ACE Electoral Knowledge Network

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Essays and Papers 291 materiales

Título	Descripción
Procurement Aspects of Introducing ICTs solutions in Electoral Processes, The European Union, United Nations Development Programme and International IDEA (2010)	This is the first publication in the Operational Paper Series by the Joint EC-UNDP Task Force on Electoral Assistance. The paper analyzes electoral assistance projects that included the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for voter registration processes. This paper also provides an overview of the procurement aspects of introducing ICTs, the processes and procedures as well as the main challenges. The European Union and UNDP collaborated closely with International IDEA and the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network in drafting this paper, and it will be therefore published as ACE Focus On.
Argentina:Fraude electoral en la Argentina (1910-2010)	Desde 2000, ocasionalmente se vuelve a hablar de fraude en la Argentina. Quizás no sea equivocado, pero debemos saber de qué estamos hablando. Es común pensar que el fraude se acabó en la década del 30, con la oprobiosa actitud de los conservadores. Pero otra mirada podría sostener que nunca desapareció del todo, quedó larvado, latente, y fue evolucionando.
Plain Language Makes a Difference When People Vote, Journal of Usability Studies (2010)	This article from the May 2010 issue of the Journal of Usability Studies reports the findings from a study of the effect of the language used on ballots in the United States. It defines "plain language" and describes the methodology of the study and also includes key points to take a way for practitioners.
Improving the electoral roll and voter identification in Papua New Guinea, The National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea (2010)	This is a research paper by the National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea (NRI). This paper analyses the electoral enrollment system in Papua New Guinea and the Voter Identification procedures. First of all, the authors introduce the legal framework of the enrollment system and the way the voters' roll currently works. Then, they examine the major issues and shortcomings of the system, finally presenting a series of recommendations.
Papua New Guinea: Realigning Electoral Incentives: Lessons for the 2012 National General Election from conflict theory and public policy, The National Research Institute (2010)	This paper was published by the National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea in 2010. The authors analyze the management of the elections in the country (in particular the Papua New Guinea Electoral Commission's work) and presents a few recommendations and suggestions for improvements. To prevent conflict in particular, the Commission should work closely with other institutions and candidates, communities and voters not only to manage the elections, but to "realign the incentives that drive behavior."
Papua New Guinea: Priorities for a free and fair election, The National Research Institute (2009)	This is a research paper released by the National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea. The authors of this papers analyze the preparations and the management of the 2007 elections, and try to identify the critical issues that should be addressed. Overall, the elections were very successfully managed: no election-related conflict was reported and the new Limited Preferential Voting (LPV) system was introduced without any major setbacks. Voter education campaigns introduced and explained the new system to an unprecedented number of citizens. However, some major issues concern the voter registration procedures and in the general the updating and maintenance of the electoral roll.
Political Participation of Immigrants in Korea, National Election Commission (2011)	This document was drafted and released by Jong-Woo Lee, Secretary-General of the National Election Commission of the Republic of Korea. This paper studies the participation of immigrants in different types of elections in the country: national and local elections, as well as referenda. The paper also makes a comparison with rules and regulations applied in other countries.
Towards a Global Framework for Managing and Mitigating Election-related Conflict and Violence, International IDEA (2010)	This is a report on the 'International IDEA Workshop on Election-related Conflict and Violence'. This workshop brought together some of the key organizations and practitioners working in this field with the aim of providing an opportunity for peer review of existing methodologies and materials. The report highlights the need of further and deeper cooperation in this field, and to approach election-related violence in a more holistic and comprehensive way, involving multiple actors and organizations.
Persisten obstáculos para garantizar comicios con equidad de género en América Latina,NotieSe (2010)	Artículo que describe la realidad actual de las cuotas de género en América Latina
Women in Parliament and Politics in the UAE: A Study of the First Federal National Council Elections, Dubai School of Government (2009)	This study shows that the growth of women’s participation in parliaments worldwide is still notably low and, in response, the majority of governments have introduced policy measures to redress the gender imbalance. In the United Arab Emirates, a country that recently initiated an electoral parliamentary process, elections were held in 2006 and included women as both voters and candidates for the first time. This historical juncture provides a timely opportunity for analyzing the entry of women into parliamentary life in the UAE, and to contribute to the global debate on closing the political gender gap. Based on interviews with members of the Federal National Council, surveys of the opinions of male and female candidates who participated in the UAE elections, and archival material from the election campaigns, this study investigates key themes in the nature of women’s roles in the political process. The findings of this study demonstrate commonalities between the experiences of both male and female politicians, as well as critical gender-specific challenges. Key recommendations based on the findings include continued support of government for a more inclusive political process, quality training for candidates and parliamentarians, closing the gender gap in citizenship status, and strengthening the role of the Federal National Council.
التجربة البرلمانية للمرأة الإماراتية: دراسة حول أولى انتخابات المجلس الوطني الاتحادي ، كلية دبي للادارة الحكومية (2009)	لايزال نمو مشاركة المرأة في البرلمانات في العالم منخفضا وفي مقابل ذلك ؛ أتخذت غالبية الحكومات تدابير في سياساتها لمعالجة عدم التكافؤ بين الجنسين. موضوع هذه الدراسة هو طبيعة دور المرأة في العملية السياسية ، استنادا الى مقابلات مع أعضاء المجلس الوطني الاتحادي ، والدراسات الاستقصائية لآراء المرشحين من الذكور والإناث الذين شاركوا في الانتخابات الإمارات العربية المتحدة ، والمواد الأرشيفية من الحملات الانتخابية . تظهر نتائج هذه الدراسة القواسم المشتركة بين تجارب كل من السياسيين الذكور والإناث ، فضلا عن التحديات الهامة المتعلقة بنوع الجنس . تستند التوصيات الرئيسية إلى نتائج تشمل الدعم المستمر من الحكومة لمزيد من العملية السياسية الشاملة ، والتدريب الجيد للمرشحين والبرلمانيين ، وسد الفجوة بين الجنسين في المواطنة ، وتعزيز دور المجلس الوطني الاتحادي.
Women in Politics: Quotas, Voter Attitudes and Female Leadership, Dubai School of Government (2009)	This policy brief is about gender quotas which are increasingly being used throughout the world as a policy tool to improve women’s participation in politics. While in many cases these policies have succeeded in increasing the number of women politicians, there is a lack of evidence on how exposure to women leaders impacts the beliefs of the average voter. In order to determine the causal effect of affirmative action policies on voter attitudes and electoral outcomes, a study in West Bengal uses a novel approach to look at the effect of mandated reservation in Indian village councils. The study takes advantage of the fact that villages were randomly assigned the reservation policy, and uses speeches and vignettes experiments as well as Implicit Association Tests (IATs) to analyze this issue. The results suggest that repeated exposure to women leaders reduces voter bias against them, and that repeated reservation significantly improves electoral outcomes in the medium term.
النساء في عالم السياسة: الحصص وأتجاهات الناخبين والقيادة النسائية ، كلية دبي للادارة الحكومية (2009)	تتزايد نسبة حصص الجنسين (الكوتا ) المستخدمة في جميع أنحاء العالم كأداة للسياسة العامة لتحسين مشاركة المرأة في السياسة . في الوقت الذي نجحت فيه هذه السياسات في زيادة عدد النساء السياسيات ، فهناك قلة في الأدلة حول كيفية تأثير تعرض للقيادات النسائية لآراء الناخب العادي . من أجل تحديد التأثير الناجم لسياسات العمل الإيجابية على مواقف الناخبين ونتائج الانتخابات ، تستخدم هذه الدراسة ولاية البنغال الغربية نهجا جديدا للنظر في أثر التحفظ في مجالس القرى الهندية . تشير النتائج الى ان التطرق الى النساء السياسيات بشكل مستمر يقلل من انحياز الناخب ضدهن وان تكرار التحفظ يحسن الى حد ملحوظ المحصلات الانتخابية على المدى المتوسط .
Perú: Formar ciudadanos... Por qué y para qué, JNE (2010)	Artículo que describe la función educativa del JNE en materia de educación electoral y cívica.
