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Direct Democracy

Aggregate Results

DD02. Which forms of direct democracy, if any, are currently possible at the national level? Please check the glossary for the definition of the following terms:

DD03. What is the legal basis for mandatory referendums at the national level?

DD04. What is the legal basis for optional referendums at the national level?

DD05. What is the legal basis for citizens' initiatives at the national level?

DD06. What is the legal basis for agenda initiatives at the national level?

DD07. What is the legal basis for recalls at the national level?

DD08. What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for mandatory referendums at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

DD09. What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for optional referendums at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

DD10. What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for citizens' initiatives at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

DD100. What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for an agenda initiative?

DD101. What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for a recall?

DD102. What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a referendum?

DD103. What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a citizens' initiative?

DD104. What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a recall?

DD105. Who is responsible for checking the signatures?

DD106. Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in a referendum?

DD107. Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in an initiative?

DD108. Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in a recall?

DD109. What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for a referendum?

DD11. What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for agenda initiatives at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

DD110. What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for an initiative?

DD111. What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for a recall?

DD112. Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in a referendum?

DD113. Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in an initiative?

DD114. Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in a recall?

DD115. What is the period during which these controls apply for a referendum?

DD116. What is the period during which these controls apply for an initiative?

DD117. What is the period during which these controls apply for a recall?

DD118. Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for a referendum? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

DD119. Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for an initiative? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

DD12. What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for recalls at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

DD120. Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for a recall? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

DD121. Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for a referendum? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

DD122. Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for an initiative? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

DD123. Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for a recall? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

DD125. Is the government permitted to campaign either in favour of or against any specific outcome to a referendum, initiatives or recall vote?

DD15. Who is responsible for managing the administration of direct democracy mechanisms at the national level?

DD16. Does this agency/department also manage the administration of national elections?

DD17. Are mandatory referendums currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

DD18. Are optional referendums currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

DD19. Are citizens' initiatives currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

DD20. Are agenda initiatives currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

DD21. Are recalls currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

DD22. Are mandatory referendums currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

DD23. Are optional referendums currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

DD24. Are citizens' initiatives currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

DD25. Are agenda initiatives currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

DD26. Are recalls currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

DD27. What are the issues, if any, in relation to which referendums are mandatory at the national level?

DD28. What are the issues, if any, in relation to which referendums are optional at the national level?

DD29. Which issues, if any, are excluded from being the subject of referendums at the national level?

DD30. Which issues, if any, maybe the subject of sub-national referendums regulated at the national level?

DD31. Who can initiate a referendum at the national level?

DD32. Who is responsible for drafting the mandatory referendum question?

DD33. Who is responsible for drafting the optional referendum question?

DD34. Which of the following, if any, are required to be included in the mandatory referendum question?

DD35. Which of the following, if any, are required to be included in the optional referendum question?

DD36. Which institution(s) decides on the final form of the ballot text for mandatory referendums?

DD37. Which institution(s) decides on the final form of the ballot text for optional referendums?

DD40. What are the requirements for mandatory referendums to pass?

DD41. What are the requirements for optional referendums to pass?

DD42. In which areas, if any, do regulatory provisions differ between a referendum and a national election? Tick all that apply and specify below in the comments section.

DD43. When is the outcome of a mandatory referendum binding?

DD44. When is the outcome of an optional referendum binding?

DD45. Which types of issues can be proposed by citizens using the citizens' initiative process at the national level?

DD46. Which types of issues can be proposed by citizens using the agenda initiative process at the national level?

DD47. Which issues, if any, are excluded from being the subject of a citizens' initiative at the national level?

DD48. Which issues, if any, are excluded from being the subject of an agenda initiative at the national level?

DD49. Who may propose the registration of a citizens' initiative? Please specify in the “Comments” section below.

DD50. Who may propose the registration of an agenda initiative? Please specify in the “Comments” section below.

DD51. What material is necessary to accompany an application for registration?

DD52. Who determines the title of a citizens' initiative?

DD53. Who determines the title of an agenda initiative?

DD54. Which, if any, of the following disqualify a proposed title of an initiative?

DD55. Which services are provided by the agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms before an initiative can be published?

