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Table of Contents

Media and Elections

Media and Elections

Overview of Media and Elections

Guiding Principles of Media and Elections

Context of Media and Elections

Legal Principles

Legal Principles

International Law on Media and Elections

International Law on Media and Elections

Media and Democracy

Obligations of Pluralism

Freedom of Political Debate

Right of Access to Government Media

Publishing Opposition Views

Right of Reply to Media Reports during Elections

Limits to Liability of Media During Elections

Restrictions on Political Speech

Criticism of Politicians and Government

Right to an Effective Remedy

Protecting the Safety of the Media

Media Environment

Media Environment

Where do people get their information?

History of Respect for Media Freedom

Relative Importance of Different Media

Relative Importance of Different Media

Structure of Media Ownership

Structure of Media Ownership

Public/State Media

Corporate Media

Private Broadcasters

Print Media

Community Media

Party Media

"New" Media

"New" Media

The Internet

Cellular Telephones and Election Campaigning

Level of Media Professionalism

Level of Media Professionalism

Journalism Training

Legal Framework for Media

Legal Framework for Media

Constitutional Protection for Media Freedom

Statutes Affecting the Media

Other Statutory Instruments Affecting the Media

Case Law Affecting the Media

Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks

Existing Media Regulatory Frameworks

Broadcasting Regulator

Voluntary Media Council

Statutory or Constitutional Regulators

Law or Regulations on Media During Elections

Law or Regulations on Media During Elections

Who Should be Involved in the Drafting Process?

A Specified Campaign Period?

Different Obligations of Public and Private Media

Different Obligations of Public and Private Media

Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media

Provisions that Affect Both Private and Public Media

Implementation Mechanism for Media and Election Regulations

Implementation Mechanism: Existing Media Regulatory Body

Implementation Mechanism: Media Self-Regulation

Implementation Mechanism: Electoral Commission

Implementation Mechanism: Specialist Body

Implementation Mechanism: Judiciary

Complaints Procedure on Media Coverage

News Blackouts

Regulating Coverage of Opinion Polls

Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation

Policies on Hate Speech and Defamation

International and Comparative Law on Hate Speech

Media Liability for Reports of Unlawful Statements

Hate Speech - Operations of the Regulator

Right of Reply to Criticism or Adverse Statements

Journalists' Right of Access to Election Events

Accreditation of Journalists

Accreditation of Journalists

Foreign Media

Measures to Protect Journalists

Provisions for Public Media

Provisions for Public Media

Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties

Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties

Equal or Equitable Direct Access Coverage?

Equal Access for All Parties?

Equitable (or Fair) Access for Political Parties?

Criteria for Allocation of Direct Access Time

Timing and Length of Direct Access Slots

Who Pays for Direct Access Broadcasts?

Who Produces Direct Access Broadcasts?

Direct Access in Referenda

Paid Political Advertising

Paid Political Advertising

Countries that Allow Paid Political Advertising

A Mixed System of Advertising and Free Access

Political Advertising and Campaign Spending Limits

Regulation of Content of Direct Access Material?

Government's Duty to Inform - Voter Information

Balanced News Coverage

Provisions for the Private Media

Why Communication Matters

Why Communication Matters

Analysing Your Strenghts and Weaknesses

Defining Your Message

Defining Your Audience

Developing a Media Strategy

Developing Techniques of Media Relations

Developing Techniques of Media Relations

Briefing Packs

Pre-recorded Audio and Video Material

Providing Information on Electoral Authority Web Site

Media Briefings

Press Releases

Media Centre

Timing Work with Media

Timing Work with Media

Pre-Campaign Issues

Campaign Issues

Campaign Issues

Role of the Regulatory Body - Monitoring the Process

Role of Non-governmental Organisations

Media Monitoring

Election Day Reporting

Election Day Reporting

Media Access to Polling Stations

Reporting the Vote

Promoting Professional Coverage of Results

Promoting Professional Coverage of Results

Exit Polls

Reporting on Quick Counts

Post-election Reporting

Media Monitoring

Media Monitoring

Media Monitoring by Electoral Management Bodies

Media Monitoring by International Election Observation Missions

Media Monitoring by Non-Governmental Organisations

Media Monitoring Methodology

Media Monitoring Methodology

Media Monitoring and Media Analysis

Quantitative Media Monitoring Methods

Qualitative Media Monitoring Methods

Reporting Media Monitoring Findings

Covering an Election Campaign

Covering an Election Campaign

Training Journalists to Report Elections

Planning Election Coverage

Ethical and Professional Issues

Ethical and Professional Issues for Media in Elections

Codes of Conduct for Media in Elections

Codes of Conduct for Media in Elections

Accuracy of Media Reports

Impartiality

Responsibility

Legal Issues in Election Reporting

Reporting Opinion Polls

Reporting Exit Polls

Reporting Hate Speech

Reporting the Campaign

Reporting the Campaign

Parties' Media Strategies

Reporting Political Events

Voters-Voice Reporting

Policy-Making and Evaluation

Policy-Making and Evaluation

A Process of Consultation

Case Studies

Media and Elections Case Studies

Bosnia: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech

Canada: Paid Political Advertising

Canada: Canada prohibits bloggers from reporting results

Gambia: The Independent Electoral Commission of The Gambia develops a communications plan

Italy: An Existing Regulatory Body

Russia: Complaints Procedure (1993)

United Kingdom: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech

United States: bringing the bloggers to heel?

Zimbabwe: An Example Of Unbalanced Coverage

Contributors to Media and Elections

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