Senegal: Adoption of single ballot for 2012 presidential election —
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Senegal: Adoption of single ballot for 2012 presidential election

Senegal: Adoption of single ballot for 2012 presidential election

ACE Facilitators, November 09. 2011

This question was posted on behalf of Stephanie Masure, delegation of the European Union in Senegal

The Question

Hi, I work in the EU delegation in Senegal as a political officer. The presidential election in Senegal will be held in February 2012. We will have an electoral observation mission in the forthcoming months. The Government is finalizing the electoral code and there is contention surrounding the single ballot. I am trying to find out how many countries in Africa have adopted the single ballot, and where I could find information on "how easily" it has been implemented in those countries.

 

Summary of responses

 

The single ballot is seen as having several advantages over multiple ballots and its adoption is recommended. There are, however, several issues which should be taken into consideration when moving from the multiple to single ballot system.

 

Many African countries have adopted the single ballot over the past 20 years. Examples include Benin - without any difficulty – and more recently Guinea, Niger, Chad and Tunisia. In the case of Tunisia there were some issues surrounding the design of the single ballot paper, i.e. it was too big and its design led to confusion when indicating one’s preference. In addition, not enough time was given for parties and voters to familiarise themselves with the new, single ballot. The adoption of the single ballot in African countries has, according to one expert, had positive results and nowhere is considering reverting back to multiple ballots.

 

A major advantage of the single ballot is that it is seen as being more effective in preventing electoral fraud and corruption: Ballot papers cannot ‘go missing’ at the expense of particular candidates; voters are unable to leave the polling station with unused candidate ballots and cannot therefore indirectly show who they voted for; voters cannot get a sense of who others are voting for by looking at discarded ballots; and there is no risk of unused ballots being taken out of the polling station, being marked and then reintroduced. The single ballot is also cheaper and logistically easier than multiple ballots.

 

One issue to bear in mind with the adoption of the single ballot is its size. A large number of candidates/parties can result in an impractically large or long ballot paper. Another is the order in which candidates appear on the ballot paper, something which needs to be addressed in a manner seen as fair by all stakeholders. Voters also need to be adequately educated about the change in ballot papers. One expert raises the question of whether the single ballot can be effectively adopted in Senegal given the short time frame.  

 

 

Examples of related ACE Articles and Resources

Encyclopaedia

·         Ballot type counting requirements

·         Electoral system and ballot type implications for the count

·         Ballot paper design


Names of Contributors
1.       Rémy Ahouadi
2.       Franck Balme
3.       Vincent De Herdt
4.       Manuel Wally
5.       Mario Orru

 

Re: Senegal: Adoption of single ballot for 2012 presidential election

Rémy Ahouadi, November 09. 2011

NB: Reply translated from French. See below for original reply in French.

 

The single ballot was adopted in my country, Benin more than 15 years ago. This measure has been adopted by the Beninese parliament without difficulty and consensually.

The single ballot is a great way to prevent electoral fraud and corruption.

It is a way to prevent fraud, because in the single ballot everyone is equal and it helps to avoid having missing ballot papers that could be at the expense of one or more candidates;

It is a measure against electoral corruption, because the single ballot does not allow the voter to go back to a candidate or one of its representatives with the unused ballots to prove his vote in order to get a reward.

The single ballot is a democratic establishment without which the reliability of the vote cannot be guaranteed. Senegal must be one of few countries in the ECOWAS region that has not adopted this measure, and yet this country is among the oldest democracy in Africa.

Rémy AHOUADI, former member of the Parliament and electoral expert.

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Le bulletin unique a été adopté par mon pays, le Benin voici plus de 15ans. Cette mesure a été adoptée sans difficultés et de façon consensuelle par le Parlement Béninois.

Le bulletin unique est une mesure efficace contre la fraude électorale et contre la corruption électorale.