DD56. Under what circumstances is an initiative checked for constitutionality or legality?

DD57. If a check of the constitutionality or legality of an initiative takes place, who is responsible for undertaking it?

DD58. If a check of the constitutionality or legality of an initiative takes place, when does this happen?

DD59. Which institutions, if any, are given an opportunity to propose an alternative to proposals contained in a citizens’ initiative?

DD60. At which stage in the initiative process, if at all, can alternative proposals be made?

DD61. What happens when there is a valid alternative proposal?

DD62. When an initiative proposal and an alternative proposal are put to the vote on the same day, what choices does the voter have?

DD63. Who decides the final ballot text?

DD64. Once an initiative is qualified for the ballot, the vote on it takes place:

DD65. Which of the following individuals/positions may be subject to the recall mechanism?

DD66. What are the grounds upon which a recall may be launched?

DD68. If a recall qualifies for the ballot, when is it put to the vote?

DD69. When does the election to replace an individual who has been recalled take place?

DD71. Can an individual who is the subject of a recall stand on the ballot for his/her own replacement?

DD76. What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for an abrogative referendum (optional) has been published?

DD77. What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for a rejective referendum (optional) has been published?

DD78. What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for a citizens' initiative has been published?

DD79. What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for an agenda initiative has been published?

DD80. What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for an abrogative referendum (optional)?

DD81. What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for a rejective referendum (optional)?

DD82. What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for a citizens' initiative?

DD83. What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for an agenda initiative?

DD85. What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for recall has been published?

DD86. What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for a recall?

DD87. Where can proposals for an abrogative referendum (optional) be signed?

DD88. Where can proposals for a rejective referendum (optional) be signed?

DD89. Where can proposals for a citizens' initiative be signed?

DD90. Where can proposals for an agenda initiative be signed?

DD91. Where can proposals for a recall be signed?

DD92. What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for an abrogative referendum (optional)?

DD93. What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for a rejective referendum (optional)?

DD94. What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for a citizens' initiative?

DD95. What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for an agenda initiative?

DD96. What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for a recall?

DD97. What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for an abrogative referendum (optional)?

DD98. What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for a rejective referendum (optional)?

DD99. What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for a citizens' initiative?

DD02

Which forms of direct democracy, if any, are currently possible at the national level? Please check the glossary for the definition of the following terms:

a. Mandatory referendum	82 countries (59%): Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Croatia, Cuba, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Iraq, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Panama, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, United Republic of, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
b. Optional referendum	74 countries (53%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malta, Moldova, Republic of, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Norway, Palestine, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen,
c. Citizens' initiative	36 countries (26%): Albania, Belarus, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Georgia, Guatemala, Hungary, Iraq, Italy, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malta, Niger, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, San Marino, Slovakia, Switzerland, Taiwan, Togo, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela,
d. Agenda initiative	20 countries (14%): Albania, Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Peru, San Marino, Spain, Togo, Uruguay,
e. Recall	18 countries (13%): Belarus, Benin, Colombia, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Niger, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Slovakia, Taiwan, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela,
f. None	20 countries (14%): Anguilla, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Germany, Indonesia, Jamaica, Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Mauritius, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates,

DD03

What is the legal basis for mandatory referendums at the national level?

a. Constitutional	59 countries (64%): Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,
b. Specific laws/legislation	23 countries (25%): Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Benin, Botswana, Croatia, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Peru, Russian Federation, Somalia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Zambia,
c. Regulations	5 countries (5%): Liberia, Malawi, Russian Federation, Switzerland, Uruguay,
d. Other	1 countries (1%): Russian Federation,
e. Not applicable	30 countries (32%): Albania, Anguilla, Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Portugal, South Africa, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

DD04

What is the legal basis for optional referendums at the national level?

a. Constitutional	57 countries (64%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, Colombia, Congo (Brazzaville), Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Palestine, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela,
b. Specific laws/legislation	33 countries (37%): Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, Peru, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela,
c. Regulations	4 countries (4%): Russian Federation, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
d. Other	3 countries (3%): Denmark, Ecuador, Russian Federation,
e. Not applicable	24 countries (26%): Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Botswana, Cambodia, Comoros, Eritrea, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Poland, Somalia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Zambia,