Argentina: Historia Electoral Argentina (1912-2007)	Publicación realizada por la Subsecretaria de Asuntos Políticos y Electorales del Ministerio del Interior de la República Argentina
Nigeria: Electoral Violence and National Security	A paper by Tafa A. Balogun, Inspector General of Police on Electoral Violence and National Security in Nigeria (2003).
South Africa: Electoral System Design and Conflict Management in Africa	The paper "Electoral System Design and Conflict Management in Africa" by Andrew Reynolds (1994)
South Africa: Floor-crossing at a glance	A paper by EISA on floor-crossing in South Africa (year unknown)
Bolivia: Estudio del sistema electoral (2005).	Estudio del sistema electoral titulado "La Representación en la Asamblea Constituyente" realizado por Carlos Cordero Carraffa.
Canada: Election Campaign and Party Financing	The paper "Election Campaign and Party Financing in Canada" by Anthony M. Sayers and Lisa Young of the University of Calgary (2004)
Canada: Voting by Special Ballot for Canadian Forces Electors
Canada: Stability, Independence and Public Trust	Case study on the electoral management structure of Canada. By Ron Gould. (2006)
Canada: The Electoral Participation of Young Canadians (2006)	This paper has been prepared to help Elections Canada refine its elector outreach strategies with respect to young Canadians. It first reviews recent literature on the electoral participation of young people and identifies significant research gaps. It then describes outreach strategies targeted at young electors in other jurisdictions and identifies applicable lessons for Canada.
Canada: The Electoral Participation of Aboriginal People	This concept paper was written for Elections Canada and reviews and analyzes Aboriginal voter participation.
Canada: The Electoral Participation of Ethnocultural Communities	Immigrants and ethnocultural minorities are likely to constitute increasingly larger segments of the electorate in the 21st century. Many studies from Western European countries have shown that naturalized citizens vote at lower rates than the native-born and that eligible voters from some non-European cultural groups are less likely to vote than members of the majority cultural group. This study examines whether Canada’s foreign-born and non-European voters also experienced the same participation disadvantage in the 2000 and 2004 federal elections.
Canada: The Electoral Participation of Persons with Special Needs	This paper examines the electoral participation of electors with special needs – defined here as made up of three groups: persons with disabilities, individuals with low literacy skills and people who are homeless.
Canada: Potential Impacts of Extended Advance Voting on Voter Turnout	The purpose of this study is to identify the likely impact of Bill C-55 (Extended Voting Opportunities; 39th Parliament, 1st Session) on voter turnout in Canada.
Haiti: An election without voters (2005)	The Article "An election without voters" by SUE ASHDOWN and OLIVIA BURLINGAME GOUMBRI for the Miami Herlad issue of July 2005
Mexico: Cost of Registration and Elections.	Author Carlos Navarro discusses the approach in Mexico to managing electoral costs in this fifth of nine case studies made available to ACE courtesy of the IFES-UNDP Cost of Registration and Elections (CORE) Project.
Perú: Cuadernos para el diálogo N°11- "Agenda Legislativa, Espacio de Concertación"	Publicación realizada por la Escuela Electoral y de Gobernabilidad del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones conjuntamente con el Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset de España. Autor: Patricia Robinson Urtecho
Perú: Cuadernos para el diálogo N°12- "La importancia de la oposición política democrática" (2007)	Publicación realizada por la Escuela Electoral y de Gobernabilidad del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones conjuntamente con el Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset de España. Autor:Armando Román Zozaya
Perú:Cuadernos para el diálogo N°16- "Cultura política democrática en el Perú" (2007)	Publicación realizada por la Escuela Electoral y de Gobernabilidad del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones conjuntamente con el Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset de España. Autor: Martín Tanaka
Perú: Cuadernos para el diálogo N°20- "Democracia y Migración Internacional" (2007)	Publicación realizada por la Escuela Electoral y de Gobernabilidad del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones conjuntamente con el Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset de España. Autor: Jose Francisco Parra
Perú:"El Sistema Electoral Peruano" (2009)	Artículo escrito por el Presidente del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones de Perú, Dr. Hugo Sivina Hurtado, en el cual se describen las particularidades y características del actual sistema electoral en Perú.
United States: The Electoral College	The paper "Electoral College"by William C. Kimberling, Deputy Director of the FEC Office of Election Administration
Uruguay: The Electoral Court - A Fourth Branch of Government	Case study on the electoral management structure of Uruguay. By Sara Staino
Afghanistan: Working with Counterparts 2005 ENG	A key priority of the JEMB Secretariat is to develop the professional capacity of Afghan JEMB and JEMBS staff; to ensure that they are best prepared to assume responsibility for future elections. Collaboration between international and Afghan colleagues should take place under the assumption that Afghan election officials will form the core of the future election administration and therefore both Afghans and internationals must take the opportunity of this election to refine the skills of our Afghan hosts. We as internationals also hope to better conduct elections in Afghanistan by learning from our Afghan counterparts. Paper on working with counterparts
Bangladesh: ‘Voting No Vote! Think again’ (2007)	The Election Commission (EC) of Bangladesh disclosed a draft proposal in June 2007 for introducing a system for casting ‘No Vote’ in parliamentary elections to express voters' lack of confidence in the contesting candidates in a constituency. This is an article written by Md. Golam Mostofa, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Indonesia: A Guide to the 2004 Elections (2003)	The Indonesia Backgrounder "Guide to the 2004 Elections" by the International Crisis Group (ICG)
Indonesia: Questions about the Electoral System (2003)	The paper "Some Questions about the Electoral System for the 2004 Indonesian General Elections Answered" by Alan Wall (IFES) examines in depth perceived problems with Indonesia's electoral system.
Indonesia: The 2004 Elections have it all: Size and Complexity	The article "The 2004 Elections have it all: Size and Complexity" by Alan Wall, Project Manager for IFES, was published by the Jakarta Post (2004)
Indonesia: Voter registration Case Study (2006)	This case study is part of the "Comparative Study of Voter Registration Instruments and Practices" commissioned by Development Associates, Inc to help MPs, experts, the CEC and the Ukrainian voter begin to address the registry/list issue publicly in a fashion conducive to informed debate and to help focus current efforts at facilitating establishment of a National Voter Registry.
Indonesia: A Commentary on the Performance of the National Election Commission (KPU)'s Selection Committee (2007)	This article describes the selection process of National Election Commission which will oversee the 2009 Parliamentary and Presidential Elections.
Indonesia: Failure of Political Parties Emits Troubled Legislative Candidates (2008)	This article describes the troubled Legislative Candidates for the 2009 Indonesia Legislative election.
India:Electoral Politics in Post-Conflict States: The Case of Punjab	The paper "Electoral Politics in Post-Conflict States: The Case of Punjab" by Neera Chandhoke and Praveen Priyadarshi
Japan: Japanese Political Parties: Ideals and Reality	The discussion paper "Japanese Political Parties: Ideals and Reality" written by Gerald Curtis (Columbia University and RIETI).
Japan: Examining the Process of the 1994 Japanese Electoral Reform	The paper "Examining the Process of the 1994 Japanese Electoral Reform" written by Jo K.Iwasaki (The London School of Economic and Political Science).
Japan: The Electoral Foundations of Japan’s Financial Politics	The paper "The Electoral Foundations of Japan’s Financial Politics: The Case of Jusen" by Frances Rosenbluth (Yale) and Michael F. Thies (UCLA)
Japan: the Election Administration Commission	General information about the Election Administration Commission of Japan
Japan: Description of the Electoral System	A description of Japan's electoral system, of elections and political funding and of the electoral districts
Japan: Electoral Reform	A case study on the Japan's electoral system written by Stephen Reed in 1997 for the "Admnistration and Cost of Elections" (ACE) Project - version 1.
