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Legislative Framework

Aggregate Results

LF01. What is the status of the electoral law governing national elections?

LF02. What is the date of the latest version of the national electoral law (including latest amendments)?

LF03. The national electoral law covers:

LF04. Is voting on the national level voluntary or compulsory?

LF05. Are there provisions in the law which permit or require regional and/ or local election (s) to be held on the same day as national elections?

LF06. Are there provisions in the law which permit or require presidential election (s) to be held on the same day as national legislative elections?

LF07. What are the agency(ies) responsible for first level of formal electoral disputes?

LF08. If the agency(ies) which settles formal disputes is/are specially appointed/elected; by whom?

LF09. Who has the right to submit cases to the person or agency(ies)which settles formal disputes?

LF10. What body(ies) is the final appellate authority for formal electoral disputes?

LF11. Which body(ies) proposes electoral reforms?

LF01

What is the status of the electoral law governing national elections?

a. Part of Constitution	54 countries (60%): Angola, Armenia, Australia, Bermuda, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Croatia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, Kenya, Korea, Republic of, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, New Caledonia, Niue, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Rwanda, Samoa, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Tanzania, United Republic of, Thailand, Tonga, Uganda, Uruguay, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
b. Separate legislation	81 countries (91%): Angola, Armenia, Australia, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Côte d'Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Eritrea, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Finland, Gabon, Georgia, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Tanzania, United Republic of, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
c. Decree	15 countries (16%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Guinea, Hungary, Madagascar, Mali, Romania, Senegal, Thailand,
d. Regulations or administrative rules	20 countries (22%): Australia, Croatia, Eritrea, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Honduras, Hungary, Korea, Republic of, Malaysia, Niue, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
e. Other	1 countries (1%): Georgia,

LF02

What is the date of the latest version of the national electoral law (including latest amendments)?

a. January 2000 or later	24 countries (64%): Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Morocco, New Caledonia, Niger, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Samoa, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Tonga, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Vanuatu, Zambia,
b. January 1990- December 1999	10 countries (27%): Cameroon, Finland, Gambia, Ghana, Niue, Pakistan, Singapore, Slovakia, Sudan, Uruguay,
c. January 1980- December1989	2 countries (5%): Marshall Islands, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
d. January 1970- December 1979	0 countries (0%):
e. January 1960- December 1969	0 countries (0%):
f. January 1950- December 1959	0 countries (0%):

LF03

The national electoral law covers:

a. National elections	89 countries (98%): Angola, Armenia, Australia, Benin, Bermuda, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Côte d'Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Tanzania, United Republic of, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
b. Regional elections	43 countries (47%): Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Gabon, Gambia, Honduras, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Morocco, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Tanzania, United Republic of, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Zimbabwe,
c. Local elections	59 countries (65%): Armenia, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Costa Rica, Cuba, Côte d'Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Eritrea, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Republic of, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Namibia, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Tanzania, United Republic of, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Zimbabwe,
d. Referendums	33 countries (36%): Australia, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Cuba, Eritrea, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Korea, Republic of, Lesotho, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Nicaragua, Niger, Panama, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay,
e. Other	15 countries (16%): Chad, Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Korea, Republic of, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Panama, Spain, Sweden, Vanuatu,

LF04

Is voting on the national level voluntary or compulsory?

a. Voting is voluntary	139 countries (90%): Afghanistan, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Aruba, Azerbaijan, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chad, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Cook Islands, Croatia, Cuba, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Finland, French Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea, Republic of, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Moldova, Republic of, Monaco, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Norfolk Islands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Poland, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, Réunion, Saint Helena, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, United Republic of, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Virgin Islands, British, Virgin Islands, U.S., Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
b. Voting is compulsory and regulated in the electoral law	8 countries (5%): Australia, Bolivia, Central African Republic, Honduras, Luxembourg, Peru, Rwanda, Singapore,
c. Voting is compulsory and regulated in the constitution	8 countries (5%): Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Greece, Honduras, Peru, Thailand, Uruguay,
e. Other	1 countries (0%): El Salvador,

LF05

Are there provisions in the law which permit or require regional and/ or local election (s) to be held on the same day as national elections?

a. National elections are not held on the same day as regional or local elections	25 countries (75%): Benin, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Maldives, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Niue, Norway, Romania, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Tonga, Uruguay,
b. National elections are held on the same day as regional and local elections	4 countries (12%): Germany, Papua New Guinea, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
c. National elections are held on the same day as regional elections only	2 countries (6%): Morocco, Pakistan,
d. National elections are held on the same day as local elections only	2 countries (6%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cameroon,