DD05

What is the legal basis for citizens' initiatives at the national level?

a. Constitutional	24 countries (27%): Albania, Belarus, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Colombia, Ecuador, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Philippines, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Switzerland, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela,
b. Specific laws/legislation	17 countries (19%): Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Eritrea, Georgia, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malta, Niger, Poland, Russian Federation, Switzerland, Ukraine,
c. Regulations	6 countries (6%): Liberia, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Switzerland, Uruguay,
d. Other	4 countries (4%): Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Russian Federation,
e. Not applicable	54 countries (61%): Algeria, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Comoros, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen, Zambia,

DD06

What is the legal basis for agenda initiatives at the national level?

a. Constitutional	17 countries (20%): Albania, Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ecuador, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Peru, Spain, Togo,
b. Specific laws/legislation	12 countries (14%): Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Colombia, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Peru, Spain,
c. Regulations	3 countries (3%): Liberia, Niger, Senegal,
d. Other	2 countries (2%): Côte d'Ivoire, Niger,
e. Not applicable	61 countries (72%): Algeria, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Comoros, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,

DD07

What is the legal basis for recalls at the national level?

a. Constitutional	17 countries (19%): Albania, Belarus, Benin, Colombia, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Mali, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Senegal, Uganda, Venezuela,
b. Specific laws/legislation	8 countries (9%): Belarus, Colombia, Croatia, Liechtenstein, Peru, Slovakia, Togo, Ukraine,
c. Regulations	0 countries (0%):
d. Other	1 countries (1%): Gambia,
e. Not applicable	65 countries (75%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Comoros, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Malta, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Yemen, Zambia,

DD08

What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for mandatory referendums at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

a. Constitutional	35 countries (47%): Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Poland, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,
b. Specific laws/legislation	29 countries (39%): Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Philippines, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Somalia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Yemen, Zambia,
c. Regulations	6 countries (8%): Estonia, Liberia, Malawi, Switzerland, Uganda, Uruguay,
d. Other	1 countries (1%): Colombia,
e. Not applicable	24 countries (32%): Albania, Anguilla, Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Palestine, Portugal, South Africa, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

DD09

What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for optional referendums at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

a. Constitutional	30 countries (41%): Albania, Algeria, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Estonia, Georgia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Yemen,
b. Specific laws/legislation	36 countries (50%): Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela, Yemen,
c. Regulations	5 countries (6%): Estonia, Peru, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
d. Other	1 countries (1%): Colombia,
e. Not applicable	23 countries (31%): Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Cambodia, Eritrea, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Poland, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Zambia,

DD10

What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for citizens' initiatives at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

a. Constitutional	14 countries (18%): Albania, Ecuador, Georgia, Ghana, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay,
b. Specific laws/legislation	21 countries (27%): Albania, Belarus, Benin, Colombia, Croatia, Eritrea, Georgia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Venezuela,
c. Regulations	4 countries (5%): Niger, Senegal, Switzerland, Uruguay,
d. Other	1 countries (1%): Liberia,
e. Not applicable	49 countries (63%): Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen, Zambia,

DD100

What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for an agenda initiative?

a. Ban on paid signature collectors	4 countries (8%): Argentina, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Niger,
b. Ban on payment per signature	9 countries (19%): Albania, Argentina, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Senegal,
c. Requirement for signature collectors to be registered electors	3 countries (6%): Burkina Faso, Niger, Uganda,
d. Requirement for signature collectors to identify if they are paid or volunteers	1 countries (2%): Liberia,
e. Other (specify)	1 countries (2%): Belarus,
f. Not applicable	35 countries (76%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD101

What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for a recall?

a. Ban on paid signature collectors	1 countries (2%): Liberia,
b. Ban on payment per signature	1 countries (2%): Liberia,
c. Requirement for signature collectors to be registered electors	3 countries (6%): Belarus, Uganda, Ukraine,
d. Requirement for signature collectors to identify if they are paid or volunteers	1 countries (2%): Liberia,
e. Other (specify)	2 countries (4%): Belarus, Ukraine,
f. Not applicable	44 countries (91%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Palestine, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Yemen,

DD102

What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a referendum?