Japan: Japan Votes: Rational Choices and Social Obligations	Japan Votes: Rational Choices and Social Obligations
Japan: Japanese Electoral Politics: Reform, Results, and Prospects for the Future	The paper "Japanese Electoral Politics: Reform, Results, and Prospects for the Future" by Joe Michael Sasanuma
Electoral Ordinance and Party Systems from an Institutionalist Perspective: Japan and Poland	The paper "Electoral Ordinance and Party Systems from an Institutionalist Perspective: Japan and Poland" by Takayuki Ito, 1989-2001
Cambodia: Cambodia’s Electoral System: A Window of Opportunity for Reform"	The paper "Cambodia’s Electoral System: A Window of Opportunity for Reform" by Jeffrey Gallup (foreword by Kassie Neou) identifies and recommends possible areas for improvement in the Cambodian electoral system.
Cambodia: Participation of Youth in Elections (2007)	This article describes the limited attention paid to youth and youth influence in the election process in Cambodia.
Nepal: Electoral System and Election Management in Nepal	The paper "Electoral System and Election Management in Nepal" by Dev Raj Dahal for the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Nepal Office
Philippines: Voter registration Case Study (2006)	This case study is part of the "Comparative Study of Voter Registration Instruments and Practices" commissioned by Development Associates, Inc to help MPs, experts, the CEC and the Ukrainian voter begin to address the registry/list issue publicly in a fashion conducive to informed debate and to help focus current efforts at facilitating establishment of a National Voter Registry.
Thailand: Citizen Mobilization in the Fight Against Corruption: the Case of Health Care Funding in Thailand [2003]	Examines a historical case of citizen mobilization to fight corruption by 30 non-government organizations, media, and local businesses against an organized and widespread corruption in Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health.
Albania: Enabling the Blind to Vote (OSCE)	A paper by the OSCE describing efforts undertaken to enable visually-impaired voters to vote in Albania's national elections
Czech Republic: Voter registration Case Study (2006)	This case study is part of the "Comparative Study of Voter Registration Instruments and Practices" commissioned by Development Associates, Inc to help MPs, experts, the CEC and the Ukrainian voter begin to address the registry/list issue publicly in a fashion conducive to informed debate and to help focus current efforts at facilitating establishment of a National Voter Registry.
Spain: Cost of Registration and Elections	Author Rafael López–Pintor discusses Spain's approach to managing electoral costs in this third of nine case studies made available to ACE courtesy of the IFES-UNDP Cost of Registraiton and Elections (CORE) Project.
Hungary: Voter registration Case Study	This case study is part of the "Comparative Study of Voter Registration Instruments and Practices" commissioned by Development Associates, Inc to help MPs, experts, the CEC and the Ukrainian voter begin to address the registry/list issue publicly in a fashion conducive to informed debate and to help focus current efforts at facilitating establishment of a National Voter Registry.
Italy: Voter registration Case Study (2006)	This case study is part of the "Comparative Study of Voter Registration Instruments and Practices" commissioned by Development Associates, Inc to help MPs, experts, the CEC and the Ukrainian voter begin to address the registry/list issue publicly in a fashion conducive to informed debate and to help focus current efforts at facilitating establishment of a National Voter Registry.
Romania: The Political Background (1997)	This article gives a background of the political events that shaped the ensuing climate in Romania in the years following the fall of communism.
The effect of Electoral Rules on Distributive Voting: some evidence from the Russian State Duma (1994-2003)	The Paper "The effect of Electoral Rules on Distributive Voting: some evidence from the Russian State Duma (1994-2003)" written by Jana Kunicová (California Institute of Technology) and by Thomas F. Remington (Emory University).
Sweden: Cost of Registration and Elections	Author Maria Gratschew discusses Sweden's approach to managing electoral costs in this fourth of nine case studies made available to ACE courtesy of the IFES-UNDP Cost of Registration and Elections (CORE) Project.
Sweden: Voter registration Case Study (2006)	This case study is part of the "Comparative Study of Voter Registration Instruments and Practices" commissioned by Development Associates, Inc to help MPs, experts, the CEC and the Ukrainian voter begin to address the registry/list issue publicly in a fashion conducive to informed debate and to help focus current efforts at facilitating establishment of a National Voter Registry.
Georgia: Voter registration Case Study (2006)	This case study is part of the "Comparative Study of Voter Registration Instruments and Practices" commissioned by Development Associates, Inc to help MPs, experts, the CEC and the Ukrainian voter begin to address the registry/list issue publicly in a fashion conducive to informed debate and to help focus current efforts at facilitating establishment of a National Voter Registry.
Parliamentary Elections in Georgia: ODIHR observation, CRRC (2008)	The article analyzes the methods used for OSCE/ODIHR election observation and criticizes especially the training of short term observers.
Egypt: Parliamentary Elections in the Shadow of 2000	The featured document "Egypt: Parliamentary Elections in the Shadow of 2000" for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, by Khalil Alanani
Iraq: Postpone Iraq’s Elections (2005)	An article on the January 2005 issue of the "Foreign Policy In Focus" by Anas Shallal, the founder of Iraqi Americans for Peaceful Alternatives.
Iraq: Increasing Women’s Representation in Iraq - What strategies would work best?	This paper by Pippa Norris (Harvard University, prepared for the National Endowment for Democracy) examines possible strategies for increasing women’s representation in Iraq (February 2004)
Iraq: Setbacks, Advances, Prospects	A paper by Adeed Dawisha
Iraq: An Electoral System for Iraq	This paper written by David Chapman for the Democracy Design Forum (Suffolk, U.K. June 2004) examines the electoral system adopted for the 2005 National Assembly elections in a divided society like Iraq.
Iraq: The Imperatives of Elections on Schedule	A paper examining the situation leading to 2005 elections in Iraq and their possible timing. Written by Nimrod Raphaeli, Senior Analyst of the the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) - December 2004.
Iraq: Country Report	A comprehensive Country Report on Iraq published in October 2004 by the Country Information & Policy Unit - Immigration & Nationality Directorate of the Home Office in the United Kingdom. Among other aspects, it covers the electoral and political systems in this country.
Iraq: Electoral Fact Sheet	This electoral fact sheet was prepared by the Electoral Assistance Division of the United Nations. It provides a wealth of useful information on the 2005 electoral process in this country.
Iraq: Factsheet on 2005 Elections	A factsheet covering the 2005 National Assembly Elections in Iraq released by CAABU, containing general information and useful links (2004)
Iraq: Iraq's Electoral System: A Misguided Strategy	A paper on Iraq's Electoral System by Michael Rubin for the Arab Reform Bulletin (September 2004). Middle East Forum.
Iraq: General info on Out-of-Country Voting	General info on Out-of-Country Voting operation implemented by the International Organization for Migrations (IOM) for Iraqi voters living abroad.
Iraq: The Various steps of the Transition in Iraq	A document published outlining the various steps and phases of the Transition process in Iraq.
Iraq: Considerations for Electoral System for Iraq's Transitional Period	This paper edited by Sama Hadad for the Iraqi Prospect Organization (IPO) examines the electoral system adopted for Iraq’s transition period, providing a set of recommendations.
Iraq: Establishing a Stable Democratic Constitutional Structure in Iraq	This paper by the Public International Law & Policy Group and the Century Foundation aims at helping to navigate among the complexities of the constitution building process in Iraq by providing analysis and recommendations to achieve both stability and democracy (May 2003).
Iraq: IDEA - Key Options in Iraq's Democratisation Process	The present document consists of three different policy briefings on constitution-building processes, electoral system design and political parties in divided societies from International IDEA.
Iraq: IDEA - Key Options in Iraq's Democratisation Process (Arabic)	The present document consists of three different policy briefings on constitution-building processes, electoral system design and political parties in divided societies from International IDEA.
Iraq: Political Dynamics in Advance of Parliamentary Elections (2005)	The paper "Iraq: Political Dynamics in Advance of Parliamentary Elections" by Zaineb Naji and Daud Salman for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Iraq: Can Iraq Be Democratic?	A paper written by Patrick Basham for Policy Analisys in January 2005 on the prospects for a democratic Iraq.
Iraq: The Right Road to Sovereignty in Iraq	Marina Ottaway and Thomas Carothers (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) examine the situation preceeding the 2005 elections, with the pressure from the US administration that made elections a requisite for Iraqi sovereignty. They illustrate the dangers of an extremely accelerated electoral timetable, of early elections in postconflict situations that can produce unstable results and favor radical groups over still-emergent moderate forces.
