Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Heather Szilagyi, December 12. 2016Original Question:
The following question was posted by ACE on behalf of an ACE user.
As part of a research project on risk factors for electoral violence, I am looking for recent examples where the following problems have seriously hampered the effective conduct of elections or even resulted in violent acts:
- Inadequate operational planning by the EMB
- Inadequate funding, financing, and budgeting of elections
- Poor training for election officials
- A poor voter information campaign
- Lack of transparency of special and external voting processes
- Provocative party rallying
Summary of Responses:
One practitioner noted that, in Iraq and other Arab countries, poorly informed electorates and inexperienced election staff provide security forces with justification for intervention in the voting process. Political instability and interference on the part of ruling parties can further damage electoral processes and incite violence. Other practitioners elaborated that knowledge gaps among voters create vulnerabilities that are easily exploited, and recommended civic education in schools to provide future voters with a better understanding of their rights and obligations.
The practitioners agreed that the credibility of government plays a key role in electoral violence. Governments desperate to stay in power may manipulate electoral systems through a variety of measures, including the abuse of referendum mechanisms as occurred in Paraguay. Dictators who revoke democratic rights can fuel hostile environments and the creation of militia states.
Economically interested parties and transnational corporations may also cooperate with leaders to influence elections in their favor. One practitioner described how an inequality of resources between ruling and opposition parties is particularly prevalent in Africa, where officials are often appointed based on political affinity.
A practitioner shared a 2008 Human Rights Watch report on the violence that followed fraud and corruption in Kenya’s December 2007 elections. Another shared a report from a joint UNDP, European Commission and International IDEA election violence prevention workshop. Finally, a 2012 "Electoral Violence and Mitigation Assessment" from Nepal is available here.
Contributing members:
- Alrawi Saad
- Francisco Morales Gomez
- Idi Boina
- Alina Ghulan Rasool
- Charles Obot
- Deyanira Galindo
- Dr. Noor Mohammad
- Adrian Morrice
Re: Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Saad Alrawi, April 01. 2017موضوع مهم وانا شخصيا اعتبر الاسباب التالية تؤتر على العنف الانتخابي :-
1- سيطرة القوات الامنية على صنع القرار السياسي.
2- تدخل الحزب الحاكم بمعل المؤسسة الامنية.
3- ضعف الثقافة الانتخابية عند عموم الناخبين.
4- ضعف مستوى مراقبة الاحزاب السياسية للعملية الانتخابية.
5-عدم اعداد تقارير محايدة من المنظمات الدولية وخصوصا يوم الاقتراع.
6-هناك بعض الموضفين في مراكز الاقتراع قليلي خبرة او يميل لجهة معينة مما يعطي مسوغ لتدخل قوات الامن في عملية الاقتراع والمحافة على الصناديق اثناء نقلها او حراستها.
تعتبر هذه النقاط السابقة هي اهم المؤثرات للعنف الانتخابي وخصوصا في بلاد حديثة العهد بالديمقراطية مثل العراق وكثير من الدول العربية او العالم الثالث. ولي كثير من الشواهد على هذا الموضوع في انتخابات برلمانية ومحلية في العراق.
سعد الراوي
نائب رئيس مجلس المفوضية العليا المستقلة للانتخابات في العراق\ سابقا
كاتب ومتخصص في الانتخابات ومراقبتها ومستشار لبعض الاحزاب العراقية
An important topic I personally consider the following reasons to be taken on electoral violence:
1 - the control of the security forces on political decision-making.
2 - The ruling party interferes with the security parameter.
3. The weakness of electoral culture in the general electorate.
4 - weak level of control of political parties to the electoral process.
5 - Not to prepare neutral reports from international organizations, especially on polling day.
6 - There are some of the positions in the polling stations little experience or tends to a certain point, which gives justification for the intervention of security forces in the process of voting and accountability of funds during the transfer or custody.
Are these points of the past as the conduit that has been provided, especially in particular? I have many evidence on this subject in parliamentary and local elections in Iraq.