a. All signatures checked	12 countries (26%): Benin, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Georgia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mali, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Togo, Uganda,
b. Sample of signatures checked	7 countries (15%): Belarus, Latvia, Liberia, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Switzerland,
c. Other (specify)	3 countries (6%): Albania, Netherlands, Ukraine,
d. Not applicable	24 countries (52%): Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Djibouti, Estonia, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Niger, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Yemen,

DD103

What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a citizens' initiative?

a. All signatures checked	15 countries (29%): Austria, Benin, Finland, Georgia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mali, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Senegal, Spain, Togo, Uganda,
b. Sample of signatures checked	6 countries (11%): Argentina, Belarus, Liberia, Portugal, Russian Federation, Switzerland,
c. Other (specify)	4 countries (7%): Albania, Georgia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Ukraine,
d. Not applicable	27 countries (52%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Latvia, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Yemen,

DD104

What form of checks are undertaken to verify signatures for a recall?

a. All signatures checked	7 countries (13%): Côte d'Ivoire, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mauritius, Niger, Peru, Uganda,
b. Sample of signatures checked	2 countries (3%): Belarus, Liberia,
c. Other (specify)	1 countries (1%): Ukraine,
d. Not applicable	41 countries (80%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Yemen,

DD105

Who is responsible for checking the signatures?

a. Agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms	16 countries (34%): Albania, Belarus, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine,
b. Another government department (specify)	3 countries (6%): Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal,
c. Local authorities	4 countries (8%): Austria, Croatia, Finland, Switzerland,
d. Other (specify)	10 countries (21%): Argentina, Benin, Burkina Faso, Georgia, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Togo,
e. Not applicable	17 countries (36%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Morocco, Palestine, Romania, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Yemen,

DD106

Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in a referendum?

a. Agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms	32 countries (62%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Eritrea, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Peru, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,
b. Other government department	3 countries (5%): Chile, Netherlands, Togo,
f. Other (specify)	11 countries (21%): Benin, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sierra Leone, Sweden, Togo, Uruguay,
g. Not applicable	9 countries (17%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Lithuania, Tunisia,

DD107

Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in an initiative?

a. Agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms	16 countries (32%): Albania, Belarus, Eritrea, Gambia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Peru, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Switzerland, Ukraine,
e. Registered electors	2 countries (4%): Benin, Togo,
f. Other (specify)	9 countries (18%): Argentina, Benin, Croatia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Togo, Uruguay,
g. Not applicable	25 countries (51%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Lesotho, Lithuania, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,

DD108

Which organisation(s), if any, is responsible for running non-partisan information or voter education campaigns to inform voters about the issue being addressed in a recall?

a. Agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms	7 countries (14%): Belarus, Eritrea, Gambia, Liechtenstein, Niger, Peru, Ukraine,
f. Other (specify)	2 countries (4%): Croatia, Romania,
g. Not applicable	41 countries (82%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD109

What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for a referendum?

a. Information booklets	31 countries (58%): Albania, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
b. Leaflets and pamphlets	22 countries (41%): Albania, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Croatia, Eritrea, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sweden, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
c. Radio broadcasts	33 countries (62%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen,
d. TV broadcasts	33 countries (62%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen,
e. Press advertisements	31 countries (58%): Armenia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen,
f. Website	21 countries (39%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Greece, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Portugal, Senegal, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland,
g. Other(specify)	10 countries (18%): Armenia, Botswana, Gambia, Poland, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay,
h. None	5 countries (9%): Benin, Lithuania, Peru, Romania, Sudan,
i. Not applicable	8 countries (15%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Cambodia, Egypt, Latvia, Palestine, Tunisia,

DD11

What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for agenda initiatives at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

a. Constitutional	8 countries (10%): Albania, Argentina, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Togo, Uruguay,
b. Specific laws/legislation	11 countries (14%): Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Colombia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Peru,
c. Regulations	2 countries (2%): Niger, Senegal,
d. Other	2 countries (2%): Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia,
e. Not applicable	56 countries (75%): Algeria, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,

DD110

What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for an initiative?