Mesure contre la fraude parce que le bulletin unique met tous les candidats sur un pied d'égalité et évite les ruptures de stocks de bulletins de vote provoquées au détriment d'un ou de plusieurs candidats.

Mesure contre la corruption électorale parce que le bulletin unique ne permet pas à l'électeur de revenir vers un candidat ou ses représentants avec les bulletins non utilisés pour apporter la preuve de son vote et encaisser une récompense promise.

Le bulletin unique est un acquis démocratique sans lequel la fiabilité du vote n'est pas garantie. le Sénégal doit être l'un des rares pays de l'espace CEDEAO à ne pas avoir adopté cette mesure alors que ce pays fait partie des plus anciennes démocraties en Afrique.

Rémy AHOUADI, ancien député, expert électoral.

 

 

Re: Senegal: Adoption of single ballot for 2012 presidential election

Franck Balme, November 10. 2011

NB: Reply translated from French. See below for original reply in French.


Allow me to join my colleague on his description of the single ballot. Senegal, until now, has been using the French system (old colonial heritage), where each candidate and each list has its own ballot. This system is open to abuse as the voter can calculate in the voting booth the number of ballots that are left on the floor, or on the table to have an estimation of the results. This type of voting (multiple ballots) can also facilitate the carousel practice, a well known fraud technique, because it is easy to come out the polling station with the unused ballots and to reintroduce them later, marked. 


The single ballot, however, also has its limitations if there is a huge numbers of candidates and political parties. In 2006, DRC entered into the record books for having produced the biggest single ballot for the district of Kinshasa: imagine a 5 to 6 pages single ballot A1 format. It was so huge that some of the voters had to come out of the voting booth (which were too small) to mark their ballot. 


The single ballot can introduce a new procedure: lottery. This lottery is used to determine the order of appearance of candidates or political parties on the ballot, this appearance could be considered by some as strategic. This step can generate tension.

To make it simple, the single ballot can be considered as a system which hinders electoral fraud. It is recommended.

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Je me permets de rejoindre mon collègue sur sa description du bulletin unique. Le Sénégal a pratiqué jusque là ce qui se fait en France (vieil héritage colonial), où chaque candidat, chaque liste bénéficie de son bulletin. Le grand jeu des électeurs est de calculer dans l'isoloir le nombre de bulletin qui traînent par terre ou sur la tablette pour donner une estimation des résultats. Ce type de vote (bulletin multiple) peut faciliter la pratique du carrousel, technique de fraude bien connu, car il est très facile de sortir des bulletins non utilisés hors du bureau de vote et de les réintroduire, plus tard, marqués. Le bulletin unique peut avoir ses limites  si le nombre de candidats  ou de partis est énorme. En 2006, la RDC est rentrée dans le livre des records pour avoir produit le plus gros bulletin de vote unique pour la circonscription de Kinshasa: imaginez un bulletin unique composé de 5 à 6 à page de format A1. Il fut tellement énorme que certains électeurs devaient sortir de l'isoloir (trop petit) pour marquer leur bulletin.

Le bulletin unique peut aussi impliquer une procédure supplémentaire: la loterie. Cette loterie est utilisée pour déterminer l'ordre d’apparition des candidats ou des partis sur le bulletin, cette apparition pouvant être considérée par certain comme stratégique. Cette étape peut générer des tensions.

Pour faire simple, le bulletin de vote unique peut être considéré comme un des systèmes anti fraude parmi tant d'autres. Il est a recommandé.

Re: Senegal: Adoption of single ballot for 2012 presidential election

Vincent De Herdt, November 10. 2011

NB: Reply translated from French. See below for original reply in French.

 

I would like to voice my support of the comments of the earlier participants in favour of the single ballot, but also have some reservations regarding the practicalities of going from multiple ballots to single ballots.


The adoption of the single ballot has many advantages that can be summarized under three headings: reduction of cost, simplification of logistics and prevention of fraud. 


