Kingdom: System of Redistribution

Kosovo: Delimiting Electoral Districts for a Proportional Representation System

Malaysia: Malapportioned Districts and Over-Representation of Rural Communities

New Zealand: Drawing Electoral Districts to Guarantee Minority Representation[1]

Singapore: Drawing Districts to Ensure Super-Majorities in the Parliament

The United States of America: Reapportionment and Redistricting

Yemen: Assessing the Feasibility of Computer-Assisted Delimitation

Contributors to Boundary Delimitation

Bibliography

Boundary Delimitation Glossary

Delimitación de distritos electorales

Délimitation des circonscriptions

Civic and Voter education

Civic and Voter Education

Overview of Civic and Voter Education

Guiding Principles of Civic and Voter Education

Context of Civic and Voter Education

Basic Ideas and Definitions of Voter Information, Voter Education and Civic Education

Basic Ideas and Definitions of Voter Information, Voter Education and Civic Education

Meaning of democracy

Basic Voter Information

Basic Voter Education

Common Features of Voter Information and Education

Common Features of Voter Information and Education

Explaining electoral systems

The election calendar and timetable

Political Parties in Voter Education

Election officials in voter education

Election Sites

Use of Election Sites for Voter Education

Election authority offices

Voter Education at Voting Sites

Voter Education at Counting stations

Role of Voter Education in Registration Process

Basic Civic Education

Direct Democracy

El significado de democracia

Civic Education

Civic Education

Introduction to civic education

Introduction to civic education

Authoritarian Regimes and Fragile States

Post war reconstruction

Civic Education in Emerging Democracies

Civic Education in Established Democracies

Civic Education During Emergencies

Relationship Between General and Civic Education

Institutionalising Civic Education

Institutionalising Civic Education

National Curricula for Civic Education

Responsibility of Civic Education Among National Institutions

Popular education

Social Processes

The Educational Mandate

The Educational Mandate

International Principles of the Educational Mandate

Legislative Framework

Legislative Framework for Voter Education

National Legislation and Local Ordinances Impact Voter Education Initiatives

Election legislation

Constructing a Mandate

Constructing a Voter Education Mandate

Election Stakeholders

Stakeholders in Voter Education Mandate

Election Authority and Other Statutory Bodies as Stakeholders in the Voter Education Mandate