a. Information booklets	14 countries (28%): Albania, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Switzerland, Togo,
b. Leaflets and pamphlets	8 countries (16%): Albania, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Somalia, Togo,
c. Radio broadcasts	13 countries (26%): Albania, Belarus, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Togo,
d. TV broadcasts	13 countries (26%): Albania, Belarus, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Togo,
e. Press advertisements	12 countries (24%): Belarus, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Togo,
f. Website	11 countries (22%): Albania, Belarus, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Switzerland, Togo,
g. Other(specify)	4 countries (8%): Gambia, Poland, Ukraine, Uruguay,
h. None	6 countries (12%): Argentina, Benin, Lithuania, Peru, Romania, Sudan,
i. Not applicable	26 countries (52%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Latvia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,

DD111

What activities, if any, are undertaken as part of non-partisan information or voter education campaigns for a recall?

a. Information booklets	6 countries (12%): Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Niger, Peru,
b. Leaflets and pamphlets	4 countries (8%): Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Peru,
c. Radio broadcasts	5 countries (10%): Belarus, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru,
d. TV broadcasts	6 countries (12%): Belarus, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru,
e. Press advertisements	5 countries (10%): Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru,
f. Website	6 countries (12%): Belarus, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru,
g. Other(specify)	1 countries (2%): Gambia,
h. None	4 countries (8%): Lithuania, Romania, Sudan, Ukraine,
i. Not applicable	39 countries (78%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Latvia, Lesotho, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD112

Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in a referendum?

a. Compulsory registration of campaigners and campaign groups	13 countries (25%): Armenia, Belarus, Eritrea, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Portugal, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
b. Expenditure limits	8 countries (15%): Armenia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Portugal, Russian Federation, Somalia, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
c. Contribution limits	6 countries (11%): Armenia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
d. Restrictions on the sources of contributions	11 countries (21%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Estonia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
e. Disclosure requirements	17 countries (33%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Estonia, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Togo, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
f. Other (please specify)	2 countries (3%): Albania, Russian Federation,
g. None	21 countries (41%): Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Ukraine, Uruguay, Yemen,
h. Not applicable	10 countries (19%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Liechtenstein, Palestine, Tunisia,

DD113

Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in an initiative?

a. Compulsory registration of campaigners and campaign groups	8 countries (16%): Belarus, Eritrea, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia,
b. Expenditure limits	5 countries (10%): Argentina, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Russian Federation, Somalia,
c. Contribution limits	4 countries (8%): Argentina, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Russian Federation,
d. Restrictions on the sources of contributions	7 countries (14%): Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Russian Federation, Somalia,
e. Disclosure requirements	11 countries (22%): Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Togo,
f. Other (please specify)	3 countries (6%): Albania, Russian Federation, Togo,
g. None	9 countries (18%): Benin, Croatia, Finland, Lithuania, Peru, Poland, Sudan, Ukraine, Uruguay,
h. Not applicable	26 countries (54%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Seychelles, South Africa, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD114

Which of the following controls, if any, apply in relation to campaigning for or against the issue being addressed in a recall?

a. Compulsory registration of campaigners and campaign groups	2 countries (4%): Belarus, Niger,
c. Contribution limits	1 countries (2%): Niger,
d. Restrictions on the sources of contributions	1 countries (2%): Niger,
e. Disclosure requirements	3 countries (6%): Gambia, Mali, Niger,
g. None	5 countries (10%): Croatia, Peru, Romania, Sudan, Ukraine,
h. Not applicable	38 countries (80%): Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD115

What is the period during which these controls apply for a referendum?

a. Fixed time period (specify)	18 countries (36%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Eritrea, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Yemen,
b. Other (specify)	3 countries (6%): Croatia, Poland, Uruguay,
c. Not applicable	29 countries (57%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine,

DD116

What is the period during which these controls apply for an initiative?

a. Fixed time period (specify)	7 countries (14%): Albania, Belarus, Eritrea, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Russian Federation,
b. Other (specify)	3 countries (6%): Croatia, Poland, Uruguay,
c. Not applicable	37 countries (78%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD117

What is the period during which these controls apply for a recall?

a. Fixed time period (specify)	3 countries (6%): Belarus, Gambia, Niger,
b. Other (specify)	1 countries (2%): Croatia,
c. Not applicable	45 countries (91%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD118

Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for a referendum? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. Single designated campaign organisation for each side	4 countries (8%): Mali, Niger, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
b. Selected campaign organisations	9 countries (18%): Eritrea, Finland, Lithuania, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, Uganda,
c. All campaign organisations	8 countries (16%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Turkey, Ukraine,
d. No campaign organisations	15 countries (31%): Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Yemen,
e. Other (specify)	3 countries (6%): Estonia, Ukraine, Uruguay,
f. Not applicable	12 countries (25%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Benin, Cambodia, Egypt, Gambia, Palestine, Peru, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia,

DD119

Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for an initiative? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. Single designated campaign organisation for each side	3 countries (6%): Madagascar, Mali, Niger,
b. Selected campaign organisations	7 countries (15%): Chile, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal,
c. All campaign organisations	3 countries (6%): Albania, Belarus, Ukraine,
d. No campaign organisations	6 countries (13%): Burkina Faso, Croatia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Sudan,
e. Other (specify)	2 countries (4%): Ukraine, Uruguay,
f. Not applicable	29 countries (63%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Lesotho, Malawi, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD12

What is the legal basis for the administrative requirements for recalls at the national level? Tick as appropriate and specify the relevant constitutional, legal or regulatory provisions below.

a. Constitutional	11 countries (13%): Benin, Colombia, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Liechtenstein, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Venezuela,
b. Specific laws/legislation	11 countries (13%): Belarus, Colombia, Croatia, Liechtenstein, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Slovakia, Togo, Ukraine,
c. Regulations	1 countries (1%): Peru,
d. Other	2 countries (2%): Gambia, Liberia,
e. Not applicable	59 countries (74%): Albania, Algeria, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Yemen, Zambia,

DD120

Which campaigners, if any, are entitled to some forms of public assistance for a recall? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

b. Selected campaign organisations	1 countries (2%): Somalia,
c. All campaign organisations	2 countries (4%): Belarus, Ukraine,
d. No campaign organisations	5 countries (10%): Croatia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Romania, Sudan,
e. Other (specify)	1 countries (2%): Ukraine,
f. Not applicable	39 countries (82%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Palestine, Peru, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD121

Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for a referendum? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. Financial grant	9 countries (17%): Belarus, Finland, Madagascar, Netherlands, Seychelles, Somalia, Sweden, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
b. Free media access	20 countries (38%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Chile, Eritrea, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
c. Free publication space in information document	7 countries (13%): Eritrea, Liechtenstein, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, Switzerland, Uganda,
d. Free mailshot	3 countries (5%): Eritrea, Somalia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
e. Other (specify)	3 countries (5%): Morocco, Portugal, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
f. None	12 countries (23%): Botswana, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lesotho, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Peru, Romania, South Africa, Sudan, Uruguay,
g. Not applicable	13 countries (25%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Palestine, Togo, Tunisia, Yemen,

DD122

Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for an initiative? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. Financial grant	3 countries (6%): Belarus, Madagascar, Somalia,
b. Free media access	12 countries (25%): Albania, Belarus, Eritrea, Gambia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Niger, Poland, Russian Federation, Senegal, Somalia, Ukraine,
c. Free publication space in information document	8 countries (17%): Eritrea, Gambia, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, Switzerland,
d. Free mailshot	2 countries (4%): Eritrea, Somalia,
f. None	9 countries (19%): Argentina, Croatia, Latvia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Peru, Sudan, Togo, Uruguay,
g. Not applicable	24 countries (51%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Estonia, Lesotho, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD123

Which forms of public assistance, if any, are provided for a recall? Specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. Financial grant	2 countries (4%): Belarus, Somalia,
b. Free media access	5 countries (10%): Belarus, Gambia, Niger, Somalia, Ukraine,
c. Free publication space in information docum	4 countries (8%): Gambia, Liechtenstein, Niger, Somalia,
d. Free mailshot	1 countries (2%): Somalia,
f. None	6 countries (12%): Croatia, Mali, Peru, Romania, Sudan, Uganda,
g. Not applicable	37 countries (77%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD125

Is the government permitted to campaign either in favour of or against any specific outcome to a referendum, initiatives or recall vote?

