[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections: An NDI Guide for Developing Election Laws and Law
Commentaries (Washington D.C.: National Democratic Institute for International
Afairs (NDI), 2008), 1.
[1] European
Commission and Network of Europeans for Electoral and Democracy Support
(NEEDS), Compendium of International
Standards for Elections, Second Edition (Sweden: Elanders Graphic Systems
AB, 2008), Preface.
[1] Ibid., 38.
[1] Ibid., 5.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, Second Edition, (Sweden: Elanders Sverige AB,
2008), 16
[1] European
Commission and NEEDS, Compendium, 6.
[1] Ibid., 5.
[1] Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Office for Democratic
Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), Election
Observation Handbook, 6th Edition. (Poland: Poligrafus Andrzej Adamiak,
2010), 23.
[1] Ibid.,
23.
[1] Democracy
Reporting International (DRI) and The Carter Center. Strengthening International Law to Support
Democratic Governance and Genuine Elections (Berlin, Germany/Atlanta
Georgia, United States of America. 2012),
26.
[1] OSCE,Election Observation Handbook, 7.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 7.
[1] Ibid.,
6.
[1] European
Commission and NEEDS, Compendium, 1.
[1] Ibid.,
68.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 15.
[1] International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
(International IDEA), International
Electoral Standards: Guidelines for reviewing the legal framework of
elections (Halmstad,
Sweden: Bulls Tryckeri, 2002), 11.
[1] Ibid., 8.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 10.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 181.
[1] Information for
Development Program and International Telecommunications Union. “Snapshot
of Different Legal Traditions.” ICT Regulation Toolkit Website.
[1] United
Nations, Department of Political Affairs, Women
& Elections: Guide to Promoting the Participation of Women in Elections (United
Nations, 2005), 22.
[1] European
Commission and NEEDS, Compendium, 25.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 17.
[1] Ibid.,17.
[1] Electoral Commissions Forum of SADC Countries
and Electoral Institute of Southern Africa (EISA). Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation in the
SADC Region,(South Africa: Electoral Institute of Southern Africa, 2004), 7.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 14.
[1] Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Office for Democratic
Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, (Warsaw, Poland: OSCE, 2001), 6.
[1] Patrick Merloe,
Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections, 8.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 22.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 16.
[1] Ibid.,
12.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections, 5.
[1] Ibid.,
2.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 8.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 8.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 31.
[1] SADC and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 10.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 39.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 42.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 11.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 65.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections,
19.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards, 37.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 67.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 36-37.
[1] Ibid.,
36.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 12.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
43.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 68.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 52.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for
Elections, 11.
[1] Ibid.,
12.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 12.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
40.
[1] Ibid.,
41.
[1] European Commission, Handbook for European Union Election Observation, 31.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
27.
[1] Ibid.,
31.
[1] Ibid.,
29-30.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 33.
[1] European
Commission and NEEDS, Compendium, 11.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 29.
[1] Ibid.,
30.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections,
12.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 60.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections,
12.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
45.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 58.
[1] Ibid.,
59.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 49.
[1] Ibid.,
50.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for Election
Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 16.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
47.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 54.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 15.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 22.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 56.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections,
66.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 47.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 16.
[1] Ibid.,
18.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
49.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 8.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
33.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections,
12.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
34.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 31.
[1] Ibid.,
32.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
51.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 17.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 13.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 17.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 49.
[1] Ibid.,
48.
[1] Election Commission of India, “Key Highlights, General Elections, 2009
(15th LOK SABHA).”, Official Website,
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 42.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 23.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 25.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 25.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 77.
[1] Ibid.,
77.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections,
54.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 25.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections,
55.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 23.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 70.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 75.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 41.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 24.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
83.
[1] Ibid.
84.
[1] Ibid.,
85.
[1] OSCE,
Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal
Framework for Elections,
26.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 20.
[1] Ibid.,
20.
[1] Democracy Reporting International (DRI) and
The Carter Center, “Overview of State
Obligations relevant to Democratic Governance and Democratic Elections.” (Berlin,
Germany/Atlanta Georgia, United States of America: DRI, 2012), 17.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 24.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 25.
[1] OSCE, Election Observation Handbook, 23.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
72.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 79.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
72.
[1] Ibid.,
72.
[1] Ibid.,
73.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 77.
[1] Ibid.,
80.
[1] Ibid.,
81.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
73.
[1] Ibid.,
73.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 76.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 43.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
77.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 46.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 82.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for Election
Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 26.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 72.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation, 181.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 30.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 23.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 8.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 24.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
17.
[1] Ibid.,
91.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 45.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation,
73.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections,
6.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 56.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections,
15.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 39.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 60.
[1] Elections Canada, “The Impact of Civic
Education on Voter Turnout.” Canada’s
Democracy Week 2012 Website.
[1] UN,
Women & Elections, 59.
[1] Elections Canada, “The Impact of Civic
Education on Voter Turnout.”
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 37.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation,
54.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 38.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
61-62.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 19.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation,
56.