Cost: Printing multiple ballots and making envelops in which the voters insert the ballot is an extremely costly item in the electoral budget. Adopting a single ballot leads to a significant cost reduction that has to be taken into account in a context of limited resources.


Logistics: Particularly in the case of legislative or local elections, when there is a huge number of electoral districts, the printing and the distribution of ballot papers becomes a real logistical headache. In many cases, ballots are sent to the wrong place or in insufficient quantities which can disrupt the vote (delays, suspension of operations, cancellation).


Fraud: Adopting the single ballot helps to prevent fraud and to easily secure the vote. Thus, the single ballot prevents from intentionally organizing the shortage of ballots outside of the polling station, and it makes it difficult to counterfeit (by using watermarked paper, for example) and facilitate the reconciliation between the received ballot, the used ones and the remainders after the election.  


Over the past 20 years, many countries have adopted the single ballot in Africa. The question is still a relevant one today. In recent months Guinea, Niger, Chad and Tunisia have experimented with it. In other countries, the adoption of the single ballot has been strongly recommended (in Burundi in 2010 for example). I have often recommended the adoption of a single ballot. All these countries generally enjoy the improvement brought in terms of organization and quality of the vote. I do not believe that any of these countries are thinking about reverting back to the old system. 


Some difficulties may, however, arise during the implementation phase of the reform. Accompanying measures should be taken during the conception phase of the ballot, voter’s sensitization, definition of procedures, as well as counting and the training of the electoral staff. The main risk is to have an abnormally high numbers of nil ballots.


The ballot: The ballot should be conceived in such a way that it facilitates the task of the voters, by multiplying the specific signs between the candidates and the political parties (pictures, logos, names, numbers).


Voter education:  The voter should be prepared for these changes though education campaigns (e.g. television ads, posters, etc.) 


Procedure: A precise and detailed ballot counting procedure should be clearly elaborated in order to avoid disparate practices. This includes clearly defining what constitutes a valid ballot and a nil one.  It is recommended to accept any marks that could constitute a clear manifestation of the voter’s intention.


Training: The electoral staff should be trained accordingly. 


In the case of Senegal, I think that the adoption of the single ballot should be encouraged. However it should carefully consider whether the time before the next election, (February 26th 2012) is sufficient to ensure effective implementation of the accompanying measures. In addition, consensus among the different political parties should be reached to enable any necessary legislative reforms. This might also take time 
                                                

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Je ne ferai qu’abonder dans le même sens que les intervenants précédents en émettant cependant quelques réserves sur les modalités pratiques du passage des bulletins multiples au bulletin unique.

 

L’adoption du bulletin unique comporte de multiples avantages qui peuvent être résumés en trois idées : réduction des coûts, simplification logistique, prévention de la fraude.

 

Coût. L’impression des bulletins de votes multiples et la confection des enveloppes dans lesquelles l’électeur insère le bulletin choisi constitue un poste extrêmement lourd dans un budget électoral. L’adoption du bulletin unique entraîne une réduction de coût très importante qui doit être prise en considération dans un contexte de ressources financières limitées.

 

Logistique. En particulier, dans l’hypothèse d’élections législatives ou locales avec un grand nombre de circonscriptions électorales, l’impression et la répartition des bulletins de vote devient un casse-tête logistique. Dans de nombreux cas, des bulletins envoyés aux mauvais endroits ou en nombre insuffisant ont perturbé la tenue des scrutins (retards, suspensions des opérations, annulations).

 

Fraude. L’adoption du bulletin unique permet de prévenir la fraude et de sécuriser plus aisément les opérations de vote. Ainsi, le bulletin unique empêche d’organiser intentionnellement la pénurie de certains bulletins de vote dans les bureaux de vote, réduit le risque de circulation des bulletins de vote en dehors des bureaux de vote, permet plus facilement de rendre le bulletin de vote infalsifiable (par l’utilisation de papier filigrané, par exemple) et facilite la réconciliation entre les bulletins reçus, utilisés et restants après l’élection.

