Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Permanent Voter Registration Systems
ACE, November 18. 2014This question is posed by ACE on behalf of an anonymous user.
Question
In some states in the United States, there are discussions on shifting to a system of permanent voter registration. According to a 2009 report by the Brennan Center for Justice,
"Election officials process millions of change-of-address cards each year to keep voter registration lists up to date. This involves deciphering information written on millions of paper forms and laboriously inputting data. The administrative headache is hardly trivial: between 2004 and 2006, election officials in 35 states processed nearly 11 million forms submitted by already-registered voters to report address or name changes or updates to party affiliation. These updates accounted for at least 30% of all voter registration transactions during that period. Not surprisingly, election officials report that dealing with address changes is the most challenging aspect of voter list maintenance."
In line with this, the report also estimates that the mobility of Americans is, to an extent, a driver of the US's comparatively lower voter turnout. To address this issue several states have established systems of portable or "permanent" registration where voters who move within a state can cast ballots that count on Election Day, even if they haven't submitted new registration paperwork before the voter registration deadline. Thus there is a belief that permanent registration systems can increase electoral participation. According to the report, states with permanent registration systems experienced some of the highest voter turnout rates in the 2008 US general election.
The question is therefore twofold:
- Are there similar discussions or measures in place in other countries surrounding permanent voter registration?
- What are the pros and cons of such systems?
Practitioners' Network members are encouraged to provide country-specific examples.
Summary of Responses
- In Niger the Permanent List of Voters was approved in 2010, but its existence is only theoretical, due to different technical difficulties.
- The Republic of Ireland has always had a PVRS. Among the pros is the reduction of the administrative work between elections, and one of the cons is the inaccuracy of the register. This register is maintained by the local authorities, causing the usual error that one voter has several designated ‘votes’ if that is the case that he/she had lived in different parts of the country. Additionally, the register of deaths is not integrated with the electoral register, meaning that sometimes dead people still have right to vote.
- In Mozambique there is no PVRS. It is argued that its adoption could help to improve the electoral register.
- In South Africa there is PVRS and it works perfectly. The system combines a friendly registry methodology with a specific two-weeks period for registration before the elections.
- The United Kingdom has a 24/7 online registration services all year, making registration easier.
- In Colombia the PVRS exists since 1986. One year before the election it opens a period of registration for voters.
- In Senegal there is a PVRS since 1978. The database is updated each year and there is a specific review before each election takes place.
- In Venezuela there is a PVRS since 1970. PVRS is elaborated at the national level by the EMB and audited by the political parties. It is argued that the adequacy of a given voters registration system should vary in accordance with the social and technical peculiarities of each country. It is argued that in Venezuela the PVRS has rationalized the management of the electoral data.
- In Costa Rica there is a successful integration of the civil, electoral and identity registers.
- In Bangladesh there is PVRS since the general election of December 2008. There is a central database with biometric information that is connected with the server stations of the sub-district levels. Bangladesh EMB updates electoral roll in every two years which includes: (i) inclusion of new voters (ii) deletion of deceased voters and (iii) migration. But all these are continuous process and anyone can do this any time of the year.
- In Cameroon there is PVRS since 2012, revised every year at the national level. Cases of change of address are handled with ease as voter cards are, by virtue of the electoral law, issued 40 days to Election Day. These are the pros and cons from the perspective of Cameroon:
- The regular registration of voters helps to boost voter registration statistics thereby ensuring participation in the electoral process.
- Voter registration figures help in the constant delimitation of electoral districts.
- It also helps in the regular allocation of seats in the national assembly.
- It also renders the voter registration process credible and eliminates accusations of bias and partiality.
- It also serves as a confidence building measure.
- It is costly to manage and might be ineffective if requisite resources are not made available.
- Massive registration of voters does not necessarily depend on permanent registration but on the effectiveness of the civic education plan put in place.
- It has the propensity to encourage apathy on the part of those who feel that they have more than enough time within which to register and end up not doing so.
- Title III of the Electoral Code in Gabon stipulates that electoral lists are permanent. They are established at the provincial level by local administrative authorities, in collaboration with the controllers of the Autonomous and Permanent National Electoral Commission (CENAP). Furthermore, they are subject to revision each year and the review period is 45 days.