Iraq: The Mother of all Elections	A paper by by Bartle Bull, for "The Prospect" Issue 107, on the 2005 elections in Iraq.
Iraq: Democracy and Ethno-Religious Conflict in Iraq	The paper by Andreas Wimmer, UCLA was presented at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, Stanford University on May 2003 (© A. Wimmer).
Iraq: Women Quotas in Iraq	A brief document from the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) examining the quota system adopted for the 2005 National Assembly elections in Iraq.
Lebanon: Assessment of the Electoral Framework (2008)	The reform of the election law is one of the key issues in the negotiations between the Lebanese government and the opposition. Democracy Reporting International(DRI) has carried out, in co-operation with the Lebanese Association for Democratic Elections (LADE), an in-depth assessment of the electoral framework, including the current law of 2000 and the draft law prepared by the "Boutros Commission":
Lebanese electoral system - Briefing Paper #1	IFES-Lebanon is compiling a series of briefing papers providing background information on the Lebanese electoral system and some of the key issues relating to the electoral process. The first of such papers delineates the distribution of parliamentary seats by confession and provides a break down of the confessional districts in Lebanon with special emphasis on those in Beirut. It also includes an example on the electoral system in practice and an overview of the Lebanese ballot papers and the electoral lists.
POMED country page on elections in Lebanon	POMED country pages on elections aggregate open-source information and analysis on a given country’s electoral processes.
Mauritania, Election Watch Teim - Electoral Profile, 2007	Electoral profile on Mauritania's legislative election on March 11 - 25, 2007, by Election Watch of TEIM
Yemen: Overview of the Voter Registration System (2003)	An overview of the system used in Yemen for compiling the voters’ register for the 2003 Parliamentary elections. Author: Antonio Spinelli, UNDP CTA
Comparative Election Administration in the Pacific	This paper, by Andrew Ellis (Head of Electoral Processes at International IDEA) and Alistair Legge (Secretary of PIANZEA) attempts to assemble materials which describe the detailed process of election administration in the Pacific.
Australia: Voter registration Case Study (2006)	This case study is part of the "Comparative Study of Voter Registration Instruments and Practices" commissioned by Development Associates, Inc to help MPs, experts, the CEC and the Ukrainian voter begin to address the registry/list issue publicly in a fashion conducive to informed debate and to help focus current efforts at facilitating establishment of a National Voter Registry.
Marshall Islands: Trends and Implications in the National Election (2003)	The paper "Marshall Islands National Election 2003 — Trends and Implications" By Giff Johnson illustrates how the 2003 election demonstrated the most-ever impact of offshore voters living in the United States and elsewhere, with about 14 percent of the total vote from postal absentee voters.
Philippines: Cheating in Elections (2000)	Fact sheet by Ding Tanjuactco first published in ACE 1 in 2000
Canada: Readjustment of Federal Electoral Boundaries	Electoral Insight, Vol.4 No.2, October 2002
United States: A Security Analysis of the Secure Electronic Registration and Voting Experiment (SERVE)	A review and critique of computer and communication security issues in the SERVE voting system (Secure Electronic Registration and Voting Experiment), an Internet-based voting system developed for the U.S. Department of Defense’s FVAP (Federal Voting Assistance Program).
Electronic voting - The trouble with technology (The Economist)	The following article "Electronic voting - The trouble with technology" appeared on the Sep 16th 2004 issue of the The Economist print edition:
Harry Neufeld: Computerizing Election Adminstration (1994)	The paper "Computerizing Election Adminstration" presented by Harry Neufeld for IFES at the "African Election Administrators Colloquium" held in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe in November 1994.
United States: Examining Internet Voting in Washington	A paper by David M. Elliott, Assistant Director of Elections, examining Internet Voting in the State of Washington.
United States: Analysis of an Electronic Voting System (2004)	The paper "Analysis of an Electronic Voting System" by Tadayoshi Kohno, Adam Stubblefield, Aviel D. Rubin and Dan S. Wallach (February 2004)
A Proposed Framework for Technology Selection in order for developing countries to execute election operations efficiently	This paper aims at establishing a framework that defines a set of criteria that can be used to determine what and how technology can be used to enhance and improve election operations in developing countries. The author finds extensive support for the use of technology in general administration activities as well as delimitation, voter registration, candidate management and result reporting. The study proposes that electronic voting technologies only be used in Developing African countries after extensive thought and consultation with stake holders. This paper is a dissertation submitted to the University of Liverpool.
Disentangling Democracy and Development as Determinants of Armed Conflict	The paper "Disentangling Democracy and Development as Determinants of Armed Conflict" by Håvard Hegre (the World Bank, January 2003) explores the relationship between development, democracy and civil war.
Electoral Choices for Divided Societies: Moderation through constituency pooling and vote pooling	A paper by Matthijs Bogaards (Department of Politics, University of Southampton) prepared for Workshop on “Parties, Party Systems and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World” (2001).
Governance in Post-Conflict Situations: Electoral Systems and Processes (UNDP)	Chapter III of this paper by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) examines electoral systems and processes in post-conflict situations.
Manipulating Electoral Rules: Intra-Party Conflict, Partisan Interests, and Constitutional Thickness	Do political parties manipulate electoral rules in predictable, strategic ways in order to stay in power longer? The answers are in the paper "Manipulating Electoral Rules: Intra-Party Conflict, Partisan Interests, and Constitutional Thickness" by Kenneth Mori McElwain (Stanford University).
Electoral Assistance and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding - What Lessons Have Been Learned?	The paper "Electoral Assistance and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding - What Lessons Have Been Learned?" written by Benjamin Reilly, Senior Lecturer at the Asia Pacific School of Economics and Government
Electoral Systems and Conflict Management: Comparing STV and AV Systems	The paper "Electoral Systems and Conflict Management: Comparing STV and AV Systems" by Benjamin Reilly, Research Fellow at the National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University Canberra.
Electoral Conflict and Violence: A Strategy for Study and Prevention (IFES)	The paper "Electoral Conflict and Violence: A Strategy for Study and Prevention" by Jeff Fischer (IFES White Paper 2002-01) - February 5, 2002
Electoral Systems and the Management of Ethnic Conflict in Africa	The paper "Electoral Systems and the Management of Ethnic Conflict in Africa" was written by Timothy Murithi from the Keele University
Postconflict Elections: War Termination, Democratization, and Demilitarizing Politics	The working paper written by Terrence Lyons (February 2002) for the Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution - George Mason University
Elections and Security (2006)	This article by Sean Dunne discusses general election and security issues. In particular it looks at principles of election and security, analysis of possible threats with regard to elections and security, and special security measures for elections.
Indonesia: Resolution of Disputes related to Electoral Results (IFES)	This paper intends to provide the Indonesian Constitutional Court with guidance for the resolution of disputes related to election results, by providing baseline information to fuel the debates in a workshop organized by IFES for judges and staff on issues of election result disputes and court administration.
Indonesia: Oath for KPU Election Officials	The formal oath to be taken by members of the Indonesian Election Commmission (KPU), to pledge allegiance before taking office.
Joe C. Baxter: Techniques to Effective Election Management (1994)	The paper "Techniques to Effective Election Management" by Joe C. Baxter prepared for the "African Election Administration Colloquium" held on November 1994 at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
Women and Elections: Guide to Promoting the Participation of Women in Elections (2005)	A comprehensive guide produced by the United Nations as part of its efforts to enhance women's participation in electoral processes in post-conflict countries.
United States: Election 2004, the Latino and Asian Vote	The paper "Election 2004, the Latino and Asian Vote" written by Jeffrey S. Passel, Urban Institute Immigration Studies Program (2004)
Initiatives to Raise Voter Turnout	This document assembles links and short descriptions of several initiatives undertaken in Slovakia, the US, Canada and the UK to raise declining voter turnout.