a. Yes	28 countries (71%): Albania, Austria, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Uganda,
b. No	13 countries (33%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Finland, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Morocco, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Yemen,

DD15

Who is responsible for managing the administration of direct democracy mechanisms at the national level?

a. Government (specify department)	19 countries (25%): Bulgaria, Croatia, Egypt, Finland, Greece, Italy, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Mali, Netherlands, Portugal, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zimbabwe,
b. Independent electoral commission	43 countries (58%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Ecuador, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen,
c. President	3 countries (4%): Liberia, Mali, Slovakia,
d. Legislature	7 countries (9%): Argentina, Croatia, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Spain, Uganda,
e. Other (specify who)	14 countries (18%): Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Benin, Denmark, Georgia, Malawi, Morocco, Palestine, Somalia, Switzerland, Uganda, Zambia,
f. Not applicable	6 countries (8%): Anguilla, Belgium, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Germany, Zimbabwe,

DD16

Does this agency/department also manage the administration of national elections?

a. Yes	55 countries (75%): Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen,
b. No	12 countries (16%): Bahrain, Benin, Croatia, Georgia, Malawi, Mali, Palestine, Slovakia, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
c. Not applicable	6 countries (8%): Belgium, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Colombia, Germany, Ukraine,

DD17

Are mandatory referendums currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces	31 countries (31%): Algeria, Australia, Bahrain, Bolivia, Croatia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Italy, Madagascar, Malta, Morocco, Mozambique, Panama, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,
b. Yes, in some regions/states/provinces	2 countries (2%): Mexico, Palestine,
c. No	48 countries (48%): Afghanistan, Albania, Anguilla, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Moldova, Republic of, Namibia, Niger, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Swaziland, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
d. Not applicable	19 countries (19%): Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Mali, Netherlands, Senegal, Slovakia, Togo,

DD18

Are optional referendums currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces	28 countries (28%): Algeria, Australia, Bahrain, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Madagascar, Malta, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen,
b. Yes, in some regions/states/provinces	9 countries (9%): Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Palestine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
c. No	42 countries (42%): Afghanistan, Albania, Anguilla, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Cambodia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Zambia,
d. Not applicable	20 countries (20%): Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Mali, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Slovakia, Somalia, Uruguay,

DD19

Are citizens' initiatives currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces	16 countries (16%): Colombia, Croatia, Ecuador, Eritrea, Liberia, Malta, Moldova, Republic of, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela,
b. Yes, in some regions/states/provinces	2 countries (2%): Germany, Senegal,
c. No	51 countries (53%): Afghanistan, Albania, Anguilla, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia,
d. Not applicable	27 countries (28%): Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Jordan, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Yemen,

DD20

Are agenda initiatives currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces	6 countries (6%): Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay,
b. Yes, in some regions/states/provinces	7 countries (7%): Argentina, Austria, Côte d'Ivoire, Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, Senegal,
c. No	50 countries (52%): Afghanistan, Albania, Anguilla, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Malta, Moldova, Republic of, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Panama, Portugal, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia,
d. Not applicable	33 countries (34%): Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Bahrain, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Poland, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen,

DD21

Are recalls currently possible at first tier (regions/states/provinces, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all regions/states/provinces	8 countries (9%): Canada, Croatia, Ecuador, Peru, Philippines, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela,
b. Yes, in some regions/states/provinces	4 countries (4%): Argentina, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Switzerland,
c. No	49 countries (56%): Albania, Anguilla, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia,
d. Not applicable	25 countries (29%): Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Bahrain, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Eritrea, Ghana, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD22

Are mandatory referendums currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all municipalities/districts/communes	21 countries (24%): Algeria, Bahrain, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Ghana, Hungary, Malta, Morocco, Palestine, Philippines, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Yemen,
b. Yes, in some municipalities/districts/communes	1 countries (1%): Denmark,
c. No	56 countries (65%): Albania, Andorra, Anguilla, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia,
d. Not applicable	8 countries (9%): Argentina, Armenia, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Netherlands, Venezuela,