- In Canada PVRS are present in all the territory with the exception of two provinces.
- In Argentina there is a PVRS.
- In Nigeria there is no PVRS. It is argued that its implementation would make voter registration easier and more effective. On the other hand, ghost voting is seeing as a risk. It is argued that it would be better if the country have an integrated multi purpose national registration system.
Additional Links
- http://aceproject.org/electoral-advice/ace-workspace/questions/open-questions/57425541/715838802/Reponse-a-la-question-posee-par-ACE.docx
- http://www.aboutmyvote.co.uk/register-to-vote/how-to-register-to-vote.%C2%A0
- https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/vr/vr20
- http://aceproject.org/electoral-advice/ace-workspace/questions/open-questions/57425541/103747116/Voter-Registration-in-Saskatchewan.docx
Contributing Members
- Moussa Abdou
- Agbokousse Adje Ayao
- Shane Hogan
- Esperança Banze
- Kgopedi Molefe
- Monica Threlfall
- Francisco Barrera
- Kout Sene
- Roger Jean Philippe Augustin
- Jesús Antonio Castellanos Vásquez
- Michel Sabubwa
- Abdul Alim
- Achuh Owen Teheng
- Evelyne Ogandaga
- Lorne Gibson
- Hadija Miro
- Alejandro Tullio
- Ababacar Fall
- Mourad Wederni
- Charles Obot
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Moussa Abdou, November 19. 2014Bonjour à tous,
Au Niger la liste électorale permanente n'est que théorique car depuis son institution en 2010, sa gestion constitue un goulet d'étranglement du fait de l'attention peu intéressée qu'accordent les acteurs politiques et surtout l'autorité de tutelle des élections. on ne parle de liste électorale qu'à l'approche des élections. cependant, cette idée est bonne mais elle nécessite la mise en oeuvre de plusieurs moyens technologiques et réglementaires. pour ce qui est du premier moyen, il faudrait une base de données des électeurs bien opérationnelle avec toutes les garanties sécuritaires et un accès sécurisé via une interface web. cela permettrait à l'électeur qui change d'adresse, de pouvoir transmettre les informations utiles relatives à un éventuel changement dans son inscription pour être pris en compte. De l'autre côté, des textes réglementaires doivent faire obligation à l'électeur de s'inscrire et de pouvoir transmettre toute information utile à l'organe de gestion de la liste électorale. dans tous les cas, ce système n'est valable que pour les pays où la liste électorale est tenue régulièrement à jour et où les moyens de sa gestion sont garantis.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
AGBOKOUSSE ADJE AYAO, November 19. 2014Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Shane Hogan, November 19. 2014Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Esperança Banze, November 19. 2014Esperança
Eu acho que o recenseamento permanente em Moçambique seria melhor, mas o País não dispõe de fundos para custeiar esta despesa. Os eleitores aqui gostam de fazer as coisas na última hora, este recenseamento iria nos ajudar a recensear constantemente esses eleitores e nos ia ajudar no dia da votação. Muitos eleitores não votam porque se deslocam quase sempre por vários motivos e acabam perdendo o direito de votar.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
ACE, November 19. 2014This response is posed by ACE on behalf of Kgopedi Molefe, Election Commission of South Africa.
- Registration happens on a continuous and daily basis in our local offices and voters who have moved from their previous addresses can also change their details anytime; changing details really means that you re-register
- Before every major election we have two registration weekends to give new entrants onto the voters roll to register for the first time, to allow already registered voters to check if their registration details are still correct and to re-register those voters who have moved.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Monica Threlfall, November 19. 2014Greetings,
It seems the US has not moved on to online registration. That is the key! In the UNITED KINGDOM registration is online and is open 24/7 all year. This is important, since there may be several elections taking place in one calendar year, depending on the area. A person just has to log on with their post-code indicating their new address and that will take them to the correct electoral district authorities. See http://www.aboutmyvote.co.uk/register-to-vote/how-to-register-to-vote.