[1] Ibid.,
56
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 18.
[1] Ibid.,
38.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
63.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation,
54.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 64.
[1] Ibid.,
67.
[1] Ibid.,
67.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation,
85.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
72.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 18.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 36.
[1] Ibid.,
36.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
56.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation,
52.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 62.
[1] International Institute for Democracy and
Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), Political Finance Regulations
Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database,
Edited by Magnus Ohman
(Sweden: Trydells Forum, 2012), 10.
[1] Ibid.,
10.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 54.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation,
51.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
56.
[1] Ibid.,
56.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 61.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation,
52.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 61.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
57.
[1] International
Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), Political Finance
Regulation: The Global Experience. Edited by
Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai (United
States of America: IFES, 2009), 13.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
65.
[1] European
Commission and NEEDS, Compendium, 12.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
67.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 61.
[1] OSCE, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, 32.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations
Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database,
10.
[1] Ibid.,
10.
[1] Ibid.,
10.
[1] OSCE,
Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal
Framework for Elections, 22.
[1] Magnus Öhman, “Public Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns.” In International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), Political
Finance Regulation: The Global Experience (United
States of America: IFES, 2009), 57.
[1] Ibid.,
73-74.
[1] Ibid.,
57.
[1] Ibid.
59.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
66.
[1] Ibid.,
66.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations
Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database,
10.
[1] Magnus Öhman, “Public Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns”, 77.
[1] Marcin Walecki, “Practical Solutions for Spending Limits.” In International Foundation for Electoral
Systems (IFES). Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience. Edited by Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai (United States
of America: IFES, 2009), 46.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
68.
[1] Marcin Walecki, “Practical Solutions for Spending Limits”, 47.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 37.
[1] OSCE,
Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal
Framework for Elections, 22.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations
Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database,
10.
[1] Magnus Öhman & Jack Santucci, “Practical
Solutions for the Disclosure of Campaign and Political Party Finance.” In International
Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). Political Finance Regulation: The
Global Experience. Edited by Magnus Öhman
and Hani Zainulbhai (United States of America: IFES, 2009), 27.
[1] IFES, Political Finance
Regulation: The Global Experience, 13.
[1] OSCE,
Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal
Framework for Elections, 22.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations
Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database,
10.
[1] IFES, Political Finance
Regulation: The Global Experience, 13.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations
Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database,
11.
[1] Magnus Öhman & Jack Santucci, “Practical
Solutions for the Disclosure of Campaign and Political Party Finance.”, 41.
[1] Hani Zainulbhai, “Practical Solutions for Political Finance
Enforcement and Oversight.” In International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), Political
Finance Regulation: The Global Experience. Edited
by Magnus Öhman and Hani Zainulbhai (United States of America: IFES, 2009), 98.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations
Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database,
10.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
68.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation,
60.
[1] International IDEA, International Electoral Standards,
67.
[1] ACE Electoral
Knowledge Network, Encyclopaedia. Parties
and Candidates Financial Regulations, Website.
[1] International IDEA, Political Finance Regulations
Around the World: An Overview of the International IDEA Database,
11.
[1] Pippa Norris, “Are There Global Norms and
Universal Standards of Electoral Integrity and Malpractice? Comparing Public
and Expert Perceptions,” Faculty Research Working Paper Series (Harvard
Kennedy School, March 16 2012), 5.
[1] IFES, Political Finance
Regulation: The Global Experience, 16.
[1] Ibid.,
13.
[1] Pippa Norris, 4.
[1] Patrick
Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for
Democratic Elections,
21.
[1] Pippa Norris, 7.
[1] Georgetown
University, Democracy and Governance Studies, “The Chinese Electoral Framework Project.” Website, Executive Summary.
[1] SADC
and EISA, Principles for
Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation, 29.
[1] OSCE,
Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal
Framework for Elections, 31.
[1] Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), Denis Petit, Resolving Election Disputes in the
OSCE area: Towards a Standard Election Dispute Monitoring System (Warsaw:
ODIHR, 2000), 10-11.
[1] Robert Dahl and Michael Clegg, “Legal
Frameworks for Effective Election Complaints Adjudication Systems.” In International Foundation for
Electoral Systems, Guidelines for Understanding, Adjudicating, and
Resolving Disputes in Elections (GUARDE),Edited by Chad Vickery. (United States
of America: IFES, 2011),
102.
[1] DRI) and The Carter Center, “Overview of State Obligations relevant to
Democratic Governance and Democratic Elections.” 17.
[1] International
Foundation for Electoral Systems, Guidelines
for Understanding, Adjudicating, and Resolving Disputes in Elections (GUARDE),Edited
by Chad Vickery (United States of America: IFES, 2011), 16.
[1] Robert Dahl and Michael
Clegg, 100.
[1] European
Commission, Handbook for European
Union Election Observation,
60.
[1] OSCE,
Election Observation Handbook, 51.
[1] Robert Dahl and Michael
Clegg, 121.
[1] Ibid.,
101.
[1] Ibid.,
113.