LF06

Are there provisions in the law which permit or require presidential election (s) to be held on the same day as national legislative elections?

a. Presidential elections are not held on the same day as national legislative elections	10 countries (37%): Benin, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Georgia, Korea, Republic of, Maldives, New Caledonia, Romania, Slovenia,
b. Presidential elections are held on the same day as national legislative elections	3 countries (11%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sudan, Uruguay,
c. Not applicable	14 countries (51%): Cameroon, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Tonga, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

LF07

What are the agency(ies) responsible for first level of formal electoral disputes?

a. Judiciary	52 countries (56%): Armenia, Australia, Benin, Bermuda, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Croatia, Cyprus, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Republic of, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, United Republic of, Togo, Tonga, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
b. EMB	48 countries (52%): Angola, Armenia, Bermuda, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Côte d'Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Georgia, Ghana, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Niue, Panama, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Uruguay,
c. Specially Appointed/Elected Electoral Tribunal	10 countries (10%): Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Lebanon, Lesotho, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, Sweden, Tonga,
d. Other	9 countries (9%): Chad, Germany, Moldova, Republic of, Mozambique, New Caledonia, Norway, Slovakia, Swaziland, United States of America,

LF08

If the agency(ies) which settles formal disputes is/are specially appointed/elected; by whom?

a. President	2 countries (5%): Cameroon, Gambia,
b. Ministry	1 countries (2%): Morocco,
c. Judiciary	4 countries (11%): Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Sudan,
d. Legislature	3 countries (8%): Cameroon, Sweden, Tonga,
e. Electoral Management Body	3 countries (8%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ghana, Pakistan,
f. Political Party	1 countries (2%): Cameroon,
g. Other	2 countries (5%): Cameroon, Niger,
h. Not applicable	25 countries (71%): Benin, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Maldives, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Niue, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Vanuatu,

LF09

Who has the right to submit cases to the person or agency(ies)which settles formal disputes?

a. Candidates	36 countries (63%): Bangladesh, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Croatia, Ecuador, Finland, Gambia, Ghana, Hungary, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Morocco, New Caledonia, Niger, Niue, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Tonga, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Vanuatu,
b. Parties	27 countries (47%): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Croatia, Djibouti, Fiji, Finland, Ghana, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Niger, Niue, Norway, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay,
c. Voters	41 countries (71%): Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Marshall Islands, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Niger, Niue, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sudan, Sweden, Tonga, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna,
d. Foreign/International Observers	2 countries (3%): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia,
e. Other	10 countries (17%): Cameroon, Canada, Georgia, Germany, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Slovakia, Spain, Tonga,

LF10

What body(ies) is the final appellate authority for formal electoral disputes?

a. Electoral Management Body	7 countries (11%): Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Ecuador, Lithuania, Romania, Turkey, Uruguay,
b. Constitutional (or similar) Court	23 countries (37%): Albania, Algeria, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Croatia, Djibouti, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Japan, Lithuania, New Caledonia, Niger, Nigeria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland,
c. Superior Court	32 countries (52%): Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Czech Republic, France, French Polynesia, Gambia, Georgia, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Korea, Republic of, Marshall Islands, Morocco, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Niue, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna,
d. Local Court	3 countries (4%): Canada, Hungary, Slovenia,
e. Special Electoral Tribunal	6 countries (9%): Chile, Ghana, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
f. Other	5 countries (8%): Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Samoa, Switzerland,

LF11

Which body(ies) proposes electoral reforms?

a. Election Management Body	30 countries (34%): American Samoa, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Ecuador, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, India, Korea, Republic of, Lithuania, Micronesia, Federated States of, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zanzibar,
b. Legislative Committee	45 countries (51%): Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Colombia, Czech Republic, Dominica, Ecuador, Fiji, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Guyana, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Republic of, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Nigeria, Niue, Pakistan, Palestine, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Vanuatu,
c. Government	38 countries (43%): Albania, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Czech Republic, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Georgia, Germany, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tuvalu, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Wallis and Futuna,
d. Specially Appointed Committee	9 countries (10%): Austria, Gambia, Guyana, India, Niger, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
e. Legislature	13 countries (14%): Argentina, Chile, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Hungary, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Federated States of, Niger, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Samoa, Seychelles, Vanuatu,
f. Other	28 countries (32%): Argentina, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Brazil, Ecuador, Egypt, Fiji, Finland, Georgia, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Niue, Paraguay, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Ukraine,

May 20, 2008 01:22 AM

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ELECTORAL FRAMEWORK

ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION

ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT

ELECTORAL INTEGRITY

ELECTORAL OPERATIONS