Before a new law in 2013, each local Council used to send a form round to every household address in the area to ask the owners and occupiers to register by filling in the form and posting it back, so local government administrators had to process these. But now it is left to individuals and there is no more duty on the main house owner to declare on the form who is living there .
We don't know yet whether this will mean fewer people register even though the system is now very easy (ie. online) , perhaps because there is no longer the duty of the home owner or head of household to give first time voters - whether young or recently arrived - a 'push' when the form arrived through the letter box. However in multiple-resident rented accommodation it is thought the form was often ignored by all residents, as no one knows who has the right to open the envelope.
Given the amount of changes of address reported for the US, an electronic version of the Electoral Register is surely a must ! especially as it is also used by the police, tax authorities, political parties for canvassing, and for Jury Service, though the full version is not accessible to the general public nor for advertising purposes
Dr. Monica Threlfall, London Metropolitan University, London, UK.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Francisco Barrera, November 19. 2014En Colombia existe el registro de votantes de tipo permanente desde hace muchos años, en el año 1986, se reestructuró con los inscritos y votantes de las elecciones del año 1990, durante un año antes de cada elección se abre un proceso de inscripción, donde las personas cambian el lugar de votación si lo requieren o ratifican el lugar que tienen (esto no es necesario), así en cada elección se tiene un registro de votantes actualizado. Además se puede obtener unas estadísticas pormenorizadas de ese proceso y del archivo.
El registro de votantes es el producto de un subconjunto de archivos en medio magnético (bases de datos), en primer lugar del Registro Civil de Personas, en segundo lugar del archivo de identificación ciudadana, que es con el que se compara y verifica el registro de votantes, mediante el número de identidad de cada ciudadano mayor de 18 años, también existe un documento físico llamado cedula de ciudadanía, que es el documento físico oficial de carácter nacional, con el cual se identifican los colombianos y también se verifican en el momento de votar, hoy día con ayuda de identificación biométrica, en buena cantidad de puestos de votación, o simplemente con la lista de votantes impresa en papel.
El tema de los muertos que figuran en el Registro de votantes, depende de la agilidad y facilidad con que esta información llegue a las oficinas del Registro Civil de las Personas que es el encargado de darlos de baja del sistema y de las bases de datos (Organización electoral o Notarias a nivel nacional).
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Kout Sene, November 19. 2014Pour notre part, nous avons travaillé pendant longtemp sur le fichier électoral de mon pays le Sénégal, qui a été créé initialement dans les années 1978. Il s'agissait d'un fichier permanent qui était mis à jour de façon ordinaire chaque année, du 01 Janvier au 31 Mars et avant chaque élection, une révision exceptionnelle est organisée pour une durée plus ou moins logue de 3 à 6 mois. Les mouvements des électeurs peuvent être plus ou moins importants mais si leur identification est très fiable (Numéro d'indentification unique), les traitements seront plus faciles à réaliser que dans une réinscription intégrale de tous les électeurs.
Il est vrai que le fichier électoral permanent nécessite beaucoup de mouvements, chaque année, car il doit respecter les critères d'acceptabilité standards d'une liste électorale que sont: l'exhaustivité, l'exactitude, l'actualité, et l'inclusivité) la veille de chaque scrutin.
Le recours aux nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication peut aider à réaliser les changements des informations par les électeurs eux même, à distance, mais il faut mettre en place un système informatique de sécurité robuste qui permet le controle des données soumises à distance avant l'implémentation des mises à jour.
Cependant, pour l'enrolement initial, il faudra que l'électeur s'adresse à une commission et qu'il soumettent des documents d'identification qui permettent de justifier ses droits d'électeur. Souvent la suppression des personnes décédées ainsi que les personnes qui ont perdu leur droit de vote est difficile à mettre en oeuvre efficacement. Certains pays recourent à des bases de données fiables (administratives, professionnelles ou sociales) où les électeurs reportent les changements majeurs de leur situation, pour des besoins administratifs économiques ou sociaux, pour la mise à jour dela liste électorale.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Roger Jean Philippe Augustin, November 19. 2014You can check this article:
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Jesús Antonio Castellanos Vásquez, November 19. 2014En Venezuela hemos tenido tanto el registro electoral no permanente (hasta 1970) como el registro electoral permanente (1970 - ...). Unas distinciones claras al respecto podrían ser:
El Registro no permanente se formaba con poco tiempo de anticipación antes de cada elección y de manera descentralizada, o lo que es lo mismo, a escala subnacional.
El Registro permanente se formaba y se sigue formando a nivel nacional, bajo la dirección, organización y supervisión del órgano rector electoral y y de manera continua. Para los fines de la celebración de cada elección se hace un corte el cual es auditado por los partidos políticos.
Es importante a estas alturas diferenciar registro electoral permanente vs no permanente, continuo vs periódico, automático vs instancia del elector, automatizado, mecanizado o manual.
El registro electoral permanente implica que una vez que el elector se inscribe no requiere hacerlo nuevamente para una posterior elección. El registro electoral no permanente significa que debe inscribirse para cada proceso electoral.
El registro electoral continuo supone que permanentemente se actualiza y nunca se cierra. El registro electoral periódico se forma y actualiza en momentos específicos limitados, previos a la elección.
El registro electoral automático alude a un tipo de registro en el cual el ciudadano al cumplir con los requisitos mínimos para gozar del sufragio activo se incorpora al registro electoral sin necesidad de mediar solicitud. Un registro electoral cuando es instancia del electoral es porque para su inclusión depende de una solicitud de inclusión.
El registro electoral es automatizado, mecanizado o manual dependiendo de la existencia o no de elementos tecnológicos.
Dicho ésto, qué recomendaciones pueden hacerse al respecto?
Lo primero es que cada registro electoral debe adecuarse a las realidades culturales, políticas, demográficas, económicas, legales y tecnológicas de cada país.
Una variable que facilita o no la formación, actualización y depuración del registro electoral es la integralidad o no de los registros civil, de identificación y electoral. La experiencia en casos como el de Costa Rica donde existe una integralidad total de los tres registros es digna de revisión por lo exitoso.
También es importante revisar la institucionalidad asociada a la formación, actualización y depuración del registro electoral. Éste forma parte de las competencias de la administración electoral? existe una instancia separada o específica para eso? es centralizada o descentralizada?
En Venezuela la definición de un registro electoral permanente, continuo y centralizado directamente por el ente rector electoral, permitió una racionalización, mayor efectividad y capacidad de control de dicha data electoral. Pese a los adelantos tecnológicos, el hecho que el registro de identificación esté en manos del Poder Ejecutivo nacional y que los registros civil y electoral sean competencias del Poder Electoral ha dificultado un registro electoral automático que entendemos implicaría para el caso Venezolano un avance de suma importante al hacerlo un registro único.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Michel Sabubwa, November 20. 2014C'est une bonne chose que d'avoir un registre permanent de données sur la population. Cela suppose cependant certaines conditionnalités: une base de données fiable, la certitude sur les conditions de sécurisation de ces données, une technologie adaptée pouvant permettre par exemple le suivi du mouvement de la population (changement d'adresses physique et de statut), ....
Pour mon pays le Burundi, avec les élections de 2010, il y a eu un recensement électoral. Avec les élections prochaines, c'est-à dire de 2015, il y a eu actualisation des données du fichier électoral. Et bientôt, c'est le début de l'enrôlement des candidats électeurs.
Ce qui importe dans tous les cas, c'est d'avoir des données fiables pouvant inspirer la confiance des partenaires électoraux. Ces mêmes données peuvent servir pour les chercheurs en matière électorale.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Md. Abdul Alim, November 21. 2014Bangladesh has a permanent voter registration system which has been developed in 2007-08 just before the 9th parliamentary election held in December 2008. There is a central database which is connected with the server stations of the sub-district levels. The database contains biometric information so that duplication can be avoided. After establishing this permanent system, Bangladesh EMB updates electoral roll in every two years which includes: (i) inclusion of new voters (ii) deletion of deceased voters and (iii) migration. But all these are continuous process and anyone can do this any time of the year.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
ACHUH OWEN TEHENG, November 24. 20141. Are there similar discussions or measures in place in other countries surrounding permanent voter registration?