DD23

Are optional referendums currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all municipalities/districts/communes	37 countries (43%): Albania, Algeria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malta, Morocco, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela, Yemen,
b. Yes, in some municipalities/districts/communes	4 countries (4%): Austria, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands,
c. No	33 countries (38%): Andorra, Anguilla, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Cambodia, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Ireland, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Zambia,
d. Not applicable	11 countries (12%): Argentina, Armenia, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ghana, Mali, Somalia, Uruguay,

DD24

Are citizens' initiatives currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all municipalities/districts/communes	24 countries (27%): Albania, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cape Verde, Colombia, Croatia, Ecuador, Eritrea, Finland, Ghana, Hungary, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malta, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uruguay,
b. Yes, in some municipalities/districts/communes	2 countries (2%): Germany, Niger,
c. No	44 countries (50%): Andorra, Anguilla, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Zambia,
d. Not applicable	17 countries (19%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Peru, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Venezuela, Yemen,

DD25

Are agenda initiatives currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all municipalities/districts/communes	7 countries (8%): Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Estonia, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Uruguay,
b. Yes, in some municipalities/districts/communes	9 countries (10%): Albania, Argentina, Austria, Colombia, Germany, Netherlands, Niger, Peru, Spain,
c. No	44 countries (53%): Andorra, Anguilla, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Malawi, Malta, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Sweden, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia,
d. Not applicable	23 countries (27%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Chile, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ghana, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Poland, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen,

DD26

Are recalls currently possible at local (municipalities/districts/communes, etc) authority level?

a. Yes, in all municipalities/districts/communes	11 countries (12%): Belarus, Canada, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Ghana, Mali, Philippines, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela,
b. Yes, in some municipalities/districts/communes	3 countries (3%): Colombia, Peru, Switzerland,
c. No	50 countries (58%): Andorra, Anguilla, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Malta, Mozambique, Namibia, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Zambia,
d. Not applicable	22 countries (25%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Chile, Eritrea, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Poland, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD27

What are the issues, if any, in relation to which referendums are mandatory at the national level?

a. Constitutional amendments	53 countries (56%): Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Cuba, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Ireland, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Republic of, Mozambique, Niger, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
b. Adoption of international treaties	12 countries (12%): Central African Republic, Denmark, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Panama, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Uganda,
c. Transfer of authority to international bodies	10 countries (10%): Austria, Central African Republic, Denmark, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Slovakia, Switzerland, Uganda,
d. National sovereignity, national self-determination	14 countries (14%): Austria, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Croatia, Eritrea, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, Switzerland, Uganda,
e. Conflict between constitutional organs	3 countries (3%): Niger, Senegal, Uganda,
f. Devolution	5 countries (5%): Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the, Niger, Switzerland, Uganda,
g. Civil service	1 countries (1%): Uganda,
h. Taxes and public expenditure commitments	4 countries (4%): Ecuador, Swaziland, Switzerland, Uganda,
i. Other public policy issues	7 countries (7%): Ecuador, Latvia, Puerto Rico, Swaziland, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine,
j. Other (specify)	16 countries (17%): Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Benin, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Denmark, El Salvador, Gambia, Iceland, Mozambique, Peru, Russian Federation, Swaziland, Switzerland, Uruguay,
k. None	14 countries (14%): Albania, Algeria, Bahrain, Belarus, Cape Verde, Chile, Finland, Greece, Jordan, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Portugal, Togo, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
l. Not applicable	17 countries (18%): Afghanistan, Angola, Anguilla, Argentina, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Georgia, Italy, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Sweden,

DD28

What are the issues, if any, in relation to which referendums are optional at the national level?

a. Constitutional amendments	31 countries (35%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Italy, Liechtenstein, Malta, Namibia, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, South Africa, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine,
b. Adoption of international treaties	24 countries (27%): Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Namibia, Niger, Poland, Senegal, Switzerland, Uganda, Venezuela,
c. Transfer of authority to international bodies	18 countries (20%): Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, Georgia, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Niger, Poland, Switzerland, Uganda,
d. National sovereignty, national self-determination	15 countries (17%): Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, Georgia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Uganda,
e. Conflict between constitutional organs	13 countries (14%): Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, Georgia, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Uganda,
f. Devolution	18 countries (20%): Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, Georgia, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Uganda,
g. