Electoral Cycle
Approach
I. Pre-electoral preparation period
Roles and
Definitions, Registration of Political Parties
Carbone, Giovanni M. (2007). Political
Parties and Party Systems in Africa: Themes and Research Perspectives. World Political Science Review, Volume 3,
Issue 3 2007 Article 1.
Norris, Pippa (2004)
Building Political Parties, International IDEA, Stockholm.
Petersson, Hernes, Holmberg, Togeby and Wägnerud (2000) Demokrati utan
partier? Demokratirådets rapport 2000, SNS Förlag, Stockholm.
Ware,
Alan (1996) Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford University Press,
Oxford
Finance files
van Biezen, Ingrid (2003)
Financing Political Parties and Election Campaigns – Guidelines, Council of
Europe Publishing, Strasbourg.
Feikert, Clare (2009). Campaign Finance in
the United Kingdom. Law Library of
Congress (USA). http://www.loc.gov/law/help/campaign-finance/uk.php
Feikert, Clare (2009). Campaign Finance in
the Federal Republic of Germany. Law
Library of Congress (USA). http://www.loc.gov/law/help/campaign-finance/germany.php
Austin, Reginald and Tjernstrom, Maja
(ed) (2003). Funding of Political
Parties and Elections Campaigns.
International IDEA Handbook Series.
http://www.idea.int/publications/funding_parties/funding_of_pp.pdf
Ohman, Magnus (2009) Campaign finance
oversight in the 2009 Presidential elections in Afghanistan. IFES Political
Finance White Paper Series, No 7
Campaign
Finance
Kupferschmidt, David.
International IDEA (2009). Illicit
Political Finance and State Capture. http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/IDEA_Inlaga_low.pdf
Carlson, Dahl, Walecki. IFES
(2006): Contemplating Political Finance
Reform in Post-Conflict Environments.
Governance and Social
Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), Helpdesk Research Report: Political Party Financing. 05/06/08. http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HD532.pdf. See also: GSDRC website resources on
Political Party and Candidate financing during an elections campaign (2012): http://www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/political-systems/political-finance
Bowie, Blair and Lioz, Adam. www.Demos.org (USA 2012), Auctioning
Democracy: The Rise of PACs and the 2012 elections. http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/AuctioningDemocracy-withAppendix.pdf
Transparency International & The Carter Center (2007). The Crinis Project: Money in Politics,
Everyone’s Concern. http://archive.transparency.org/regional_pages/americas/crinis%20
Campaign Legal
Center (USA). A Guide to the Current
Rules for Federal Elections (2010).
Party Funding and Campaign Financing in
International Perspective (Columbia-London Law Series, 2006). Keith Ewing and Samuel Issacharoff, ed.
Walecki, Marcin (et al). IFES and USIP (2009): Public Funding Solutions for Political Parties in
Muslim-Majority Societies
Quota files
Ballington, Julie (2004)
Strengthening Internal Party Democracy: Candidate Recruitment from a Gender
Perspective”, Paper presented at EISA/NIMD workshop on ‘How to Strengthen
Internal Party Democracy?’ at the World Meeting for Democracy: Third Assembly,
Durban, South Africa, 2 February 2004.
Bird, Karen (2004) The
Political Representation of Women and Ethnic Minorities in Established
Democracies: A Framework for Comparative Research, AMIP Working paper series,
download at (http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/stm103%20articles/Karen%20Bird%20amidpaper.pdf).
Dahlerup (1998) The World
of Quotas, in: Karam, Azza (Ed.) Women In Parliament: Beyond Numbers, download
at http://archive.idea.int/women/parl/toc.htm , 05-09-21.
Dahlerup, Drude (2003)
Comparative Studies of Electoral Gender Quotas, in International IDEA (2003)
The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences, International IDEA,
Stockholm.