 

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, de nombreux pays ont adopté le bulletin unique en Afrique. La question est toujours d’actualité. Durant les derniers mois, la Guinée, le Niger, le Tchad, la Tunisie ont fait cette expérience. Dans d’autres pays, l’adoption du bulletin unique a été fortement recommandée (au Burundi en 2010, par exemple). J’ai souvent recommandé moi-même l’adoption du bulletin unique et j’ai accompagné plusieurs pays dans leur transition vers la première utilisation du bulletin unique. Tous ces pays se réjouissent généralement de l’amélioration ainsi apportée en termes d’organisation et de qualité des opérations électorales. Je pense qu’aucun de ces pays ne songe à revenir à l’ancien système. Cependant certaines difficultés peuvent survenir lors de la mise en œuvre de cette réforme. Des mesures d’accompagnement doivent être prises concernant la conception du bulletin de vote, la sensibilisation des électeurs, la définition des procédures de dépouillement et la formation du personnel électoral. Le risque majeur consiste à obtenir un taux anormalement élevé de bulletins nuls.

 

Bulletin de vote. Le bulletin de vote doit être conçu de manière à faciliter la tâche de l’électeur en multipliant les signes distinctifs entre partis ou candidats (photos, logos, noms, numéros).

 

Sensibilisation. Les électeurs doivent être préparés à ce changement par des campagnes de sensibilisation (spots télévisés, affichage,…).

 

Procédures. Des procédures précises et détaillées de dépouillement des bulletins doivent être élaborées afin d’éviter des pratiques disparates. Il faut notamment définir clairement ce qu’est un bulletin valide et un bulletin nul. Il est recommandé d’accepter toute marque qui constitue une manifestation claire de la volonté de l’électeur.

 

Formation. Le personnel électoral doit être formé en conséquence.

 

Dans le cas du Sénégal, je pense que le principe de l’adoption du bulletin unique doit être défendu. Il convient cependant d’examiner avec soin si le temps disponible avant la prochaine échéance électorale (26 février 2012) est suffisant pour assurer une mise en œuvre efficace des mesures d’accompagnement nécessaires. En outre, il convient qu’un consensus se crée au sein de la classe politique sur une telle réforme qui requiert souvent des modifications de la législation en vigueur. Ce qui peut prendre du temps également.

Re: Senegal: Adoption of single ballot for 2012 presidential election

Manuel Wally, November 10. 2011

Dear Stephanie Masure,

Since you asked in English, I'll answer in English. As already touched upon by Franck Balme, one key pitfall of the "bulletin unique" is buried in its design, and specifically the order in which candidates appear. In vertical ballots, the top and bottom positions are most desirable, and in horizontal ballots (for example in Ivory Coast), the far left and far right positions are craved by candidates. If the legal framework lacks clear provision for a procedure to determine ballot positioning, the electoral commission enjoys unfettered discretion of placement. In Uganda, the law prescribed placement by alphabetical order, which prompted the EMB to award the incumbent with the advantageous bottom position. The decision triggered a constitutional challenge by the opposition, since the EMB ranked the candidates alphabetically by "first" name, and not last name. I should have that case somewhere in my archives. I have recently moved to Dakar, so do not hesitate to contact me directly at 775480405 or at [email protected], if you have any further questions. Manuel

Re: Senegal: Adoption of single ballot for 2012 presidential election

Mario Orru, November 14. 2011

Dear Stephanie,

just few lines to add on to the last comments from Manuel and Frank. A recent example of a "too big" ballot paper was Tunisia, where a large number of parties and lists were competing, which has caused some disarray among voters on e-day. This was also due to the design that led many voters in some constituencies to give their preference to the wrong party. Cotributing to this was also the fact that the ballot paper was shown for the first time few days before E-day to parties and voters could see it for the first time on Eday itself. The placement on the ballot paper was made by public draw.

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