Organised Civil Society as Stakeholders in the Voter Education Mandate

Contestants as Stakeholders in the Voter Education Mandate

Competition and Cooperation in Educating Voters

Mechanisms for Partnerships in Voter Education

Context Assessment

Assessing the Context

Voter Background

Voter Background

Consideration of Demographics in Shaping Voter Education

Cultural and Religious Norms

Gender

Considerations of Literacy and Schooling for Voter Education

Using Existing Resources for Educational Programmes

Using Existing Resources for Education Programmes

Country Infrastructure

Educational System

Importance of Mass Media in Education Programmes

Communication Mechanisms

Venue for Education Events

Existing Social Organisations

Statutory Authorities

The Private Sector

International Support

International Support

South-South Cooperation

Political Parties in Voter Education

Time and Money

Educational Needs

Educational Needs

Target Groups, Audiences, and Constituencies

Target Groups, Audiences, and Constituencies

The General Electorate

High Impact Groups

Marginalized Voters and Groups with Special Needs

Other Considerations

Background Considerations

Political, Constitutional, and Legislative Considerations

Logistical Considerations

Educator Values

Assessing Voter Needs

Assessing Voter Needs

Surveys

Surveys

Survey Design

Framing Questions to Maximize Survey Data

Survey Preparation

Sampling

Selecting Participants

Getting Into the Field

Using Existing Data

Interlocutors and Intermediaries

Strategy Development

Strategy Development

Educational Theory

Educational Theory

Adult Learning

Ideological Considerations

Cultural and Social Considerations

Legitimacy and Credibility

Educating Leaders and Citizens

Language

Public Education Principles

Organisation

Organisation

Planning and Alignment

Existing Institutions

Election Specific Organisation

Election Specific Organisation

Codes of Conduct

Access to Information

Non-Partisanship

Liaison with Election Authorities

Methodology Selection

Message Development

Special Cases

Strategies for Special Cases

Approaching Military and Police Forces

Education of Prisoners

Engaging Apathetic and Disempowered Groups

Discrimination and Exclusion

Reaching Nomads and Isolated Groups

Communicating with Exiles, Refugees, and Internally Displaced Persons

Ensuring the Participation of Shut-Ins and the Disabled

First Time voters

Potential Programme Elements

Potential Programme Elements

The Media

The Media

Government Media

National Impact Media

Community Impact Media

Use of Radio Advertising

Alternative Methods of Communicating Voter Education

Printed Materials

Printed Materials

Legal Considerations

How Copyright Affects Voter Education Programmes

Indexing and Dating

Environmental Considerations of Voter Education

Traditional Print Items

Specialty Print Items

Specialty Print Items

Comics and Pictorials

Posters and Banners

Bookmarks

Beverage Coasters

Stickers

Voter Education Clothing

Promoting Voter and Civic Education with Product Packaging

Calendars

Arts and Culture

Arts and Culture

Formal Performance Art

Street Theatre

Special Events

Art and Handicrafts

Face To Face Interaction

Face To Face Interaction

Group Learning

Simulations

Door To Door Canvassing

Each One Teach One

Other Strategies for Education Programmes

Other Strategies for Education Programmes

Voter Education Outreach via Information Centres and Hotlines

Direct Mail

Telephone Canvassing

Street and Neighbourhood Campaigns

Commercial Advertising

Distance Learning Techniques

Digital Materials

Digital Materials

Digital and Recorded Materials

Web-based Voter Education Materials

Implementation

Voter Education Programme Implementation

Preparation

Preparation

Voter Education Calendar

Budgeting and Financing for Voter Education Programmes

Programme Design

Programme Design

Design Cycle

Team Development

Educational Objectives

Obtaining and Maintaining Commitment To the Plan

Production Considerations

Production Considerations

Projected Materials

White Boards and Black Boards

Preparing Instructional Materials

Procurement

Procurement

Commissioning Materials

Managing Contracts

Assessing and Adapting Existing Materials

Goods and Services

Storage and Distribution

Staffing for Civic and Voter Education

Staffing for Civic and Voter Education

Job Definition and Profiling

Recruitment

Managing Staff and Volunteers

Training and Orientation

Administration and Management

Administration and Management

Leadership

Co-ordination and Control

Quality Assessment

Staff and Volunteer Morale

Relationships to Other Stakeholders

Security for Staff

Security for Staff

Peacekeeping and Peace enforcement

Education In Closed Institutions

Education in Unsafe Areas

Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring and Evaluation

Who Should Evaluate

Monitoring Or Formative Evaluation

Measuring Impact

Measuring Impact

Importance Of Prior Planning

Evaluation Methodology

Evaluation Methodology

Terms Of Reference

Evaluation Design Options

Data Collection Options

Legitimacy and Reliability

Time and Cost of Evaluations

Baseline Studies

Developing Organisational Capacity

Managing Evaluation Recommendations

System Learning

System Learning

Maintenance Of Records

Maintenance Of Records

Staff and Volunteer Details

Logistical Arrangements

Best Practices and Lessons Learned Documentation

Preparing Reports

Archiving and Protecting Materials

Developing Continuity

Contributors to Civic and Voter Education

Voter Registration

Voter Registration

Overview of Voter Registration

Guiding Principles of Voter Registration

Context of Voter Registration

General Issues

General Issues

Alternative Methods- Pro and Con

Periodic List

Periodic List

Periodic List - Advantages

Periodic List - Disadvantages

Continuous Register

Continuous Register

Continuous Register - Advantages

Continuous Register- Disadvantages

Civil Registry

Civil Registry

Civil Register - Advantages

Civil Register - Disadvantages

Administration Considerations

Encouraging Registration

Characteristics of Eligible Voters

Characteristics of Eligible Voters

Qualifications and Identification

Identification for Registration Purposes

Voter's Proof of Identification

Voter's Proof of Identification

The Voter Identification Card: Advantages and Disadvantages

Voluntary versus Mandatory Registration

Self-initiated versus State-Initiated Registration

Resident versus Non-resident Voters

Political Parties and Interest Groups

Polling location

Anonymous registration

Eligibility for simultaneous elections

Legal provisions to prevent fraud

Secondary uses of voter register

Multi-part forms

Outsourcing

Computerization

Technologies

E-registration

Targeted registration

Voter registration methods and participation

Cost Considerations

Specific Administrative Issues

Specific Administrative Issues

Planning

Legal and Administrative Framework

Logistics

Logistics

Logistical Planning - Periodic List

Logistical Planning - Continuous Register

Logistical Planning - Civil Registry

Registration Data Collection

Procurement

Operational Infrastructure

Voter Education

Staff Selection and Training

Implementation

Compiling Registration Data

Storing Registration Data

Production of Preliminary Voters List

Method of Production

Voter Roll Maintenance

Promotion Strategies

Gathering Changes to Preliminary List

Production of Final Voters List

Distribution of Final Voters List

Audit Trail Maintenance

Closing Date for Registration

List Revisions for Early Voters

Objection Hearings

Election Day Registration Additions and Revisions

Contributors to Voter Registration

Bibliography

Voting Operations

Voting Operations

Overview of Voting Operations

Guiding Principles of Voting Operations

Context of Voting Operations

Context of Voting Operations

Participation History

Human Rights

International Intervention

Legislative and Regulatory Framework

The Electoral Management Structure and the Delivery of Voting Operations

Other Players to Support the Voting Process

Use of Technology in Voting Operations

Sustainability Considerations

Cost Considerations

Budgeting and Planning Cycle

Budgeting Systems

Budgeting Systems

Budgeting and Historical Data

Inclusiveness and Comparability of Budgets

Funds Assurance and Timing of Electoral Funds

Budget Line Item Considerations

Budget Line Item Considerations

Staffing and Training Costs

Equipment, Materials and Premises Costs

Communications and Postage Costs

Transport and Freight Costs

Other Costs

Voting Preparations

Voting Preparations

Implementing the Law

Voting Procedures

Voting Procedures

Voting in Person on Voting day

Absentee Voting

Absentee Voting

Qualifications and Eligibility Procedures

Locations For Absentee Voting

Absentee Ballot Forms

Voting in a Foreign Country

Early Voting

Early Voting

Early Voting Procedures

Proxy Voting

Provisional or Tendered Votes

Other Special Voting Arrangements

Other Special Voting Arrangements

Assisted Voters at Voting Stations

Assisted Voters at Other Locations

Voting in Remote Areas

Security and Emergency Forces

Refugees and Displaced Persons

Suppressed Voter Addresses

Planning

Planning

Needs Assessments

Operational Work Plan

Operational Work Plan

Calendars and Time Lines

Assignment of Responsibilities

Checklists for Planning

Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Transportation Infrastructure