Dahlerup,
Drude/Freidenvall, Lenita (2003): Quotas as a ‘Fast Track’ to Equal Political
Representation for Women. Why Scandinavia is no longer the model, Paper
presented at the IPSA World Congress, Durban, South Africa, June 29 to July 2,
2003 and in the present updated version at the APSA Annual Meeting in
Philadelphia, August 28 to 31, 2003.
International IDEA (2012). Women candidates in the electoral process:
Quotas, set aside seats, and inclusion on political party candidate lists. http://www.idea.int/gender/quotas.cfm and http://www.quotaproject.org/
Foreign Policy Association (FPA, 2012). “Do Arab Women Need Electoral Quotas?” http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/01/19/do_arab_women_need_electoral_quotas
Dahlerup, Drude and Freidenvall, Lenita
(2008). Electoral Gender Quota Systems
and Tehir Implementation in Europe.
European Union Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional
Affairs.
Women Candidates and the Electoral Cycle with Representation
“Around the world, a lack of gender balance in
decision-making positions in government persists. Women continue to be underrepresented in
national parliaments, where on average only 17 per cent of seats are
occupied by women. The share of women among ministers also averages 17 per
cent. The highest positions are even more elusive: only 7 of 150 elected
Heads of State in the world are women, and only 11 of 192 Heads of
Government. The situation is similar at the level of local government:
female elected councillors are underrepresented in all regions of the world
and female mayors even more so.”
Berevoescu,
Ionica (et al). UN Department of
Economic and Social Affairs (2010). The
World's Women 2010: Trends
and Statistics. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/Worldswomen/WW_full%20report_color.pdf
|
Bhardwaj, Maya.
Development
of Conflict in Arab Spring Libya and Syria: From Revolution to Civil War. The
Washington University International Review // Washington University in St.
Louis, March 2012.
Balllington, Julie (et al). UNDP and NDI (2012): Empowering Women for Stronger Political Parties, A Guidebook to Promote
Women’s Political Participation.
Norris, Pippa (2000)
Breaking the Barriers: Positive Discrimination Policies for Women, in: Klausen,
Jyette/Maier, Charles S. (Eds.) Has Liberalism failed women? Parity, Quotas and
political representation, New York: St Martin’s Press.
Women’s empowerment
and the pre-electoral cycle
Krook, Mona Lena. Candidate Gender Quotas: A Framework for Analysis. Washington University in St Louis, USA European Journal of
Political Research (2007) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00704.x/abstract
Krook, Mona Lena. e-International Relations topic articles
(June 18, 2010): Gender Quotas and Women’s Political Empowerment. http://www.e-ir.info/2010/06/18/gender-quotas-and-women%E2%80%99s-political-empowerment/
Coleman, Isobel.
Quotas for Women’s Political
Participation (Council on Foreign Relations, January 10, 2012).
Hughes, Melanie M. Intersectionality,
Quotas, and Minority Women’s Political Representation Worldwide. American Political Science Review (University
of Pittsburgh, August 2011). http://www.pitt.edu/~hughesm/hughes_apsr.pdf
Krook, Mona Lena. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and
Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide (Oxford University Press, March 2010).
Ford, Deanna and Pande, Rohini. Gender
Quotas and Female Leadership: A Review.
Harvard University, April 2011:
She and the Elections: Mentoring on the Ground with
the Candidates 2011/2012. Nazra for Feminist Studies (Egypt): http://nazra.org/sites/nazra/files/attachments/nazra_she_and_elections_report_april2012_en.pdf
Quotas as Tools to Enhance Women’s Participation Regional
Forum on Equal Participation in Decision-Making (UNDP/Europe
& CIS: Istanbul,15 November 2011): http://www.slideshare.net/undpeuropeandcis/quotas-as-tools-to-enhance-womens-participation
Somani, Anisa. How to
Increase the Effectiveness of Gender Quotas. Electoral World/Mundo Electoral: Vol. 5, No.