United Kingdom: Understanding the 1997 British Election: A Gender-Generation Gap?	Chapter eight: "A Gender-Generation Gap?" of the book "A CRITICAL ELECTION? UNDERSTANDING THE 1997 BRITISH ELECTION IN LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE"
United States: Voter Turnout Among Young Women and Men CIRCLE (2005)	This fact sheet presents information on one measure of civic engagement, voter turnout, across women and men. It also highlights some of the similarities and differences between young women and young men in their attitudes towards voting in The United States
United Kingdom: Gender and political participation (2004)	This paper presents the findings of a research study, funded by The Electoral Commission, looking at the extent and nature of men and women’s political participation in the UK and examining the existence of any political activism ‘gap’ by gender.
Tuning In To Democracy:Challenges of Young People’s Participation and Civic Education	Keynote speech at "Engaging Youth in Modern Democracy" International Symposium, opened by the Governor-General of Australia. By Andrew Ellis Acting Director of Operations and Head of Electoral Processes International IDEA. University of Sydney 12 October 2006.
Engaging the Electorate: Initiatives to Promote Voter Turnout from Around the World (IDEA 2007)	Engaging the Electorate: Initiatives to Promote Voter Turnout from Around the World is an International IDEA publication. This book seeks to inspire those who believe that strong participation in elections and referendums helps to build confidence in democratic institutions to engage in networking and information sharing.
Why the Military and the Police should register and vote (2004)	In his paper "Why the Military and the Police should register and vote", Michael Meadowcroft argues that the practice preventing the military and the police from participating in the electoral process is based on the false concept that registering and voting is a political act.
IFES: Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration (2007)	The papers in this collection identify evolving concerns that EMBs increasingly face. The five electoral issues addressed by these papers do not currently have accepted norms and standards that EMBs (and others) can utilize to shape effective policies and procedures. IFES explores five key issues: Electronic voting; Election administration and use of the Internet; External and absentee voting; Boundary delimitation; and Political finance.
Canada: British Columbia - Empowered Citizen Participation	This case study presents the unique experiment undertaken by the Canadian province of British Columbia, a process on electoral reform: the government gave a randomly selected group of citizens - the "Citizens’ Assembly on Electoral Reform" - the opportunity and responsibility to independently review the electoral system and have its recommendations submitted to the public for approval at a referendum.
The Role of Electoral Systems in the Resolution of Ethnic Conflict	This paper by David Chapman for the "Democracy Design Forum" explores the role of electoral systems in the resoution of ethnic conflicts.
China: Village Committee Elections: First Steps on a Long March?	Case study on the role of Village Commitees in China, written by Dong Lisheng and Jørgen Elklit
Government Structure and Electoral Systems (2003)	With this paper, Benjamin Reilly sets out options for structuring a system of government and choosing an electoral system, focusing on the comparative experience of transitional democracies in choosing amongst available options, examining choices made by countries emerged from a period of protracted conflict.
Electoral Systems and their Goals:a Primer for Decision-Makers	The paper "Electoral Systems and their Goals:a Primer for Decision-Makers" by Donald L. Horowitz, Professor of Law and Political Science, at the Duke University (January 2003)
Kyrgyzstan: Electoral Manipulation in Central Asia	The electoral system in an ex Soviet authoritarian system. Case study written by Eugene Huskey.
Negotiations About a New Electoral System (1997)	Article by Michael Coppedge published 1998 in ACE1
Palestinian Territory: Political Realities Shape the System	A description of the creation of the Palestinian electoral system, written by Andrew Ellis.
Electoral Systems Briefing Paper	The "Electoral Systems Briefing Paper" is a handy and useful tool created by Alan Wall to understand different aspects of the various electoral systems and to consider advantages and disadvantages of each.
Bosnia: the Media Monitoring Centre	Article on the role of the Media Monitoring Centre in Bosnia, written by Richard Carver
South Africa: Promoting Gender Equality in and through Media (2002)	This is the case study presented at the United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW) Expert Group Meeting on “Participation and access of women to the media, and the impact of media on, and its use as an instrument for the advancement and empowerment of women”, Beirut, Lebanon, 2002.
Media Preconditions for Free and Fair Elections (2002)	The article "What are the media preconditions for an election to qualify as being 'free and fair'?" by Guy Berger prepared as a discussion document for the "South African National Editor's Forum" (SANEF) in 2002. The article sets six conditions to be met by the media for free and fair elections.
Effective Media Communications Skills (IMPACS)	This article written by the Institute for Media, Policy and Civil Society (IMPACS) discusses what needs to be taken into consideration when organisations are planning to issue news releases, conduct interviews, and so on. Some checklists and sample formats are also included.
Media and Elections Case Studies	A comprehensive analysis on media and elections edited by Christophoros Christophorou, commissioned by the European Institute for the Media. Case studies are mostly from Europe.
Russia: Complaints Procedure (1993)	article on the Arbitration Court on Information Matters, an ad hoc body established specifically for the 1993 parliamentary elections. (written by Richard Carver)
Media and Elections Project - Central and Eastern European Countries	This preparatory study on the regulatory framework for media coverage of elections in Central and Eastern Europe is commissioned by the Association of Central and Eastern European Election Officials (ACEEEO). It consists of three parts: (i) an explanatory report to the questionnaire on the legal framework in relation to media coverage of elections in Central and Eastern Europe, (ii) the draft questionnaire itself and (iii) a bibliography.
United States: Ballot Access Restrictions and Candidate Entry into Elections (2004)	Research Paper by Thomas Stratmann (2004) about Ballot Restrictions in the United States
Bosnia: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech	(written by Richard Carver)
Canada: Paid Political Advertising	(written by Richard Carver)
Brasil: Quotas for Women in the Legislative System	Case Study by Clara Araujo in "The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences".
Poland: Gender Party Quotas	Case Study by Renata Siemienska in "The Implementation of Quotas: European Experiences"
Serbia and Montenegro: Implementing Quotas - Legal Reform and Enforcement	Case Study of European Experiences with Legislated Quotas for Women
South Africa: Political Party Quotas	Case Study by Mavivi Myakayaka-Manzini
Comparative Studies of Electoral Gender Quotas (2003)	Paper by Drude Dahlerup presented at the International IDEA workshop "The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences", Lima, Peru 23-24 February 2003.
Mauritius: Coalition Politics under the Tropics: office seekers, power makers, nation building (2003)	A case study of Mauritius by Ramakrishna Sithanen presented at the EISA Roundtable "Political party coalitions - Strengthening Democracy through Party Coalition Building" in Cape Town, 19 June 2003.
Money in Politics: A Study of Party Financing Practices in 22 Countries (2005)	Money in Politics: A Study of Party Financing Practices in 22 Countries, published in 2005, contains a comparative analysis across all the countries as well as individual profiles of party finance laws, practices and challenges in each country studied. Twelve of the countries in the study are in Africa.
United Kingdom: Party Election Campaigning in Britain: The Labour Party (2002)	Research paper by Paul Whiteley and Patrich Seyd, presented at the workshop "Local Campaigning in Comparative Perspective". The paper outlines the main features of the Labour's election campaign for the 2001 elections.
Common Arguments For and Against Quotas	A comparative table describing advantages and disadvantages in the use of quotas.
Rwanda: Hate Speech	article on Radio television libre des mille collines (RTLM)'s hate speech in Rwanda conflict (written by Richard Carver)
South Africa: A Formula for Allocating Direct Access Slots	(written by Richard Carver)
United Kingdom: The Operations of the Regulator on Hate Speech	(written by Richard Carver)
Floor-crossing in South Africa and its Effect on Democracy (2002)	A paper on floor-crossing in South Africa, written by Thomas S. Knirsch and Elisabeth Schwab (2002). In german. Original title: Floor-Crossing – Parteiuebertritte in Südafrika und ihre Auswirkungen auf die junge Demokratie.
South Africa: Floor Crossing is Bad News for Democracy (2005)	Article on Floor-Crossing by Jonathan Faull, Idasa. September 12, 2005.
Canada: Introduction to Handwritten Signature Verification
Trinidad and Tobagao: Getting the Register Right (1998)
Mexico: The Electoral Register	Paper about the mexican electoral register by Juan Manuel Herrero Álvarez.
United Kingdom: Voting Access for the Disabled (1992)	A discussion of improving access to the vote for disabled voters. Suggestions include alternative voting mechanisms such as postal voting as well as making polling station layout more user friendly for disabled voters
Somalia: Somaliland Election Results	Preliminary election results declared in all regions of Somaliland
Albania: Enabling the blind to Vote OSCE (2005)	An article about a program that was designed to give the blind better access to the voting process
United Kingdom: Design of single ballot paper recommended for Scottish Parliament elections (2006)	10 Aug 2006
Australia: Law reform and political party registration: Case study - Democratic Labour Party (LDP)	This research paper by Laurie McGrath discusses political party registration in Australia.
United Kingdom: Response to the "Review of Ballot Paper Design" (2003)	Response to the "Review of Ballot Paper Design" consultation paper by Dr. N Ben Fairweather of the Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University
United Kingdom: Don't waste your best asset	Article by ACE Practitioners' Network member Bernard Owen and Guy Lardeyret, arguing for the benefits of United Kingdom's electoral system (First Past the Post).
Syria, Election Watch Teim - Electoral Profile, 2007	Electoral profile on Syria's legislative election on April 22-23, 2007, by Election Watch of TEIM.
Papua New Guinea: Electoral Incentives for Inter-Ethnic Accommodation (1997)	Author: Reilly, Ben
European Parliament: Elections to a Supranational Body
Canada: Why do municipal electors not vote?, Canadian Journal of Urban Research (2006)	This paper examines through telephone surveys, the reasons why electors did not exercise their right to vote at the municipal level and Voter turnout in Canada has declined in the last several decades and is now among the lowest in the western world. When non-voters were asked why they did not vote, the most frequent reason was lack of information about candidates and the poor quality of the candidates. The person most likely to vote is a senior, upper income, born outside Canada, owning their own home, and politically and community involved. These results are not dissimilar to those in a recent survey of federal electors.
Argentina: El fantasma de la abstención (2010)	Artículo escrito por Hugo Passarello Luna estudiando comparativamente la abstención electoral producida en Francia y Argentina en sus elecciones recientes.
Perú: Regulación Jurídica de los partídos políticos en el Perú (2010)	Autor: Fernando Tuesta Soldevilla
Lost Voters: Participation in EU elections and the case for compulsory voting, CEPS (Centre for European Policy Studies)	An article by Anthoula Malkopoulpou, analyzing the trend of declining voter participation in the context of European Parliament elections. The paper explores compulsory voting systems in a number of developed democracies worldwide and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of introducing such a measure in the EU.
Afghanistan: Consensus Recommendations for Electoral Reform in Afghanistan, Democracy International (2010)	This paper presents 34 consensus recommendations are a result of a comprehensive review and analysis of recommendations presented by a wide range of stakeholders to Afghanistan's election process and led by Democracy International. These 34 recommendations have been identified as the major points of consensus among Afghan civil society organizations, international observer missions, assistance organizations, and independent election experts.
Observing Delimitation (2011)	This document focuses on the importance of observing delimitation during an election observation mission. The delimitation of constituencies, as a matter of fact, provides the single most important opportunity to manipulate the result of an election, short of straightforward cheating.
ُEgypt: The road to Parliament, Al-Ahram Weekly (2010)	In this collection of analysis and articles, Al-Ahram Weekly offers a comprehensive guide to the elections, mapping the political landscape, profiling parties and their candidates, providing views and assessments including a brief history of parliament and the Higher Elections Committee, coverage of what are expected to be the most closely fought constituency battles, concerns over human rights violations and the challenges facing civil and international monitors alongside opinion articles by leading political commentators.
System Simulation: Botswana elections results	This is an electoral system simulation tool. The 2004 and 2009 elections in Botswana are analyzed and studied according to the different electoral system adopted: the same results can turn into very different outcomes.
Democratic Republic of the Congo: DRC Elections 2006 - Women in Politics, International IDEA (2006)	This document, published by International IDEA, gives information and links on issues related to gender equality and elections in the RDC.
Democratic Republic of the Congo: What Elections Mean: Identities, Return and Reintegration in the DRC, International IDEA (2006)	This document is and extract from ‘Democracy in War -torn Societies’, International IDEA (2006) Democracy, Conflict and Human Security: Pursuing Peace in the 21st Century, pp. 183 -184.
Election-Related Disputes and Political Violence: Strengthening the Role of the African Union in Preventing, Managing, and Resolving Conflict, International Peace Institute (2010)	This report was released by the International Peace Institute (IPI) in partnership with the African Union. This is the the first publication of the African Union Series. The AU decided to focus on election-related violence: the Panel of the Wise has chosen to dedicate its first thematic reflections to developing strategies for the prevention of election-related violence. In doing so, the Panel acknowledged the growing importance of electoral processes in the continent, and of their role in the consolidation of democracy. This report identifies the weaknesses in the governance of elections and recommends mechanisms to prevent election-related disputes and conflicts in a long-term approach.
Fiji: A New System Under Pressure, International IDEA, Bill Gray (2001)	This case study gives a look at the legal framework, the institutional and political environment in Fiji before and after the 2001 elections.
Burma (Myanmar): Preliminary Analysis of Myanmar's 2010 Electoral Laws, Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum (2010)	This briefing paper written by Richard Horsey gives an overview of the main provisions introduced by electoral laws that were released in March 2010. It offers a different view of the commonly cited information such as the restriction for people with criminal record to stand for elections.
Egypt: Women's Political Participation, Political Party Life and Democratic Elections	The three discussion papers included in this report were prepared in 2003 as part of a project carried out by International IDEA, in cooperation with the Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND), aimed at discussing democratic reform in Egypt, Jordan and Yemen. The project was made possible thanks to a generous grant from the Government of Germany, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Egypt’s Local Elections Farce: Causes and Consequences, Carnegie Endowment (2008)	The Egyptian government’s crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood in advance of the April 8 local elections was motivated by its determination to exclude the Brotherhood from the 2011 presidential election and is likely to persist until the matter of presidential succession is settled, argue two Carnegie experts.
Policy and Practice Brief: Strategies to Prevent and Manage Electoral Violence, ACCORD (2010)	The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) is a civil society organization based in South Africa. This organization works to find creative solutions to the various conflict-related challenges in the African continent. In 2010, ACCORD launched a new series of resource material, the 'Policy and Practice Brief'. This document is the first publication of the series and focuses on “Strategies to prevent and manage electoral violence.” ACCORD acknowledges the importance of preventing election-related violence to strengthen the democratic processes in the continent, and studies new strategies in a long-term perspective. Finally, this brief provides recommendations to governments and the civil society, as well as security personnel.
Vanuatu: Limitations to the Independence of the EMB, International IDEA	This case study produced by Jannette Bolenga explains the different challenges and reforms needed regarding the independence of the Vanuatu Electoral Management Body.
Perú: Revista de Derecho Electoral Año 1 N°0, JNE (2007)	Revista de Derecho electoral elaborada por la Escuela Electoral y de Gobernabilidad del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones de Perú
Voter Education Synergy – IFES Moldova, By Steven Gray	Synergy is a buzzword if there ever was one. In general, it refers to achieving a greater result by working with others versus working alone. In IFES projects around the World, we try to achieve synergy in building democratic institutions such as election commissions, civil society organizations, and local public authorities. For those of us in the field, we can feel synergy when a particular initiative is successful, when organizations we work with grow and prosper, and when elections we work on, are problem free.
The Electoral System for South Sudan: Apportioning Immediate to Long-term Needs	Robert Gerenge discusses the tradeoffs of electoral system design for the new state of South Sudan.
United Kingdom: Electoral System Experimentation in Cradle of FPTP (1997)	Author: Reynolds, Andrew
United Kingdom: Redistribution Process	Authors: Johnston, Ron; Rossiter, David; Pattie, Charles
The report of Power: an independent Inquiry into Britain's democracy	The report tries to find answers to why disengagement from formal democratic politics in Britain has grown in recent years. The report also suggest methods and approaches that could be used in order to reverse the trend.
Argentina:A different view on the Argentine electoral reform (2010)	Written by Hugo Passarello Luna. This article describes an analysis about the recent electoral reform introduced by the government in Argentina.
We changed the Laws - Electoral practice and malpractice in Sudan since 1953, African Affairs (2010)	This article explores the history of elections by secret ballot in Sudan since the 1950s, and considers what lessons this history may offer in the run-up to the national elections planned under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. The article locates the repeated use of the secret ballot in Sudan in the context of a wider state-directed project of modernity, for which the secret ballot offers a performative enactment of the relationship between an efficient state and a disciplined citizenry. The article therefore focuses on the actual procedure of elections, rather than on high politics, and it argues that despite a formal insistence on consistent procedure, practice often deviated from the supposed rules.
The Observers Observed (2011)
Perú: Circunscripción electoral (2010)	Autor: Fernando Tuesta Soldevilla
How a Frog could end the Security Wars and revive the eVote Industry	After years of bitter conflict between computer scientists and vendors over security of electronic voting machines, could a FROG bring peace to the realm of eVoting? Ingo Boltz proposes the revival of an "old plan" for simple and secure electronic voting.
“Deadwood” or “Driftwood”? Voter Turnout in Romania: the Myth of the Vanishing Voter and the Reality of a Disenfranchised Electorate (2010)	This paper analyzes the electoral voter participation in Romania. In particular, the author researches the presence of two phenomenons: the "deadwood" (people who have registered, but are no longer eligible because they have moved or died) and the "driftwood" (people who emigrated and are being systematically disenfranchised). In trying to analyze the reasons behind the low voter turnout in Romania, the author argues that the "driftwood" phenomenon is the real problem in the country. Concluding that the constantly decreasing voter turnout is the result of miscalculations and disenfranchisement. Finally, the author concludes with a series of recommendations and possible solutions.
Shadowy campaign financing will mire Iraq's democratic elections, Open Democracy (2010)	This article focuses on the resources of financing and propaganda campaigns in the Iraqi elections 2010.
Insights 74: Elections and the democracy challenge, Institute of Development Studies (2008)	Insights 74: Elections and the democracy challenge, August 2008. Insights is a publication that offers an overview of policy-relevant research on international development. Eldis is a knowledge service from the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex. This issue from 2008 contains articles on a number of election related issues including elections and conflict and internet voting.
Election Campaigns, Balance, and the Mass Media (2008)	A paper published for a conference on “The Role of the News Media in the Governance Reform Agenda", it discusses the role of media in four democracies in transition:Mexico, Turkey, Russia, and Kenya. It discusses the role of media in creating political bias or affecting voter turnout. It confronts the problem of balance in reporting, especially in transitional situations.
Ireland: The Archetypal Single Transferable Vote System (1997)	Author: Gallagher, Michael
Israel: Electoral Reform	Author: Nachmias, David, Sened, Itai
Japan: Electoral Reform (1997)	Author: Reed, Stephen
Malta: Single-Transferable Vote with Some Twists (1997)	Author: Hirczy de Mino, Wolfgang
The Netherlands: Historical Overview of the Electoral System (1997)	Author: Beun, Brechtje, Irwin, Galen
Sweden: Vote Counting (1997)	Author: Hult, Jan
United States: Total Recall - the election of Schwarzenegger in California
United States: Ethnic Minorities and Single-Member Districts (1997)	Author: Blacksher, James
Azerbaijan: Inadequate Control of the Personal Vote	Author: Santolaya, Pablo; Iñiguez, Diego
Kyrgyzstan: Electoral Manipulation in Central Asia
Australia: Federal Redistribution	Author: Maley, Michael
Australia: The Alternative Vote (1997)	Author: Reilly, Ben
New Zealand: Electoral Redistribution	Author: McRobie, Alan
Papua New Guinea: Electoral Incentives for Inter-Ethnic Accommodation (1997)	Author: Reilly, Ben
Latvia: Minorities Deprived of the Right to Vote (1997)	Author: Santolaya, Pablo; Iñiguez, Diego
Russian federation: An Evolving Parallel System (1997)	Author: Rule, Wilma, Shvedova, Nadezhda
Ukraine: The Perils of Majoritarianism in a New Democracy (1997)	Author: Birch, Sarah
Democratic Republic of the Congo: Determining How Districts Might be Delimited in a Post-Conflict Society
Equatoria Guinea: The Failure of a high technological method (1998)	Author: Santolaya, Pablo; Iñiguez, Diego
Philippines: Understanding the Election-related Violent Incidence of 2007 (2008)	This case study deals with election-related violent incident in the 2007 Philippines Election.
India: First Past the Post on a Grand Scale (1997)	Authors: Rangarajan, Mahesh; Patidar, Vijay
India: Decentralization and accountability - are voters more vigilant in local than in national elections?	Defining vigilance as retrospective voting - where voters evaluate incumbents on their performance during their entire term in office - the author compares voter behavior in local and national elections to make inferences about whether voters are more vigilant in monitoring government at the local level. Using data from 14 major states in India over the period 1960-92, she contrasts voters' behavior in state legislative assembly elections with their behavior in national legislative elections. In state assembly elections voter reward incumbents for local income growth, and punish them for a rise in inequality, over their entire term in office. But in national elections voters behave myopically, rewarding growth in national income and a fall in inflation and inequality only in the year preceding the election. The evidence is consistent with greater voter vigilance and government accountability in local than in national elections.
Sri Lanka: Changes to Accommodate Diversity (1997)	Author: Reilly, Ben
Sri Lanka: Presidential Elections (Special Provisions) Act No. 2 of 1981	AN ACT TO MAKE PROVISIONS FOR THE PROCEDURE FOR THE ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA IN TERMS OF ARTICLE 40 OF THE CONSTITUTION AND TO PROVIDE FOR MATTERS CONNECTED THERE WITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO.
Sri Lanka: Presidential Elections Act, No. 15 of 1981	AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA BY THE PEOPLE AND FOR MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO
Sri Lanka: Referendum Act, No. 7 of 1981	AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE CONDUCT OF A REFERENDUM IN TERMS OF CHAPATER XIII OF THE CONSTITUTION, AND TO PROVIDE FOR MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO
Sri Lanka: Registration of Electors Act, No.44 of 1980	AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE REGISTRATION OF ELECTORS IN TERMS OF ARTICLE 101 OF THE CONSTITUTION AND TO PROVIDE FOR MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO.
Sri Lanka: Reprint of the Ceylon (Parliamentary Elections) Order in Council, 1946 (CHAPTER 381)	as amended by Acts Nos. 4 of 1959, 11 of 1959, 26 of 1959, 2 of 1960,72 of 1961, 8 of 1964, 10 of 1964 and 9 of 1970 and by rule published in Government Gazette No. 14,569 of November 26, 1965 Printed by the Government, by authority of an Order of the Minister of Justice, under the Statutory Reprints Ordinance (Chapter 4), and with section 94A of the Ceylon (Parliamentary Elections) Order in Council, 1946 (Chapter 381) Date of Reprinting: April 12, 1970
Lesotho: Africa’s First MMP Electoral System	Author: Jørgen Eklit
Namibia: National List PR in Southern Africa (1998)	Author: Reynolds, Andrew
South Africa: Election Systems and Conflict Management (1997)	Author: Reynolds, Andrew
Challenges for Political Party Poll Watching in Southern Africa(2008)	This article describes the outcome of the workshop held by EISA on 6 November 2007 on the subject of poll watching by political parties
Burkina Faso: Vote Counting (1998)	Author: Kangah, David A.
Ghana: Vote Counting (1998)	Author: Khanga, David
Mali: A Two-Round System in Africa	Author: Mozaffar, Shaheen
The 2007 Parliamentary Election in Togo	This case study presents a detailed description of the 2007 Parliamentary elections in Togo as well as a general overview of previous elections and the electoral framework.
Kenya: A task to restore confidence
Solomon Islands: Improving the Quality of Election Management (2006)	This paper was submitted by the Solomon Islands Electoral Officer to a conference of Commonwealth Chief Election Officers organized by the Commonwealth Secretariat in co-operation with the Election Commission of India. The conference addresses the issues regarding the improvement of the quality of election management. In that regard, this paper treats the Solomon Islands Electoral Management Body's experiences and perspective.