Different countries put in place different electoral systems tailored to meet the needs of their existing political systems. While some systems have adopted temporary voter registration, others have embraced the permanent strategy of voter registration. In all cases, both registration systems are tailored to meet the specificities of the country in question.
The conduct of national and local elections in Cameroon is governed by Law No. 2012/001 of 19 April 2012 Relating to the Electoral Code.
Section 74 of the afore-cited law provides in its Subsection (1) thus:
- Electoral registers shall be permanent. They shall be revised every year throughout the national territory.
Subsection (2) of the above - cited section states that:
- The annual revision of the electoral registers shall commence on 1 January and end on 31 August of every year.
The annual revision of electoral registers also goes along with the re-opening of electoral registers for fresh biometric registration. This exercise is very effective in Cameroon and has been helping to increase voter registration figures. Cases of change of address are handled with ease as voter cards are, by virtue of the electoral law, issued 40 days to election day.
2. What are the pros and cons of such systems?
The system of permanent voter registration may be good, but it nevertheless has its weaknesses.
Pros:
- The regular registration of voters helps to boost voter registration statistics thereby ensuring participation in the electoral process.
- Voter registration figures help in the constant delimitation of electoral districts.
- It also helps in the regular allocation of seats in the national assembly.
- It also renders the voter registration process credible and eliminates accusations of bias and partiality.
- It also serves as a confidence building measure.
Cons:
- It is costly to manage and might be ineffective if requisite resources are not made available.
- Massive registration of voters does not necessarily depend on permanent registration but on the effectiveness of the civic education plan put in place.
- It has the propensity to encourage apathy on the part of those who feel that they have more than enough time within which to register and end up not doing so
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Evelyne Ogandaga, November 26. 2014Veuillez trouvez ci-dessous ma contribution concernant cette question
Le titre III du code électoral au Gabon stipule que les listes électorales sont permanentes. Elles sont établies à l’échelon provincial par les autorités administratives locales, en collaboration avec les contrôleurs de la Commission Électorale Nationale Autonome et Permanente (CENAP).
En outre, elles font l’objet d’une révision chaque année et la période de révision est de 45 jours. Celle-ci peut faire l’objet de prorogation de 15 jours fixée par arrêté du Ministre chargé de l’Intérieur. Pour ce faire, des commissions de révision constituées de représentants de l’Administration et de ceux de la CENAP sont mises en place dans chaque province par le Gouverneur et dans chaque mission diplomatique par le chef de mission diplomatique.
La révision prend en compte :
- Les nouvelles inscriptions ;
- Les décès sur présentation de l’acte de décès (tout électeur a le droit d’exiger la radiation) ;
- Les changements de résidence sur présentation du certificat de radiation de la liste du domicile électoral antérieur.
Pendant la période de révision, les listes électorales sont affichées au siège de la circonscription électorale et dans les centres de vote où elles peuvent être consultées (art 38 de l’ordonnance n°005/PR/2002 du 14 août 2002).
Durant la même période, tout citoyen omis peut réclamer son inscription. Toutes les réclamations sont inscrites par ordre chronologique sur un registre spécial. Il en est donné récépissé. Les tableaux de retranchement et d’addition sont établis et transmis par les commissions de révision à l’autorité administrative compétente qui arrête la liste électorale.
Le système de révision annuelle des listes requiert beaucoup de moyens financiers, matériels et humains, surtout dans les pays très peuplés et à très grande superficie. Par ailleurs, pour les Etats Unis, une technologie de pointe est appropriée pour faciliter le traitement des données, renforcer la fiabilité et sécuriser les informations.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Lorne Gibson, November 27. 2014Permanent Registers of Electors have become quite commonplace in Canada. There are now only two provinces and one territory that still enumerate to register voters and compile their voter lists. You may find the attached report that I wrote on the advantages and disadvantages of enumeration versus a permanent register helpful to read.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Hadija Miiro, November 29. 2014Hello Colleagues,
There is nothing in the description of the Anonymous Member to suggest that the Register (s) in the Us are not permanent. My understanding is that the AM is expressing administrative concerns that arise not due to the absence of a permanent register(s) in the sense we mostly understand it but due to work load and other administrative challenges in updating the voters' register(s)
I agree with those who recommend an on line update system. However I also wish to mention that regardless of the method, manual or electronic, the reasons why a register needs to be update are several including the need to plan for sufficient election materials and personnel, reduce costs, ensure administrative efficiency and arrange for appropriate security.