14, May 2012. http://www.mundoelectoral.com/html/index.php?id=909
Electoral
Gender Quota Systems and Their Implementation in Europe: Women’s Rights and
Gender Equality. EU Directorate General Internal
Policies (September 2008). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/200903/20090310ATT51390/20090310ATT51390EN.pdf
Pande, Rohini, Deanna
Ford. Gender Quotas and Female Leadership Development Report 2012: Gender
Equality and Development. World Bank
background paper (2012).
Minority
Representation and Quotas
IILHR
Comparative Review of Minority Representation in Electoral Legislation (Institute for International Law and Human Rights, 2009): http://lawandhumanrights.org/documents/compreviewminorityrepinelectoralleg.pdf
Guidelines to Assist National
Minority Participation in the Electoral Process. Published by
the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) Aleje
Ujazdowskie 19 00-557 Warsaw Poland www.osce.org/odihr © OSCE/ODIHR 2001, Reprint 2003. All rights reserved. The contents of this
publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other
non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction
be
accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE/ODIHR as the source.
Libyan
Women Win 33 Seats in First National Assembly Elections Since 1952. Libyan Women’s Platform For
Peace (UNDP): http://lwpp.org/
Fallon, Kathleen M. Democracy and the
Rise of Women’s Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Johns Hopkins University Press
(2008).
Simonsen, Sven Gunnar.
Addressing Ethnic Divisions in
Post-Conflict Institution-Building: Lessons from Recent Cases. International
Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Norway (2005): PRIO, www.prio.no SAGE Publications, http://sdi.sagepub.com
Candidate and Party
Leadership Selection
Carty, R. K. and Blake,
Donald E (1999) The adoption of membership votes for choosing party leaders.
The Experience of Canadian Parties, in: Party Politics Vol. 5. No.2
pp. 211–224.
Jewell, Malcom (2000)
Primary Elections, in: Rose, Richard (Ed.): International Encyclopedia of
Elections, London: Macmillan.
Laanela, Therese (1998)
Political Parties and the Electoral Process, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org as
printed 20-09-04.
Le Duc, Lawrence (1999):
Leadership Selection and Party Renewal. (download at
http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/mannheim/w2/leduc.pdf
, 01-11-05).
Maley, Michael (2000)
Nomination Procedures, in Rose, Richard (ed.) (2000) International Encyclopedia
of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.
Marsh, Michael (2000)
Candidates: Selection, in Rose, Richard (ed.) (2000) International Encyclopedia
of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.
Ranney, Austin (1995)
Candidate selection and recruitment, in: Seymour, Martin Lipset (Ed.): The
Encyclopedia of Democracy, Volume 1, Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly
Inc.
Janda, Kenneth.
Political Parties and Democracy in
Theoretical and Practical Perspectives.
(National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 2005. http://www.ndi.org/files/1948_polpart_janda_110105.pdf
The
selection of party leaders: Origins, methods and consequences. European Union/Workshop directors: William Cross,
Carleton University, Ottawa and Jean-Benoit Pilet, Université Libre de
Bruxelles.
http://ecpr.eu/Events/PanelDetails.aspx?PanelID=1494&EventID=2
Candidate
Registration/Requirements/Nomination
Iñiguez, Diego &
Santolaya, Pablo (1997:1) Candidates’ Registration, in ACE 1,
www.aceproject.org as printed 20-09-04.
Iñiguez, Diego &
Santolaya, Pablo (1997:2) Candidates’ Qualifications, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org
as printed 20-09-04.
Katz, Richard S. (1997)
Democracy and Elections, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Nelson, Sue (2000)
Complaints and Appeals, in Ace1: www.aceproject.org, as printed 05-09-13.
Norris, Pippa (2004)
Building Political Parties, International IDEA, Stockholm.
Maley, Michael (2000)
Deposits, in Rose, Richard (Ed.) International Encyclopaedia of Elections,
Macmillan, Oxford.
Maley, Michael (2000)
Candidates: Legal Requirements and Disqualification, in Rose, Richard (Ed.)
International Encyclopedia of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.
Maley, Michael (2000)
Parties: Qualifications for Ballot in Rose, Richard (Ed.) International
Encyclopedia of Elections, MacMillan, Oxford.
Scallan, Andrew (1997)
Party/Candidate Registration Responsibilities, in ACE 1, www.aceproject.org as
printed 20-09-04.
Stratmann, Thomas (2004):
“Ballot Access Restrictions and Candidate Entry into Elections” in European
Journal of Political Economy
(http://aceproject.org/ero-en/topics/parties-and-candidates/ballotaccess.pdf, 16-11-05).
She and the Elections: Mentoring on the Ground with
the Candidates 2011/2012. Nazra for Feminist Studies (Egypt): http://nazra.org/sites/nazra/files/attachments/nazra_she_and_elections_report_april2012_en.pdf
Electoral
Management Bodies (EMB)
López-Pintor, Rafael. Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions
of Governance. UNDP Bureau for Development Policy (2000).
http://www.pogar.org/publications/other/undp/elections/electoralmgmtbodies-e.pdf
Electoral justice in Africa:
placing trust in informal mechanisms. International IDEA, on-line article, posted
December 13, 2010. http://www.idea.int/elections/ej/electoral_justice_africa.html
Electoral Campaign
and Media in Elections Campaign
Carver, Richard (2000a)
Voter Information, in ACE 1, download on 05-10-11.
Carver, Richard (2000b) A
specified campaign period?, in ACE 1, download on 05-10-11.
Nelson, Sue (1999)
Electoral Campaign, in ACE 1, download on 05-10-11.
Nelson, Sue (2000)Access to
Media, in Ace 1 (eie09a).
Farrell, David M. “Campaign
Strategies and Tactics”, in LeDuc, Lawrence/Niemi, Richard G./Norris, Pippa
(1996): Comparing Democracies, Elections and Voting in Global Perspective,
London: SAGE Publications.
Holtz-Bacha, Christina
(2000) Regulation of television at elections, in Rose, Richard (Ed):
Encyclopaedia of Elections, Macmillan: London.
Kavanagh, Denis (2000):
“Campaigning”, in: Rose, Richard (Ed.): International Encyclopaedia of
Elections, London: Macmillan, 29-31.
Miller, William L. (2000):
“Bandwagon Effects”, in: Rose, Richard (Ed): Encyclopedia of Elections,
Macmillan: London.
Electronic platforms,
media and member/voter outreach
Zittel, Thomas. Lost in
Technology? Political Parties and Online-Campaigning in Mixed Member Electoral
Systems. Paper for ECPR General Conference, panel on party
organisations and new information and communication technologies (ICTs), Pisa,
6. - 8.9.2007.
II.
Election Day and electoral period
operations
By-Elections
Rose, Richard (2000):
By-elections, in Rose, Richard (Ed.): International Encyclopedia of Elections,
Macmillan, Oxford, 27-28.
Primary Elections
Hasen, Richard L. Do the Parties or the People Own the Electoral Process? University
of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 149, No. 3, (Jan., 2001), pp. 815-841. www.jstor.org/stable/3312870
Rose, Gavin M. Taking the Initiative: Political Parties, Primary Elections, and the
Constitutional Guarantee of
Republican
Governance. Indiana University School of Law (Indiana Law
Journal, vol. 81, No. 2, April 2006). http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1454&context=ilj&sei-redir=1
Salih, M. A. Mohamed (et al). Political Parties in Africa: Challenges for
Sustained Multiparty Democracy.
International
Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (2007).
Electoral Alliances
and Coalitions
Carroll, Royce/Cox, Gary
(2005) The Logic of Gamson’s Law: Pre-election Coalitions and Portfolio
Distributions, download at
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00252.x/abstract, 19-02-15.
Golder, Sona N. (2005):
Pre-electoral coalitions in comparative perspective: A test of existing
hypotheses, in: Electoral Studies 24: 643-663.