[1] Avery Davis-Roberts, Senior
Program Associate in the Carter Center’s Democracy Program, “International Obligations
for Electoral Dispute Resolution.”
Electoral Dispute Resolution Discussion Paper presented at the Electoral
Dispute Resolution Experts Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, February 24-25, 2009. 13.
[1] David Kovick and John
Hardin Young, “Alternate Dispute
Resolution Mechanisms” In International
Foundation for Electoral Systems. Guidelines
for Understanding, Adjudicating, and Resolving Disputes in Elections (GUARDE). Edited by Chad Vickery (United States
of America: IFES, 2011),
229.
[1] Avery Davis-Roberts, 13.
[1] David Kovick and John Hardin
Young, 229.
[1] Ibid.,
232.
[1] Ibid.,
254.
[1] DRI and The Carter Center, Strengthening
International Law, 44.
[1] OSCE, Resolving Election Disputes in the
OSCE area: Towards a Standard Election Dispute Monitoring System, 12.
[1] Robert Dahl and Michael
Clegg, 107.
[1] OSCE, Resolving Election Disputes in the
OSCE area: Towards a Standard Election Dispute Monitoring System, 5.
[1] Ibid.,
12-13.
[1] Robert Dahl and Michael Clegg, 104.
[1] International
Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), ”Elections
in Egypt: Implications of Recent Court Decisions on the Electoral Framework.”
(Washington, D.C.: IFES Briefing Paper, August, 2012), 3.
[1] The Carter Center, Carter Center Election Witnessing Mission:
Egypt 2011/2012 Parliamentary Elections. Preliminary Report on all Three Phases
of The People’s Assembly Elections (Atlanta, GA: News, The Carter Center,
January, 2012), 1.
[1] IFES, ”Elections in Egypt: Implications of Recent Court Decisions on the
Electoral Framework.”, 3.
[1] Democracy
Reporting International (DRI), “What Electoral System
for Egypt?” (Briefing Paper 32, Democracy Reporting
International, October 2012), 2.
[1] Egypt Independent Website. “Administrative court upholds ruling to
dissolve Parliament.” Edited translation from Al-Masry Al-Youm, September
23, 2012.
[1] The Carter Center, Carter Center Election Witnessing Mission:
Egypt 2011/2012 Parliamentary Elections. Preliminary Report on all Three Phases
of The People’s Assembly Elections, 15.
[1] MSN
News Website, “Egypt court refuses reinstatement of dissolved lower
house of parliament.” September 23, 2012.
[1] IFES, ”Elections in Egypt: Implications of Recent Court Decisions on the
Electoral Framework.”, 3.
[1] DRI,
“What Electoral System for Egypt?” 1.
[1] The Guardian. “Egypt constitution decision referred to country's highest court.” October
23, 2012.
[1] IFES, ”Elections in Egypt: Implications of Recent Court Decisions on the
Electoral Framework.”, 10.
[1] Supreme Court of Canada. Opitz v. Wrzesnewskyj. 2012 SCC 55, (71-73).
[1]Ibid., 6.
[1] Ibid.,
(58-59).
[1] Ibid.,
(139).
[1] Ibid.,
(140).
[1] Ibid.,
(27).
[1] Ibid.,
(38).
[1] Ibid.,
(2).
[1] Ibid.,
(34)
[1] Ibid.
(49).
[1] Ibid.,
(56).
[1] Ibid.
(145).
[1] Ibid.,
(140).
[1] Ibid.,
(148).
[1] Stechyson, Natalie. “Court case casts pall on Canada’s sterling
election reputation.” The Gazette, October 21, 2012.
[1] Ibid.,
[1] European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity
Website. “Jordan Update.” July 27,
2012. 1.
[1] Kristen
Kao,“Jordan’s Ongoing Election Law
Battle.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, SADA Website, July 5,
2012.
[1] European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity
Website, 3.
[1] Kristen
Kao.
[1] Ibid.
[1] Curtis Ryan, “Jordan's
high stakes electoral reform.” Foreign Policy website, June 29, 2012.
[1] Kristen Kao.
[1] Ibid.
[1] Curtis Ryan, “Jordan's high stakes electoral reform.”
[1] BBC
News Website, “Jordan
teeters on edge of political instability.” October
27, 2012.
[1] The Economist Website. “Our
article on Jordan.” October 26, 2012.
[1] Jamal Halaby, “Jordan's king pushes elections as reform
path.” Yahoo News Website. October 23, 2012.
[1] Curtis Ryan, “Jordan's
high stakes electoral reform.”
[1] Mohammad Yaghi, “Jordan’s Election Law: Reform or perish?” Fikra Forum Website, October 4, 2012.
[1] Curtis Ryan, “Jordan's
high stakes electoral reform.”
[1] BBC
News Website, “Jordan
teeters on edge of political instability.”
[1] Democracy Digest Website. “Jordan: dialog, not regime change, the
route to democratic reform?” October 9, 2012.
[1] Hasan Muawad, “Jordan needs electoral law reform, says Brotherhood deputy.” Al
Arabiya, November 2, 2012.