Saad Al Rawi
Vice President of the Council of the Independent High Electoral Commission in Iraq \ former
A writer, a specialist in elections and their observer and adviser to some Iraqi parties
Re: Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Francisco Morales Gomez, April 05. 2017En efecto son estos unos elementos de tantos que general violencia en los procesos electorales, pero además existen otros elementos que coyunturalmente inciden en forma directa en el desarrollo pacifico de los comicios, por ejemplo:
1.- La naturaleza y nivel de credibilidad del gobierno.- Por lo general los gobiernos se desgastan en el ejercicio del poder del Estado, a medio periodo están tan erosionados que buscan mecanismo represivos para terminarlo, en otros casos buscan legal o ilegalmente mantenerse en poder, por medio de la reelección definida indefinida, recurriendo a mecanismo de Consulta Popular, como en el caso de Paraguay; o por medio de reformas constitucionales del poder legislativo; este ambiente político contribuye en forma efectiva para generar desconfianza en procesos electorales, cuyos resultados extremos se manifiestan en actos de violencia social y perdida de credibilidad de los procesos electorales.
2.- También los gobiernos dictatoriales que han frecuentado periódicamente nuestros países, han retardado sistemáticamente el volver al sistema de democracia representativa, al ejercicio del sufragio para designar a sus legítimos representantes y dignatarios, con lo cual han creado un ambiente hostil que han desembocado en actos violentos incluso armada por parte de sectores civiles en contra de la milicia regular de los Estados, cuyas confrontaciones han dejado perdidas humanas y materiales cuantiosas.
3.- Otro elemento coyuntural que incide en el aparecimiento de violencia en los procesos electorales, es la intervención de grupos económicos dominantes internos y trust o empresas transnacionales que tienen intereses económicos en sectores estratégicos de la producción y riqueza nacional, quienes cooperan con sectores sociales que les permitan llegar al poder para garantizar y defender sus inversiones. Ellos en la mayoría de los casos tienen un protagonismo fundamental en los resultados electorales, quienes pueden financiar incluso candidatos, propaganda, grupos de respaldo y choque en contra de sus opositores.
Además de otras causas que me permitiré posteriormente comunicarlos.
Re: Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Idi Boina, May 06. 2017Re: Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Alina Ghulam Rasool , June 09. 2017Re: Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Charles Obot, June 18. 2017Re: Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Deyanira Galindo, July 03. 2017Si bien coincido en los temas aquí abordados, es importante también mencionar, el bajo nivel de conocimiento del sistema político electoral, de los derechos políticos, por parte de ciudadanos y de miembros de partidos políticos. Este factor genera vulnerabilidad para manipular a los ciudadanos con información errónea o parcial, con el objetivo de sembrar la duda o generar la desconfianza. Por lo tanto, mi comentario se dirige a situar en un lugar central la educación cívica en escuelas a los niños que serán futuros ciudadanos y futuros representantes; educación cívica y difusión de los derechos y obligaciones para ciudadanos y actores políticos por parte de organismos electorales.
Re: Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Deyanira Galindo, July 03. 2017Copio el vínculo de una investigación realizada por diversas instituciones internacionales especializadas: ONU, International IDEA, sobre elecciones, violencia y prevención de conflictos.
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/brussels/docs/Other/JTF%202011.06_Summary_report-Barcelona_workshop_Elections&conflict.pdf
Re: Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Dr. Noor Mohammad, July 27. 2017Triggers for the people to resort to violence could be diverse and may depend on the setting under consideration. However, some points that may be common to most settings could be:
1. When the contesting parties feel there is no fair competition and they can never win an election.
2. When EMB working is not transparent and stakeholders are not taken on board. Under these situations credibility of system suffers due to lack of information about procedures etc and the people agitate and such agitations may go out of hand and result in violence.
3. If electoral system is one that promotes intimidation to vote or not to vote. FPTP in PNG witnessed violent situations but after it was changed to LPV things have improved.
4. Lack of proper planning to avoid, reduce and mitigate risk also leads to violence.
There could be many but these are few coming to my mind at the moment. Hope this relevant to your study.
Re: Case studies of risk factors for electoral violence
Adrian Morrice, August 04. 2017Another case study here:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/NP/electoral-violence-and-mitigation-assessment-nepal/view
Good luck! Adrian