Powell, G.B. (2000):
Elections as instruments of democracy: majoritarian and proportional visions,
Yale University Press, New Haven.
Strom, Kaare/Budge,
Ian/Javer, Michael J. (1994): Constraints on Cabinet Formation on Parliamentary
Democracies, in American Journal of Political Science, Vol.38, No.2: 303-335.
III. Post-electoral period strategy
Political Party
Internal Structure
Regional Meeting
on Political Parties and Internal Party Democracy in ECOWAS Member States. (Final Communiqué, Abidjan, Republic of Cote
D’Ivoire, July 2010).
Simba, Dr. S.K. Internal
Governance Structures of Political Parties in Democratic Governance. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Makerere
University. Paper presented at the 1st
EAC Consultative Meeting for Political Parties in East Africa, (Nairobi, Kenya,
September 2011).
Morgan, Michael G. (et al). Political
Parties, Parliamentary Governance and Party Strengthening in Melanesia: Issues
and Challenges. Centre for
Democratic Institutions at the Australian National University.
Party Structure,
Party Members
Membership role, leadership selection methods and their consequences on
internal mobilization in Italy: a case study. Inter University Attraction Pole Participation
and Representation (PartiRep). Brussel/Bruxelles, Antwerp, Leuven, Leiden. Giulia Sandri.CEVIPOL, Université
libre de Bruxelles. ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops – St. Gallen (2011).
McElwain, Kenneth and Michio Umeda. Party Democratization and the Salience of Party Leaders
Kenneth Mori McElwain a Yale-Todai Paper
8/19/10 2 (August 2010). http://jww.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/conference/doc/McElwain_Umeda.pdf
Swart,
Brian. Behind Closed Doors or Open Selection Process: Party preference and
voter trust in candidate selection
(Indiana University, October 2008).
Thomson, David (1999) The
Past, Present and Future of Intra-Party Democracy in the United Kingdom,
(http://www.stuartthomson.co.uk/articles/the-changing-structure-of-the-labour-party-a-leader-centred-party-the-past-present-and-future-of-intra-party-democracy-in-the-united-kingdom-this-article-details-the-changes-made-to-the-structures-of-the-labour-party/, 19-02-15)
Tonchi, Victor L./
Shifotoka, Albertina N. (2005) Parties and Political Development in Namibia,
EISA Research Report No. 26.
Internal
Voluntary Party Regulations
Field, Bonnie N. and Siavelis, Peter M. Endogenizing legislative candidate selection procedures in nascent
democracies: evidence from Spain and Chile (Democratization, vol 8, No. 3,
May 2011)
Ashiabgor, Sefakor (et al). Political Parties and Democracy in
Theoretical and Practical Perspectives: Selecting
Candidates for Legislative Office. (National Democratic
Institute for International Affairs, 2008).
http://www.ndi.org/files/2406_polpart_report_engpdf_100708.pdf
Government
Formation
Baron, David P./ Ferejohn,
Jon (1989) Bargaining in Legislaturs, in: American Political Science Review 83:
1181-1206.
Budge, Ian/Keman, Hans
(1990) Parties and Democracy: Coalition Formation and Government Functioning in
Twenty States, New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Carroll, Royce/ Cox Gary W.
(2005) The Logic of Gameson’s Law: Pre-election Coalitions and Portfolio
Distributions, downloadable at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00252.x/abstract, 19-02-15.
van Deemen, A.M.A (1989)
Dominant Players and Minimum Size Coalitions, in European Journal of Political
Research 23: 1-33.
Martin, Lanny
W./Stephenson, Randolph (2001) Government formation in Parliamentary Democracies”,
in: American Journal of Political Science 45,1: 33-50.
Riker, William (1962) The
Theory of Political Coalitions, New Haven: Yale UP.
Strøm, Kaare (1990)
Minority Government and Majority Rule, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Party Group/Party Caucus
Loewenberg, Gerhard (1995)
Legislature and parliaments, in: Lipset, Martin Seymour (Ed)The Encyclopedia of
Democracy, Routledge, London, 736-747.