Caribbean: From Grassroots to the Airwaves Paying for Political Parties and Campaigns in the Caribbean, International IDEA, OAS (2005)	This paper was produced by International IDEA and the OAS. The document gives a close look at issues related to political parties and the financing of electoral campaigns. The cases analyzed include: Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago.
How to improve the state of Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa	This study, spanning the entire region as well as several theoretical areas, includes case studies and practical considerations and presumes to exhaust the topic of the state of democracy in MENA. It summarizes the reforms in the region, but talk of the challenges ahead, both from the society’s and the state’s standpoint. It covers the entire region and covers a multiple of countries in a comparative manner.
Canada: Communities of Interest (1998)	Author: Santolaya, Pablo; Iñiguez, Diego
Canada: Representation in the Canadian Parliament (1998)	Author: Elections Canada
Canada: A Case Study on the Electoral System (1997)	Author: Milner, Henry
Switzerland: Overview of the Electoral System (1997)	Author: Steiner, Jurg
Switzerland: Swiss Direct Democracy	A detailed overview of the numerous direct democracy mechanisms used in Switzerland by Ellie Greenwood
China: Village Committee Elections: First Steps on a Long March?
Germany: Redistricting	Author: Schrott, Peter
Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System	Author: Krennerich, Michael
Spain: the Spanish Electoral System, an Historical Accident (1998)	Author: Astorkia, Jose Maria
Finland: Candidate Choice and Party Proportionality (1997)	Author: Sundberg, Jan
Electoral Dispute Resolution in Ukraine 2004, 2006 and 2007	In December 2004, in the middle of the Orange Revolution, the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) adopted major, systemic and controversial amendments to the 1996 Constitution, transforming Ukraine’s system of governance into a parliamentary-presidential republic. Unfortunately, the 2004 changes included numerous provisions that have, in practice, given rise to major conflicts both within the executive branch (the Presidency vs. the Cabinet of Ministers) as well as among the executive, legislative (Parliament) and judicial branches (including a running battle on the powers of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine). The 2004 amendments were, arguably, the prime legal enabler of the 2007 pre term parliamentary election.
IDEA: "Electoral Frameworks" essay	An essay on "Electoral Frameworks" by International IDEA, as part of its periodic highlights on the Development Gateway's portal of the World Bank (23 December 2004).
IDEA: "Electoral Management" essay	An essay on "Electoral Management" by International IDEA, as part of its periodic highlights on the Development Gateway's portal of the World Bank (September 21, 2004).
IDEA: "International Electoral Observation" essay	An essay on "International Electoral Observation" by International IDEA, as part of its periodic highlights on the Development Gateway's portal of the World Bank (August 17, 2005).
Idealism Without Illusions: Lessons from Post-Conflict Electionsin Cambodia, Rwanda and Sudan
Electoral processes and democracy: a moving field	In this essay, Andrew Ellis argues that understanding the links between national elections and wider dynamics of democratic change is crucial for democracy building.
Engaging the new Pan-Africanism: Strategies for Civil Society	A joint publication of ActionAid International-Southern Africa Partnership Programme and the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, in partnership with Centre for Policy Studies, Mwelekeo wa NGO, Southern Africa Regional Poverty Network, World Alliance for Citizen Participation, and Southern African Development Community-Council of Non-Governmental Organisations.
SADC Region: Survey of Electoral Systems and Reform Imperatives	The "Survey of Electoral Systems and Reform Imperatives in the SADC Region" by Khabele Matlosa of EISA
Cameroon: Case Study on electoral management body	Case study on the electoral management body (EEMB) of Cameroon by Dieudonné N. TSHIYOYO
Gambia: Gambians vote in presidential election (2006)	The article "Gambians vote in presidential election; longtime leader is expected to win" by The Associated Press, published on September 22, 2006
Malawi: Maybe free but not fair (2004)	The working paper "Maybe free but not fair: Electoral administration in Malawi 1994-2004" by Lise Rakner and Lars Svåsand for the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI).
Malawi: A critical appraisal of voter apathy (2006)	Voter Apathy in Malawi : A Critical Appraisal is a Study funded by the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy (2006)
Circulation and Politicization of the Print Media in Kosovo (OSCE, 2010)	A report made by the “Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED)” as the implementing partner of the OSCE Mission in Kosovo project, "Technical Assistance to the Press Council of Kosovo”.
Mexico: Electoral Reform (1998)	Author: Santolaya, Pablo; Iñiguez, Diego
Argentina: Political overview (1997)	Author: Altman Olin, David
The Dilemmas of Domestic Election Observation: The Experience of Democracia Representativa during the 2007 Santa Fe Provincial Elections in Argentina	This case study describes the experience of the organization "Democracia Representiva" (CSO) in the electoral domestic observation during the local elections in the city of Santa Fe, Argentina in 2007. ( Authors: Thomas Ledgler and Hector Vanolli)
Bolivia: Electoral Reform in Latin America (1997)	Author: Antonio Mayorga, Rene
Ecuador: The Search for Democratic Governance (1997)	Author: Mejia Acosta, Andres
Brazil: Candidate-Centred PR in a Presidential System
Chile: Constitutional and Electoral Reform (1998)	Author: Santolaya, Pablo; Iñiguez, Diego
Chile: Proportionality or Majoritarianism? (1997)	Author: Carey, John
Chile: A System Frozen by Elite Interests
Jordan: Electoral System Design in the Arab World	Authors: Reynolds, Andrew; Elkit, Jørgen
Jordan: Women's Political Participation, Political Party Life and Democratic Elections	The three discussion papers included in this report were prepared in 2003 as part of a project carried out by International IDEA, in cooperation with the Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND), aimed at discussing democratic reform in Egypt, Jordan and Yemen. The project was made possible thanks to a generous grant from the Government of Germany, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Jordan, Jordanian Civil Society and Local Observation, 2007	Analytical report on the Jordanian Parliamentary Election for the year 2007, issued by UJRC
Yemen: Women's Political Participation, Political Party Life and Democratic Elections	The three discussion papers included in this report were prepared in 2003 as part of a project carried out by International IDEA, in cooperation with the Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND), aimed at discussing democratic reform in Egypt, Jordan and Yemen. The project was made possible thanks to a generous grant from the Government of Germany, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Do Arab women need electoral quotas? , Foreign Policy (2012)
Perú: Infogob: Una herramienta de transparencia política (2010)	Artículo escrito por el Dr. José Luis Echevarría Escribens que describe el proceso de implementación y desarrollo de la herramienta virtual INFOgob creada por el JNE de Perú.
Democratic Republic of the Congo: Elections in sight: “Don’t Rock the Boat”?, Human Rights Watch (2005)	This paper looks at the different chalenges regarding human rights and elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Blueprint for ASEAN Democracy, ANFREL (2009)	This paper was submitted by the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL) to the Governments of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) after a Summit meeting in Cha-am, Hua Hin, Thailand. The text gives an overview of the challenges and necessities regarding democracy building in the Southeast Asia region.
Jordan: Attitudes among Jordanians toward participation in the upcoming parliamentary elections 2010 - executive summary, Identity Centre (2010)	This executive summary on a study which is a part of Identity Center’s project “Enhancing Political Participation among Jordanian People” , implemented with support from the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Jordan, in cooperation with the Ministry of Political Development; the Identity Center released on the 6th of September 2010, the study titled “Attitudes among Jordanians toward Participation in the Upcoming Parliamentary Elections”
الاردن: ملخص تحليلي - أتجاهات المواطنين نحو المشاركة في الانتخابات النيابية القادمة "المجلس السادس عشر" ، مركز هوية (2010)	ملخص تحليلي باللغة العربية للدراسة الموسومة " أتجاهات المواطنين نحو المشاركة في الانتخابات النيابية القادمة "المجلس السادس عشر" ، والصادر عن مركز هوية بتاريخ 9 أيلول 2010 ، ضمن مشروع "تعزيز المشاركة السياسية لدى الشعب الاردني" بدعم من سفارة المملكة الهولندية وبالتعاون مع وزارة التنمية السياسية .