Additionally, knowing the maximum number of voters expected at a given center or will vote in an area adds integrity to the process especially in countries where electoral fraud is still rampant.
Now allowing registered voters to vote without updating their voter information in a wide area like a county or state will not solve the problems I mention above as long as the system remains manual/paper based.
In electoral terms, as long as a register is not discarded at the end of a single electoral event but is updated for use in subsequent elections, most election experts will describe it as permanent. This kind of register is now the order of the day in most countries world wide. The method and frequency of updating the register (deletions, additions or change of particulars etc.)vary from one election jurisdiction to another, the challenges for each approach are many so are the benefits as described by previous authors.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Alejandro Tullio, December 01. 2014In Argentina we have a permanente and automatic voter registration system. That is possible because we, as almost all american countries except USA, have a centralized agency that issues a national id document, so the automatic enrollment consists in the formal and permanent communication between the documentation agency and the electoral management body.
I believe this is the best system towards the universal exercise of political rights, independently of the mandatory or not nature of the right to vote.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Ababacar Fall, December 09. 2014Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
mourad wederni, December 10. 2014اصدقائ الاعزاء,تحية طيبة
من خلال التجربة التونسية الحديثة في المجال الانتخابي ومن خلال تجربتي الشخصية كمسؤول انتخابي ,اعتقد ان فكرة وجود سجل دائم للناخبين جيدة ومفيدة من عدة جوانب خاصة في ظل وجود هياة دستورية مستقلة ودائمة تعود اليها مهمة تنظيم الانتخابات والاشراف عليها وادارتها والتصريح بنتائجها ,غير ان ذلك يستوجب عدة مقومات اولها ضرورة وجود ادارات فرعية تابعة للهياة تكون دائمة يعهداليها مهمة مسك سجل الناخبين ومراجعته وتحيينه بشكل دوري ,تلك المهمة تستوجب التنسيق المحكم والدائم مع الجهات الادارية الاخرى وعلى وجه الخصوص البلدية,كما تستوجب ضرورة التعويل على التقنيات الاعلامية الحديثة التي تساعد على مسك سجل الكتروني قابل للتحيين والمراجعة بشكل سريع وآمن في نفس الوقت
ان العمل بنظام السجل الالكتروني يستوجب ثقافة لدى المواطن الناخب ترتكز على قناعة لديه بضرورة الانخراط في الشان العام عن طريق ممارسة الحق الانتخابي, كما ترتكز على ثقته في ذلك السجل ومن وراءه الثقة في الادارة الانتخابية.
مع تمنياتي لكم بالتوفيق
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
Charles Obot, December 17. 2014In my country, there is no permanent voter registration system. In fact, Nigerians would welcome the idea in view of the ordeal we go through in the process of making repeat visits to voter registration centres.
More frustrating is the stress of getting either temporary or permanent voter card. Permanent voter registration system saves costs both for government and citizens. But the disadvantage is'ghost' voting if a country does not have an efficient and cost-efficient system of reviewing/updating its voters register. It is more ideal if a country can have an integrated multi purpose national registration system to cost.
Re: Permanent Voter Registration Systems
chugh, June 19. 2015Posted to ACE on behalf of Rindai Chipfunde-Vava
Some of the advantages of a permanent VR are
•Kept current –updated regularly
•Open for public inspection at all times
•Final list can be prepared more quickly
•Changes and corrections can be made throughout the year
•Efficiency in costs –spread across the years
•Information sharing
•Can be used for other purposes
Disadvantages
•Needs EMB larger permanent staff
•Ongoing advanced training for professional staff development
•More staff-more budget implications
•Needs technical expertise-hardware/software for continually updates
•Dead people-deadwood-potential fraud
•Demographics change-affect currency