Norris, Pippa (2004)
Building Political Parties, International IDEA, Stockholm.
Strøm, Kaare (1995) Parties,
Political, in: Lipset, Martin Seymour (Ed) The Encyclopedia of Democracy,
Routledge, London.
Floor-Crossing
Faull, Jonathan (2005)
Floor Crossing is Bad News for Democracy, IDASA output details, (downloadable
at Floor Crossing is Bad News for Democracy (2005), 19-02-15).
Hlela, Kenny (2002)
Opposition and Floor-Crossing – Even Democracy is Not Perfect, in: Synopsis
Vol. 6, No. 3, Centre Knirsch, Thomas S./Schwab, Elisabeth (2002) Floor
Crossing – Parteiuebertritte in Südafrika und ihre Auswirkungen auf die junge
Demokratie.
Rapoo, Thabo (2002a)
Electoral Systems - Crossing the floor will cross party bosses, in: Synopsis
Vol. 6, No. 2, Centre for Policy Studies (downloadable at
http://www.cps.org.za/syn6vol2.htm, 09-11-05).
Rapoo, Thabo (2002b) Voters
vote for People and Parties, in: Synopsis Vol. 6, No. 3, Centre for Policy
Studies (downloadable at http://www.cps.org.za/print/syn6vol3_print.htm,
09-11-05).
IV. Electoral Cycle & Technology (2012)
Role of Technology in Political Party Operations During the Election Cycle (2012)
Voter outreach, on-line platforms, texting, SMS,
Twitter, FaceBook…
Egypt: pre-electoral planning
Pre-electoral period/revolution: http://thereboot.org/blog/2011/03/18/the-role-of-technology-in-the-egyptian-revolution/
IFLA: Tech in the pre-electoral period: http://www.ifla.org/publications/the-role-of-information-technology-in-defeating-the-arab-regimes-facebook-2-0-arab-pres
Social Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Reconsidering
Resource Mobilization Theory.
International
Journal of Communication 5 (2011), Feature 1207–1224 1932–8036/2011FEA1207
Copyright
© 2011 http://ijoc.org. NAHED ELTANTAWY and JULIE B. WIEST, High
Point University
Morsi, Hani. Digital activism in
post-revolution Egypt: How relevant is online dissidence in the marathon for
democracy?
Kenya: Election Day and electoral impact
Kenya 2013 elections (overview): http://www.ifes.org/countries/Kenya.aspx
Technology on Election Day to prevent violence: http://www.ifes.org/Content/Topics/Electoral-Violence.aspx
E-day SMS to monitor elections: http://www.pbs.org/idealab/2012/05/how-frontlinesms-users-could-monitor-kenyas-2013-elections130.html
Using cellphone tech to monitor on E-day: http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53625
and http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/201231794555689422.html
Republic of Georgia:
post-electoral strategy
IFES/Georgia and electronic balloting: http://www.ifes.org/countries/Georgia.aspx
EurasiaNet, Pitfalls of Electoral Tech: http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65736
Democracy and Freedom Watch: October 2012 elections
in Georgia: http://dfwatch.net/election-campaign-starts-in-georgia-with-strict-rules-48797
IFES Elections Georgia (gen): http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=81
V. Case Studies (2012)
Arab Spring (Tunisia, Libya, Egypt) and Gender & Minority Representation (2012)
She and the Elections: Mentoring on the Ground with
the Candidates 2011/2012. Nazra for Feminist Studies (Egypt): http://nazra.org/sites/nazra/files/attachments/nazra_she_and_elections_report_april2012_en.pdf
Libyan
Women Win 33 Seats in First National Assembly Elections Since 1952. Libyan Women’s Platform For
Peace (UNDP): http://lwpp.org/
Roy, Oliver (2012).
Journal of Democracy, Volume 23, No. 3, July 2012: The Transformation of the Arab World. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/23784/Roy_JoD_article.pdf
