Negative preferences in list electoral systems —
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Negative preferences in list electoral systems

Negative preferences in list electoral systems

Heather Szilagyi, November 03. 2016

Original Question:

This question is posted by ACE on behalf of Timothy Kingston Hepner.

I am interested in list electoral systems which allow voters to express preference for one or more candidates either within their chosen party list or across lists (panachage). I have recently come across a number of countries (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Latvia) where preferences can be exercised negatively, either by crossing out a candidate's name or marking his/her name with a minus symbol. My questions are: 

Does anyone know of any other countries with similar practices? 

What difference does a negative preference have as compared to ranking a candidate to the bottom of a list or not ranking a candidate at all? 

Summary of Responses:

Contributors did not provide additional information regarding countries in which it is possible to express a negative preference against a particular candidate. Practitioners did discuss some of the options for ranking candidates by preference and for using fewer than the maximum number of votes allowed. One practitioner noted that in Ecuador, voters choose from lists of candidates and can vote for candidates representing different parties. Voters can vote for candidates ranked anywhere on the list and can vote for fewer (but not more) candidates than the number of open seats. However, they are unable to express negative preferences on the ballot.  

Another practitioner discussed the Bulgarian system, which includes optional preferences. Voters can choose candidates lower down on party lists; if no preference is specified, the vote goes to the candidate on the top of the list. According to one practitioner, more than 40% of voters exercised the preference option in 2017 parliamentary elections. The practitioner argued that the system allows voters to hold parties accountable for ranking unpopular candidates highly, but also that it can be misunderstood by poorly informed voters. If a party is listed fourth, for example, some voters choose the fourth candidate on the list for that reason alone. 

Finally, one practitioner referenced an option in India for voters to choose “None of the Above” (NOTA), which allows them to vote for none of the candidates listed. Several other countries have NOTA options in some form, including Spain and France

Contributing Members:

Re: Negative preferences in list electoral systems

Francisco Morales Gomez, November 07. 2016

En la República del Ecuador existe un sistema de voto preferencial en las listas de candidatos para elecciones pluripersonales; el elector puede seleccionar de un lista o de entre listas de candidatos de las diferentes organizaciones políticas que se encuentran en la papeleta electoral para consignar su voto; esto es si en una lista de la organización política A, no le agrada el primer candidato, puede votar por el tercero, quinto, etc. De la misma manera en las organizaciones políticas B, C, D, E; puede escoger de estos candidatos los que sean de su preferencia, aunque pertenezcan a diferentes tendencias ideológicas y políticas. Lo importante radica en que, si debe escoger 15 puestos de Asambleístas al Congreso Nacional; o 13 miembros de los municipios, no puede el elector rebasar el limite de candidatos que forman estos organismos, caso contrario si escoge uno o mas de los determinados para su elección, su votación se convierte en voto nulo. 

De la misma manera, si raya la papeleta, negando su voto a un candidato que se encuentra postulado en la papeleta, o pone algún signo de menos o negándole el voto, la sola expresión escrita rayando la papeleta en señal negativa, el voto se convierte en nulo.

Este sistema de sufragio de voto preferencial, produce un complejo sistema de contabilización de las fracciones de voto; ya que si escoge 2 candidatos de una lista, 5 de otra lista, 3 de otra lista, cada uno de ellos tienen una fracción de voto dentro del conjunto cuyos sufragios deberá aplicarse una formula para la asignación de escaños, que en nuestros caso se utiliza el Método D¨Hont.

Si desea conocer mas a fo9ndo este sistema de sufragio recomiendo buscar en las páginas web institucional del Consejo Nacional Electoral o Tribunal Contencioso Electoral www.tce.gob.es, en donde se encuentra la Ley Orgánica Electoral y de Organizaciones Políticas de la República del Ecuador. Código de la Democracia, en los Arts. 119 al 123.

Re: Negative preferences in list electoral systems

Rumiana Decheva, January 17. 2018
The Election Code of Bulgaria instituted optional preference when casting a vote. Since, a full cycle of elections has already been conducted: European Parliament (EP), parliamentary, municipal and presidential elections. Mayors and President of Republic are elected in majoritarian vote. Members of EP, of National Assembly an Municipal Councils are elected on PR lists where preference may advance the position of preferred candidate and rearrange the list. In the 2017 parliamentary elections, over 40% of the voters made use of that option and significant number of elected representatives were so elected. Lack of specific preference is counted in favour of the candidate No.1 on that list. 
 
The vote is marked on a single paper ballot (encouraging tests of EVM are also under way for all PR elections), where in a text column the political parties and the independent candidates are listed, and a second numerical column, with the maximum number of entries on a PR list, to mark the single optional preference.
 
Positive aspects: It stimulates interest in the candidates and promotes the more active and popular names. Bulgarian political parties, known for nontransparent internal democracy, are disciplined by the voters and are aware that unpopular candidates may not make it.
 
Negative aspects: It is the level of political culture and awareness on the civics that determines the use of preferences. Poorly informed voters give leverage without being aware of that. For example, when campaign focuses on the number of the political party on the list, voters often mark the same number on the preference list. So, a party ABC listed under No. 15 is likely to get very high number of preferences for candidate listed under No. 15 on the PR list of that party.
 
In a long run, it is a tool also for civic education, especially when such is low on the state agenda

Re: Negative preferences in list electoral systems

Víctor Hugo Ajila Mora, February 01. 2018

Es decir, en Ecuador no existe una preferencia negativa para escoger candidatos.

La boleta de candidatos solo puede ser marcada en el espacio señalado para ello, hacerlo fuera de ese espacio o escribir en la boleta, o marcar más opciones de candidatos que el número establecido para una determinada dignidad anulan el voto.

En Ecuador, el elector puede escoger candidatos de una sola lista o entre listas siempre que no exceda del número a elegirse, si elige menos de ese número el voto es válido, pero si excede en el número se anula el voto.

Re: Negative preferences in list electoral systems

DEEPAK NEGI, March 03. 2018

In India, there is provision of NOTA (None of the Above) button in EVM machine, enabling voters to press this button if they dont want to vote for any candidates.

 

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