Communications

Materials Production

Voter Information

Voter Information

General Media

Information Direct to Voters

Information Direct to Voters

Usage of Telephone Information Services

Information at Voting Locations

Voter Information Requirements

Voter Information Requirements

Information on Eligibility and Methods

Information on Voting Location and Hours

Information on Voting Station Procedures

Information on How to Ensure a Vote is Valid

Information on the Integrity of the Voting Process

Expenditure Planning

Materials and Equipment

Materials and Equipment

Use of Standard Reference Material

Use of Standard Reference Material

Manuals

Manuals

Administration Manuals

Voting Station Officials Manuals

Trainers Manuals

Party/Candidate Manuals

Observer Manuals

Security Force Manuals

Checklists and Cue Cards

Production of Ballot Papers

Production of Ballot Papers

Ballot Paper Design

Printing of Ballots

Printed Ballot Integrity Controls

Voting Day Equipment and Maintenance Considerations

Voting Day Equipment and Maintenance Considerations

Ballot Boxes and Seals

Voting Compartments

Temporary Structures

Furniture

Amenities

Sensitive vs. Non-Sensitive Material

Voting Materials

Voting Materials

Voters' Lists

Election Forms

General Supplies

Materials Quality Control

Requisition and Inventory Preparation

Storage Prior to Voting

Packaging Materials and Equipment for Delivery

Storage After Voting Day

Logistics

Logistics

Transportation

Transportation

Delivering Voting Site Resources

Arrangements with Suppliers

Security Force Transportation

Transportation Security

Communications Systems

Voice Communications

Recruitment and Training of Voting Station Staff

Recruitment and Training of Voting Station Staff

Voter Operation Staffing Profile

Voter Operation Staffing Profile

Voter Service Standards

Level, Categories & Duties of Electoral Staff

Level, Categories & Duties of Electoral Staff

Voting Station Management

Entrance and Queue Control

Information and Language Assistance

Controlling the Voting Process

Other Voting Operations Staff

Recruitment

Recruitment

Recruitment Standards

Recruitment Standards

Representativeness and independence of staff

Disqualifications from Employment

Educational Qualifications

Recruitment Action Plan

Recruitment Action Plan

Recruitment Methodology

Transparency in Recruitment

The Nature of Appointment Contracts

Contingency Staff

Staff Appointment Documentation

Codes of Conduct for Voting Operations Staff

Training of Voting Operations Staff

Training of Voting Operations Staff

Organisation of Training

Organisation of Training

Defining Training Objectives

Training Materials, Equipment, and Sites

Training Plan

Training of Trainers

Training Methodology

Training Methodology

Training Delivery Responsibilities

Training Session Content

Training Delivery Style

Training Environment

Timing of Training

Knowledge Assessment

Training Reference Materials

Security Force Training

Evaluation of Recruitment and Training

Training for Parties and Candidates

Training for Observers

International Observer Training

Voting Sites

Voting Sites

Demographic Analysis

Locations of Voting Sites

Voting Site Arrangements

Voting Site Arrangements

Voting Site Standards

Voting Site Standards

Voting Site Facilities

Voting Station Layout Standards

Potential Voting Station Layouts

Reserving Voting Sites

Voting Site Needs Assessments

Voting Station Readiness

Voting Location Maps

Voting Site Security

Voting Site Security

Security Responsibilities and Planning

Security Responsibilities and Planning

Security Risk Assessments

Standards and Site Assessments

Operations and Security Centres

Voting Site Security Arrangements

Voting Site Security Arrangements

Role and Powers of Voting Station Staff and Security Forces

Use of Communication Networks

Rapid Reaction and Reserve Forces

Information Security

Voting

Voting

Ensuring Readiness

Ensuring Readiness

Distribution and Receipt of Voting Materials

Transportation of Voting Station Officials

Multi-Day Voting

Contingency Plans

Contingency Plans

Voting Hours Operations

Voting Hours Operations

Preparations for Commencement of Voting

Preparations for Commencement of Voting

Site Checks

Staffing Checks

Materials Checks

Equipment Checks

Voter Service

Voter Service

Crowd and Queue Control

Determination of Eligibility to Vote

Issue and Casting of Ballots

Informing and Assisting Voters

Assistance to Voters

Voters not Found on Voters' Lists

Voting Station Staff Management

Voting Station Staff Management

Monitoring Voting Station Staff Performance

Staff Welfare on Voting Day

Integrity Controls

Security in Voting Stations

Crisis Management

Role of Party/Candidate Representatives

Role of Party/Candidate Representatives

Rights and Conduct Within Voting Stations

Representatives at Mobile Voting Stations

Close of Voting

Close of Voting

Collection of Ballots

Collection of Ballots

Reconciliation of Ballots or Envelopes Received

Reconciliation of Ballots or Envelopes Issued

Verification and Packing of Materials

Preparation for Ballot Count

Role of Party/Candidate Representatives

Closing Arrangements for Special Voting

Closing Arrangements for Special Voting

Close of Voting for Provisional Votes

Close of Voting for Early Voting

Close of Voting for Absentee Voting

Close of Voting for Mail Voting

Close of Voting for Votes Cast Outside the Country

Close of Voting for Mobile Voting Stations

Voting Station Managers' Reports

Management of Challenges and Complaints

Management of Challenges and Complaints

Challenges to Voters

Challenges to Validity of Ballots

Challenges to Party/Candidate Representatives' Actions

Challenges to Voting Operations Management

Voter Follow-Up

Voter Follow-Up

Compulsory Voting System

Voter Fraud

Country Case Studies

Country Case Studies

Elections in Ethiopia

Elections in Palestine

Contributors to Voting Operations

Overview of Voting Operations

Parties and Candidates

Parties and Candidates

Overview of Parties and Candidates

Guiding Principles of Parties and Candidates

Context of Parties and Candidates

External Regulations of Parties and Candidates

External Regulations of Parties and Candidates

Laws and Regulation that concern Political Parties

Laws and Regulation that concern Political Parties

Roles and Definition of Political Parties

Registration of Political Parties as Organisations

Financial Regulations

Financial Regulations

Direct and Indirect Public Funding

Direct and Indirect Public Funding

Use of Direct Public Funding

Timing of Direct Public Funding

Allocation of Direct Public Funds

Indirect Public Funding of Parties and Candidates

Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Funds to Political Parties and Candidates

Reporting and Public Disclosure of Party Finance

Reporting and Public Disclosure of Party Finance

Prohibited Sources of Funds

Prohibited Sources of Funds

Ceilings on Elections Expenditure

Ceilings on Elections Expenditure

Limits on Donations

Limits on Donations

Legislated Quotas

Legislated Quotas

Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation

Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation

Advantages and Disadvantages of Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation

Legislated Quotas for National Minorities

Legislated Quotas for National Minorities

Advantages and Disadvantages of Legislated Quotas for Minority Representation

Internal Functioning of Political Parties

Internal Functioning of Political Parties

Legal Regulations Regarding Internal Functioning

Legal Regulations Regarding Internal Functioning

Internal Elections for Leadership Positions

Other Legal Regulations Regarding Internal Functioning

Internal Voluntary Party Regulations

Internal Voluntary Party Regulations

Candidate Selection within Political Parties

Candidate Selection within Political Parties

Primary Elections

Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas

Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas

Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for Women

Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for other Disadvantaged Groups

Conditions under which voluntary party quotas are most likely applied

Advantages and Disadvantages of Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for Women's Representation

Factors influecing the implementation of voluntary party candidate quotas

Party Structure

Party Structure

Party Media

Party Media

The Role of Members

The Role of Members

Parties and Candidates in the Electoral Process

Parties and Candidates in the Electoral Process

Political Party Codes of Conduct

Political Party Codes of Conduct

Content of Political Party Codes of Conduct

Registration for Election and Nomination of Candidates

Registration for Election and Nomination of Candidates

Registration Requirements of Candidates for Election

Registration Requirements of Candidates for Election

Monetary Deposits for Ballot Access

Criteria to stand as a candidate

De-Registration of Parties and Candidates

De-Registration of Parties and Candidates

The Effect of Electoral System on Parties and Candidates

The Effect of Electoral System on Parties and Candidates

District Magnitude and Political Parties

Party Magnitude and Candidate Selection

The Effect of Electoral System on Party System

The Effect of Electoral System on Candidates

By-Elections

Relationship between Parties and Candidates and the Electoral Management Body

Relationship between Parties and Candidates and the Electoral Management Body

Parties and Candidates as Stakeholders

Types of Involvement

Political Parties Liaison Committee

Media in Election Campaigns

Campaigning

Coalitions and Elections Alliances

Resignation, Removal, Death of a Candidate Before an Election

Parties as Election Monitors

Parties and Candidates in Legislatures

Parties and Candidates in Legislatures

Formation of Government

Party Group/Caucus

Floor-Crossing

Parties and Candidates Case Studies

India: Reservation of Number of Seats for Minorities

Cambodia: Code of Conduct

Russia: Electoral Campaign of Variable Duration

United States: Study on Primary Elections

South Africa: Case Study on Floor-Crossing

Sources/Bibliography

Contributors to Parties and Candidates

Vote Counting

Vote Counting

Overview of Vote Counting

Guiding Principles of Vote Counting

Context of Vote Counting

Application of Technology

Cost Considerations

Cost Components

Electoral System and Ballot Type Implications for the Count

Electoral System and Ballot Type Implications for the Count

Electoral Systems Counting Requirements for Different Electoral Systems

Ballot Type Counting Requirements

Transforming Votes to Seats

Different Types and Requirements for Vote Counting

Different Types and Requirements for Vote Counting

Differences in terms of Where the Counting is Held

Differences in terms of How the Counting is Done

Basic Criteria and Procedures for Vote Counting

Basic Criteria and Procedures for Vote Counting

Criteria to Determine when Votes should Count as Valid

Special Considerations for Counting Votes Cast Outside the Country

Procedures for Vote Counting at Voting Stations

Procedures for Vote Counting at Voting Stations

Opening/Closing Ballot Boxes

Opening/Closing Ballot Boxes

Reconciling Ballot Accounts

Sorting

Sorting

Checking Validity of the Ballot

Separating Spoiled and Rejected Ballots

Separating Valid Ballots

Counting

Counting

Count of Spoiled and Rejected Ballots

Count of Valid Ballots

Verification of Count

Sealing the Ballots

Transmitting Voting Station Results

Transmitting Voting Station Results

Voting Station Statement of Votes

Issuing of the Statement of Votes

Communicating Results

Consolidating Voting Results

Consolidating Voting Results

Receiving Result Counts

Cumulative Audit Trail

Results per Party/Candidate

Results per Party/Candidate

Consolidating Results: List Systems

Publicizing Election Results

Publicising Election Results

Publishing Interim Election Results

Publicising Official Final Results

Challenging Results

Challenging Results

Recount at the Voting Station

Recount at District/National Level

Judicial Recounts

Procedures for Vote Counting at Counting Centres

Procedures for Vote Counting at Counting Centres

Preparation for Ballot Box Transport

Preparation for Ballot Box Transport

Creation of Ballot Account

Providing Security Controls

Creation of Transport Logs

Arrangement for Transport of Ballot Boxes to the Counting Centre

Transport of Ballot Boxes

Transport of Ballot Boxes

Securing Ballot Boxes During Transportation

Unloading of Ballot Boxes

Completion of Transport Logs

Opening and Closing of Ballot Boxes

Sorting of Ballots

Sorting of Ballots

Checking Validity of the Ballot

Separating Spoiled and Rejected Ballots

Separating Valid Ballots

Counting

Counting

Count of Spoiled and Rejected Ballots

Count of Valid Ballots

Verification of Count

Sealing of Ballot

Transmitting Counting Centre Results

Transmitting Counting Centre Results

Progress Reports; Cumulative Statement of Votes

Issuing the Statement of Votes

Communicating Results to National Level

Consolidating Voting Results

Consolidating Voting Results

Receiving Results from Counting Centres

Creating an Audit Trail

Tallying Results Per Party or Candidate

Publicising Results

Country Case Studies

Country Case Studies

Ghana: Vote Counting using Majoritatrian and First-Past-the-Post

Indonesia: Counting the Votes for the 1999 Elections

Mozambique: Vote Counting and Tabulation

Russia: Counting Votes for Local Elections

Sweden: Counting Ballots

Vote Counting Glossary

Contributors to Vote Counting

Additional Resources

Media and Elections

Media and Elections

Overview of Media and Elections

Guiding Principles of Media and Elections

Context of Media and Elections

Legal Principles

Legal Principles

International Law on Media and Elections

International Law on Media and Elections

Media and Democracy

Obligations of Pluralism

Freedom of Political Debate

Right of Access to Government Media

Publishing Opposition Views

Right of Reply to Media Reports during Elections

Limits to Liability of Media During Elections

Restrictions on Political Speech

Criticism of Politicians and Government

Right to an Effective Remedy

Protecting the Safety of the Media

Media Environment

Media Environment

Where do people get their information?

History of Respect for Media Freedom

Relative Importance of Different Media

Relative Importance of Different Media

Structure of Media Ownership

Structure of Media Ownership

Public/State Media

Corporate Media

Private Broadcasters

Print Media

Community Media

Party Media

"New" Media

"New" Media

The Internet

Cellular Telephones and Election Campaigning

Level of Media Professionalism

Level of Media Professionalism

Journalism Training

Legal Framework for Media

Legal Framework for Media

Constitutional Protection for Media Freedom

Statutes Affecting the Media

Other Statutory Instruments Affecting the Media

Case Law Affecting the Media

Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks

Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks

Broadcasting Regulator

Voluntary Media Council

Statutory or Constitutional Regulators

Law or Regulations on Media During Elections

Law or Regulations on Media During Elections

Who Should be Involved in the Drafting Process?

A Specified Campaign Period?

Different Obligations of Public and Private Media

Different Obligations of Public and Private Media

Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media

Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media

Implementation Mechanism for Media and Election Regulations

Implementation Mechanism: Existing Media Regulatory Body

Implementation Mechanism: Media Self-Regulation

Implementation Mechanism: Electoral Commission

Implementation Mechanism: Specialist Body

Implementation Mechanism: Judiciary

Complaints Procedure on Media Coverage

News Blackouts

Regulating Coverage of Opinion Polls

Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation

Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation

International and Comparative Law on Hate Speech

Media Liability for Reports of Unlawful Statements

Hate Speech - Operations of the Regulator

Right of Reply to Criticism or Adverse Statements

Journalists' Right of Access to Election Events

Accreditation of Journalists

Accreditation of Journalists

Foreign Media

Measures to Protect Journalists

Provisions for Public Media

Provisions for Public Media

Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties

Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties

Equal or Equitable Direct Access Coverage?

Equal Access for All Parties?

Equitable (or Fair) Access for Political Parties?

Criteria for Allocation of Direct Access Time

Timing and Length of Direct Access Slots

Who Pays for Direct Access Broadcasts?

Who Produces Direct Access Broadcasts?

Direct Access in Referenda

Paid Political Advertising

Paid Political Advertising

Countries that Allow Paid Political Advertising

A Mixed System of Advertising and Free Access

Political Advertising and Campaign Spending Limits

Regulation of Content of Direct Access Material?

Government's Duty to Inform - Voter Information

Balanced News Coverage

Provisions for the Private Media

Why Communication Matters

Why Communication Matters

Analysing Your Strenghts and Weaknesses

Defining Your Message

Defining Your Audience

Developing a Media Strategy

Developing Techniques of Media Relations

Developing Techniques of Media Relations

Briefing Packs

Pre-recorded Audio and Video Material

Providing Information on Electoral Authority Web Site

Media Briefings

Press Releases

Media Centre

Timing Work with Media

Timing Work with Media

Pre-Campaign Issues

Campaign Issues

Campaign Issues

Role of the Regulatory Body - Monitoring the Process

Role of Non-governmental Organisations

Media Monitoring

Election Day Reporting

Election Day Reporting

Media Access to Polling Stations

Reporting the Vote

Promoting Professional Coverage of Results

Promoting Professional Coverage of Results

Exit Polls

Reporting on Quick Counts

Post-election Reporting

Media Monitoring

Media Monitoring

Media Monitoring by Electoral Management Bodies

Media Monitoring by International Election Observation Missions

Media Monitoring by Non-Governmental Organisations

Media Monitoring Methodology

Media Monitoring Methodology

Media Monitoring and Media Analysis

Quantitative Media Monitoring Methods

Qualitative Media Monitoring Methods

Reporting Media Monitoring Findings

Covering an Election Campaign

Covering an Election Campaign

Training Journalists to Report Elections

Planning Election Coverage

Ethical and Professional Issues

Ethical and Professional Issues for Media in Elections

Codes of Conduct for Media in Elections

Codes of Conduct for Media in Elections

Accuracy of Media Reports

Impartiality

Responsibility

Legal Issues in Election Reporting

Reporting Opinion Polls

Reporting Exit Polls

Reporting Hate Speech

Reporting the Campaign

Reporting the Campaign

Parties' Media Strategies

Reporting Political Events

Voters-Voice Reporting

Policy-Making and Evaluation

Policy-Making and Evaluation

A Process of Consultation

Case Studies

Media and Elections Case Studies

Bosnia: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech

Canada: Paid Political Advertising

Canada: Canada prohibits bloggers from reporting results

Gambia: The Independent Electoral Commission of The Gambia develops a communications plan

Italy: An Existing Regulatory Body

Russia: Complaints Procedure (1993)

United Kingdom: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech

United States: bringing the bloggers to heel?

Zimbabwe: An Example Of Unbalanced Coverage

Contributors to Media and Elections

Electoral Integrity

Electoral Integrity

Overview of Electoral Integrity

Guiding Principles of Electoral Integrity

Context of Electoral Integrity

Context of Electoral Integrity

Cost Considerations

Principles of Electoral Integrity

Principles of Electoral Integrity

Ethical Behaviour

Fair Process

Accountability

Legal Framework of Electoral Integrity

Legal Framework of Electoral Integrity

Constitution

Legislation

Regulations

Regulations

Codes of Conduct

Institutional Framework of Electoral Integrity

Institutional Framework of Electoral Integrity

Electoral Policy Body

Electoral Management Body

Oversight Agencies

Political Party Organizations

Political Party Organizations

Code of Conduct for Political Parties

Interest Group Organizations

Interest Group Organizations

Non-Governmental Organizations

Independent Observers

Media

Media

Media Code of Conduct

Enforcement Agencies

Monitors of Election Integrity

Monitors of Election Integrity

Official Oversight

Official Oversight

Integrity Issues in Oversight

Monitoring by Political Parties

Monitoring by the Media

Monitoring by Individuals

Organized National Election Observation

Organized National Election Observation

Efficacy of National Observation

International Election Observation

International Election Observation

Roles and Rules of International Observers

Standards to Evaluate Elections

Enforcement of Electoral Integrity

Enforcement of Electoral Integrity

Types of Offences

Making a Complaint

Investigations

Investigations

Duties and Ethical Conduct of Investigators

Decision to Investigate

Procedures and Powers of Investigators

Procedures and Powers of Investigators

Rights of Individuals in Investigations

Handling of Evidence

Investigator's Analysis

Decision to Prosecute

Audits

Prosecution and Judicial Proceedings

Prosecution and Judicial Proceedings

Rights of the Accused

Civil Litigation

Sentences and Penalties

Monitoring of Enforcement

Investigating in Difficult Circumstances

Integrity in Election Administration

Integrity in Election Administration

Election Management

Election Management

Budget

Budget

Integrity Problems and Solutions

Staffing and Recruitment

Procurement

Electoral System

Boundary Delimitation

Electoral Calendar

Voter Education

Voter Registration

Voter Registration

Registration Facilities: Registration by Mail and by Internet

Avoiding Voter Registration Fraud

Privacy Rights about Voter Information

Registration of Political Entities

Registration of Political Entities

Registration of Political Parties

Registration of Candidates

Registration of Interest Groups

Electoral Campaign

Electoral Campaign

Access to Media

Opinion Polling

Political Finance

Political Finance

Political Finance Policy Goals

Political Finance Regulation Components

Political Finance Enforcement

Political Finance Enforcement

Clear Law and Regulations

Establishment of Independent Political Finance Regulator

Oversight Powers of Political Finance Regulator

Political Finance Oversight - Disclosure

Political Finance Oversight - Audits

Political Finance Oversight - Investigations

Enforcement Powers of Political Finance Regulator

Enforcement Powers - Material Incentives

Enforcement Powers - Administrative

Enforcement Powers - Civil and Criminal

Access to Information About Political Finance

Voting Operations

Voting Operations

Secrecy of the Vote

Security

Voting Mechanisms

Voting Mechanisms

Internet Voting

Discrimination, Intimidation and Fraud

Vote Counting

Vote Counting

Electronic Vote Counting

Complaints and Appeals

Official Results

Panorama general

Contributors to Electoral Integrity

Electoral Integrity - Bibliography

Integridad electoral

Principios guía

Contexte

Contexto de Elecciones y Medios

Contexto

Consideración de costos

Principes de l'intégrité électorale

Cadre législatif de l'intégrité électorale

Intégrité électorale

Integridad electoral

Principios guía

Elections and Technology

Elections and Technology

Overview of Elections and Technology

Guiding Principles of Elections and Technology

Context of Elections and Technology

Technologies with Electoral Applications

Technologies with Electoral Applications

Telecommunications Technology

Telecommunications Technology

Networks

The Internet

Computer Hardware and Software

Computer Hardware and Software

Word Processing

Spreadsheets

Databases

Other technologies

Managing Technology

Managing Technology

Choosing and Acquiring Technology

Choosing and Acquiring Technology

Considerations on Technology Solutions

Costs and Benefits of Technology

Planning and Development Strategies

Planning and Development Strategies

Information Technology Strategy

Implementation Methodologies

Implementation Methodologies

Needs Assessments, Business Cases, and Specifications

Development

Testing

Implementation

Development and Implementation Timeframes

Data Conversion

Systems Integration and Compatibility

Quality Assurance

Financing Technology

Financing Technology

Budgeting

Funds Acquisition

Depreciation and Amortization Policies

Management Structure

Management Structure

Computer Systems Administration

Tele Communications Management

Database Management

Help Desk

System Library and Distribution

User Management

Computer Supplies and Consumables

Maintenance

Staffing, Training and Support

Evaluation and Audit

Minimizing Risks In Using Technology

Minimizing Risks In Using Technology

Security

Ensuring Reliability of Data

Manual/Alternative Contingency Systems

System Verification, Testing and Maintenance

Insurance

Performance Safeguards

Encryption

Public Assurance Measures

Public Information and Privacy Policies

Technology for Boundary Delimitation

Technology for Boundary Delimitation

Using GIS to Draw District Boundaries

Using GIS to Evaluate Redistricting Plans

Requirements for Using GIS Software for Redistricting

Making the Decision to Use GIS for Redistricting

Technology for Regulation of Party and Candidates

Technology for Regulation of Party and Candidates

Party Registration

Providing Information To Parties

Party And Campaign Financing - Regulation and Reporting

Candidate Nomination

Technology for Voter Registration

Technology for Voter Registration

Purposes of Voter Registration

Purposes of Voter Registration

Voter Registration and the Electoral System

Impact of Voter Registration Methods

Voter Identification Methods

Voter Registration Processing

Voter Registration Processing

Environment

Database Design

Functions

Voter Register Data

Voter Register Data

Voter Identification

Geographic Information

Technology for Reaching Voters

Technology for Reaching Voters

Audio Visual Applications

Telephone

Automated Direct Mail

Internet

Computer Kiosks

Desktop Publishing

Special Needs Groups

Technology for Voting Operations

Technology for Voting Operations

Voting Operation Steps

Technology for Voting

Technology for Voting

Mechanical Voting Systems

Electronic Voting Systems

Electronic Voting Systems

Punch Cards

Optical Scanning Systems

Direct Recording Electronically (DRE)

Internet Voting

Technology for Corporate Management

Technology for Corporate Management

Project Management

Personnel Management

Financial Management Systems

Supply and Inventory Management

The Future of Elections and Technology

Case Studies

Elections and Technology Case Studies

An Electoral Register from Scratch: The Palestinian Elections of 20 January 1996

Russia - The State Automated Elections System

Saint Lucia

United States

Contributors to Elections and Technology

Bibliography

Élections et technologie

Voting from Abroad

Voting from Abroad

Overview of Voting from Abroad

Guiding Principles of Voting from Abroad

Context of Voting from Abroad

Comparative Review

Comparative Review of Voting from Abroad

Types of Election to Which External Voting Applies

Persons Eligible to Vote from Abroad

Voting Procedures in Use for External Voting

Political Representation for External Voters

External Voting and Participation

Legal Framework

Legal Framework of Voting from Abroad

The Concept and Provisions of External Voting: Basic Features and Institutional Choices

Three Structural Problems of External Voting

Conclusions of the Legal Framework of Voting from Abroad

Entitlement to Vote from Abroad

Entitlement to Vote from Abroad

Conditions for Entitlement to Vote

Qualification to Stand as a Candidate in Elections

Registration of External Electors

Examples of Qualifications for External Voting

Conclusions of the Entitlement to Vote from Abroad

The Implementation of External Voting

The Implementation of External Voting

Planning of External Voting

Aspects of the Implementation of External Voting

Conclusions of the Implementation of External Voting

Host Country Issues

Host Country Issues

Negotiating with Host Countries

The Roles and Responsibilities of Host Countries

Host Country Agreements

Costs

Conclusions of Host Country Issues

The Political Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons: Enfranchisement and Participation

The Political Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons: Enfranchisement and Participation

Obstacles to Refugee Enfranchisement

The Regulatory Framework

Special Political and Logistical Requirements

Conclusions of the Political Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons

The Political Rights of Migrant Workers and External Voting

The Political Rights of Migrant Workers and External Voting

Awareness of Migrant Workers’ Political Rights

The Challenges of Designing an External Voting Mechanism that Includes Migrant Workers

Alternatives for Design and Implementation

Conclusions of the Political Rights of Migrant Workers and External Voting

Observation of External Voting

Observation of External Voting

Types of Observation and Their Purpose

The Assessment Prior to Observation of External Voting

When Should External Voting be Observed?

External Voting: Controlled and Uncontrolled Environments

Data Collection

The Observation Process: Possibilities and Limitations

Conclusions of Observation of External Voting

”E-voting” and External Voting

”E-voting” and External Voting

Remote E-voting and External Voting

Arguments in Favour of and Against Remote E-voting for External Electors

Some Security Challenges for Remote E-voting and Possible Solutions

Other support through new information and communication technologies

Conclusions of e-voting and external voting

Country Case Studies

Botswana: Disappointing Results of External Voting

Afghanistan’s 2004 Presidential Election: External Voting for a Large Displaced Population

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Post-war Trends in External Voting

Brazil: Compulsory Voting and Renewed Interest Among External Voters

Cape Verde: A Large Diaspora and Low Turnout by External Voters

Honduras: A Decision Based on Political Calculations

Colombia: Representation of Emigrants in the Congress

The Dominican Republic: Political Agreement in Response to Demands for the Right to Vote from Abroad

The Cook Islands: Seat for Overseas Voters Abolished

Estonia: More Options for External Voting

Mexico: Safeguarding the Integrity of the Electoral Process

The Marshall Islands: A High Proportion of External Voters

Indonesia: A Long-established System for External Voting at Diplomatic Missions

Mozambique: A System that is too Subjective?

Portugal: Extended Voting Rights and Decreasing Participation

Iraq: A Large Diaspora and Security Concerns

Senegal: A Significant External Electorate

The Philippines: The First Experience of External Voting

Switzerland: External Voting in a Federal State with Direct Democracy

Zimbabwe: Highly Restrictive Provisions

The Cost of External Voting: Some Examples

External Voting: A World Survey of 214 Countries and Territories

Glossary of Terms

Contributors to Voting from Abroad

References and Further Reading

Focus On... Series

"Focus On..." Series

Electoral Laws: A Macroscopic Perspective

Introduction

Objectives

Methodology

Legal Framework

Electoral Management

Boundary Delimitation

Voter Registration

Parties and Candidates

Media and Election

Voting Operations

Vote Counting

Voter Education

Summary

Conclusion

About The Authors

Effective Electoral Assistance

Focus On Effective Electoral Assistance

Introduction

Brief History of Electoral Assistance – Three leading actors

The hard lessons of the 1990s

The Wake-Up Call of the New Millennium

Facing Electoral Realities: Too Much Assistance, Too Late

The Electoral Cycle Approach

Setting Up an Effective Electoral Assistance Project: From Identification to Evaluation

Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Development

Existing Knowledge and Capacity Building Services

Embracing technology

The Way Forward

Conclusions

Links Relevant to Effective Electoral Assistance

Elections and Security

Focus on Elections and Security

Principles of Elections and Security

Election Security Threats and Analysis

Security Actors

Electoral Special Security Measures

Conclusion

Contributors

Cost of Registration and Elections

Focus on Cost of Registration and Elections

Working definitions of election costs in a core-costing model

Working definitions of election costs in a core-costing model

Election budgets and revenue sources for funding the administration of elections

Election budgets and revenue sources for funding the administration of elections

Election funding: legal framework and practice; election budget processes and cycles

Resource-sharing arrangements with other public agencies

How much do elections cost?

Electoral Budget histories in the 1990s

Public funding of political parties

Electoral Assistance from the international community

Voter registration costs

Voter registration costs

General considerations on the purpose of voter lists in comparison with other registries of people

Voter registration systems in a global perspective

Quality standards of voter lists

Managing the cost of voter/civil registries: Country Experiences

Electoral Cost management practices

Electoral cost management practices

Electoral Procurement procedures

Inventory control of unused electoral supplies

Cash transactions for electoral-related goods and services

Electoral Cost overruns

Electoral budget audit

Investing in High-technology Electoral Solutions

Cost-effectiveness in elections

Country Case Studies on Electoral Costs

Country Case Studies on Electoral Costs

Iraq: Cost of Registration and Elections

Haiti: Cost of Registration and Elections

Cost of Registration and Elections Survey Research

Cost of Registration and Elections Survey Research

Contributors

Direct Democracy

Focus on Direct Democracy

Referendums

Citizen Initiatives

Recall

Total Recall - the election of Schwarzenegger in California

Swiss Direct Democracy

Contributors

Elections and Disability

Focus on Elections and Disability

Contributors

E-Voting

Focus on E-Voting

What is "e-voting"?

Requirements for e-voting

Auditing of e-voting systems

Opportunities, risks and challenges of e-voting

Countries with e-voting projects

Contributors

Guiding Principles

Administrative Considerations

Cost Considerations

Social and Political Context

Electronic/Mechanical Voting Systems

Optical Scanning Systems

HIV/AIDS and Elections

Focus on HIV/AIDS and Elections

Electoral management and administration

Electoral system and power shifts

Political parties

Public opinion

Special vote

Stigma and discrimination

Voter Mortality

Contributors

Contributors to the "Focus On..." series

Offering Knowledge on Elections

temp

Comparative Data

Comparing how countries run elections

Electoral Materials

Sharing knowledge and information on elections

Quizzes

Electoral Quiz

Bibliography

Bibliography

Election Fraud Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation

Beyond Free and Fair Elections: Monitoring Elections and Building Democracy

Post-War Bosnia: Ethnicity, Inequality and Public Sector Governance

Electoral Systems and Political Transformation in Post-Communist Europe

Embodying democracy: electoral system design in post-Communist Europe

To Keep or To Change First Past The Post? The Politics of Electoral Reform

Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting, and Direct Democracy

Elections in Australia, Ireland and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution

Democracy assistance: international co-operation for democratization

Handbook of Electoral System Choice

Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems

Women, Quotas and Politics

Behind the Ballot Box: A Citizen's Guide to Voting Systems

Strategic Fools: Electoral Rule Choice Under Extreme Uncertainty

Party Formation and Racism

Evaluation of the Alternative Vote System

Elections in Agrarian Societies

Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico

Parliamentary Democracy and Political Change in India

Single-Member District Electoral Systems and Democratic Transition

Electoral democracy in the provinces

State Structures and Electoral Systems in Post-Conflict Situations

What is Proportional Representation?

Democracy and Elections: Electoral Systems and Their Political Consequences

Democracy in Conflict: A Special NORDEM Report on Elections for Local Councils, President and Legislative Council in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2004-2006

Democracy Transformed?: Expanding Political Opportunities in Advanced Industrial Democracies

Institutional Gamblers: Majoritarian Representation, Electoral Uncertainty, and the Coalition Costs of Mexico's Hybrid Electoral System

Electoral Rules and the Emergence of New Issue Dimensions

The Observers Observed

Doing Democracy Differently: Has Electoral Reform Finally Arrived?

How to Manage Free and Fair Elections: A Comparison of Korea, Sweden and the United Kingdom

It’s Parties That Choose Electoral Systems

Elections

On Democracy

La répresentation proportionelle des parties

The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies Throughout the World

Electoral Systems and Democracy

Promoting democracy in postconflict societies

Islam and Democracy in the Middle East

An Economic Theory of Democracy

Methods of Electing Representatives

Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State

A Framework for the Systematic Study of Election Quality

Electoral Institutional Change and Democratization: You Can Lead a Horse to Water, But You Can’t Make It Drink

A Category of its Own? Four PR Two-Tier Compensatory Member Electoral Systems in 1994

Judging Elections and Election Management Quality by Process

The Impact of Election Administration on the Legitimacy of Emerging Democracies: A New Research Agenda

Analysing the Impact of Election Administration on Democratic Politics

Defining Democracy: Decisions, Elections and Good Governance

Congressional Primaries and the Politics of Representation

Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction

Representing Europe's Citizens?: Electoral Institutions and the Failure of Parliamentary Representation

The Australian Electoral System: Origins, Variations and Consequences

Voter Satisfaction and Electoral Systems: Does Preferential Voting in Candidate-Centered Systems Make a Difference?

Mixed Electoral Systems: Contamination and Its Consequences

Adversary Politics and Electoral Reform

The Dynamics of Voter Turnout in Established Democracies Since 1945

The Politics of Electoral Systems

Fair? What Has Fairness Got to Do with It? Vagaries of Election Observations and Democratic Standards

Elections, Contracts and Markets

Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World 1946–2000

Choosing an Electoral System: The Primacy of the Particular

Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes, and Majorities

Electoral Laws and their Political Consequences

Representation and Redistricting Issues

Elections in Japan, Korea and Taiwan under the Single Non-Transferable Vote

Special Issue on Political Culture, Representation and Electoral Systems in the Pacific Islands

Mandate Politics

The Evolution of Electoral and Party System in the Nordic Countries

The Tyranny of the Majority

On the Election of Representatives, Parliamentary and Municipal: A Treatise

Democracy or Anarchy? A Study of Proportional Representation

Crisis at the Polls: An Electoral Reform Handbook

Parliamentary Elections and Party Landscape in the Visegrád Group Countries

Democracy in Divided Societies

Elections and Electoral Systems: Analyses, Situations, Dilemmas, Solutions

Electoral Systems: A Primer for Decision Makers

The German Electoral System

Values and the Electoral System

Electoral Reform: The Risks of Unintended Consequences

From Votes to Seats: Four Families of Electoral Systems

Elections and Electoral Systems in Germany

From Votes to Seats: The Operation of the UK Electoral System since 1945

Electoral Laws and the Survival of Presidential Democracies

Democracy and Elections

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems

Postconflict Elections, Democratization and International Assistance

Crafting Sustainable Election Processes in New Democracies

How Democracies Vote

The Problem with PR

Geographical Representation Under Proportional Representation: The Cases of Israel and the Netherlands

Comparing Democracies 2: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective

Can Parties Police Themselves? Electoral Governance and Democratization

Advances in the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems

Electoral Systems and Party Systems. A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies

Constitutional Design for Divided Societies

Patterns of Democracy

Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice

Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives

Democracy and Elections in Africa

Consolidating Democracy: South Africa's Second Popular Election

Gender and Party Politics

Contextual Determinants of Electoral System Choice: A Macro-Comparative Study 1945-2003

A Decade of Election Results: Updating the International Almanac. Studies in Public Policy

The International Almanac of Electoral History

Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America

American Political Parties and Elections. A Very Short Introduction

Behind the Cube Rule: Implications of and Evidence against a Fractoral Electoral Geography

Establishing the Rules of the Game: Election Laws in Democracies

Changing the Canadian electoral system

Full Participation A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting

Do Candidates Reside in Their Electoral Districts?: Evidence from Recent Federal and Provincial Canadian Elections

The Mixed Member Electoral System in Russia, Studies in public policy, no. 319

Elections, Parties, Democracy: Conferring the Median Mandate

Representation of Minority Groups in the U.S.: Implications for the Twenty-First Century

Democratic Elections: Human Rights, Public Confidence and the ‘Level Playing Field’

Elections, Parties, and Representation in Post-Communist Europe

‘Little Differences, Big Effects: An Example of the Importance of Choice of Method For Transferring Surplus Votes in PR-STV Voting Systems’, Representation

Party Formation and Policy Outcomes Under Different Electoral Systems

Policy Stability Under Different Electoral Systems

Unexpected Outcomes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Representation in Russia

‘Mixed Electoral Systems and Electoral System Effects: Controlled Comparison and Cross-National Analysis’

Elections and the Electoral System in South Africa: Beyond Free and Fair Elections

Patterns of Electoral Governance in Africa’s Emerging Democracies

The Comparative Study of Electoral Governance: Introduction

Rules, Choice and Strategy: The Political Economy of Italian Electoral Reform

Public Choice III

Elections, Parties, and Political Representation

Computerizing Electoral Administration: Part One

Computerizing Electoral Administration: Part Two

The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality

Mixed Electoral Rules’ Impact on Party Systems

Elections and Electoral Systems

Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook

Elections in the Asia–Pacific Region

Elections in Africa

Driving Democracy: Do Power-Sharing Institutions Work?

Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market

Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior

Gender Quotas, Parity Reform, and Political Parties in France

Comparative Electoral Processes in South Asia

A Brief History of Election Commissions

The Role of Electoral Administration in Democratic Transitions: Implications for Policy and Research

Designing Deliberative Democracy

Electoral Rules and Corruption

The Politics of Voting: Reforming Canada's Electoral System

The Concept of Representation

Elections As Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions

Democratic Responses to Terrorism

British Electoral Systems: Achieving a Sense of Proportion

Where Have All The Voters Gone?

Rules for Representation: Parliament and the Design of the Australian Electoral System

The Power of the People: Congressional Competition, Public Attention, and Voter Retribution

Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems

Predicting Party Sizes: The Logic of Simple Electoral Systems

Every Vote Counts: The Role of Elections in Building Democracy

Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts

Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics

The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws

Electoral Systems: A Comparative and Theoretical Introduction

Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management

Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management

The Borda Count in the Real World: The Electoral System in the Republic of Nauru

The Global Spread of Preferential Voting: Australian Institutional Imperialism?

Electoral Systems and Conflict in Divided Societies

Electoral Systems and Democratization in Southern Africa

Electoral Systems and the Protection and Participation of Minorities

The Architecture of Democracy

The New International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design

Elections and Conflict Management in Africa

Living Up to Expectations?: The New Fijian Electoral System and the 1999 General Election

Electoral Systems and Voting in Britain

How did they become voters?: the history of franchise in modern European representation

International Encyclopedia of Elections

Elections and Parties in New European Democracies

Elections Without Order: Russia's Challenge to Vladimir Putin

Elections in Northern Ireland: Systems for Stability and Success

Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective: Their Impact on Women and Minorities

La répresentation proportionelle et la methode des moindres carrés

Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis

Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry Into Structures, Incentives, and Outcomes

Where Women Run: Gender and Party in the American States

Electoral Systems and Representative Government. Comparative constitutional and administrative law

Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition

Representative Democracy and Electoral Rules

The Meaning of American Democracy

Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?

© 1998-2009 ACE project

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