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Encyclopaedia   Gender and Elections   SUPPORTING LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS FOR MEANINGFUL GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN THE ELECTORAL PROCESS   The impact of legal frameworks on gender equality and women’s participation in the electoral process   The impact of electoral systems on women’s representation  
Electoral formula

Countries applying proportional representation systems tend to have a higher proportion of women in their parliaments than those with majority or plurality systems. This is due to the fact that in proportional systems the electoral formula normally leads to more parties represented in the legislature and fewer wasted seats, which offers parties greater incentives to present more plural and diverse lists of candidates, probably including more women among them.[1] In spite of this tendency that often favors a higher number of women in proportional representation systems, it is also possible to have a relatively high representation of women elected in majority systems, as shown by the case of the United Kingdom, with 32 percent of women in the lower chamber of parliament. Other relevant cases are Ethiopia (38.8 percent) and Grenada (46.7 percent), which are both majority systems without gender quotas and have a high representation of women in parliament.[2]


[1] International IDEA, Inter-Parliamentary Union and Stockholm University (2013): op. cit., p. 22.

[2] Inter-Parliamentary Union’s Women in national parliaments database. Situation as of 1st January 2019.

See: http://archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm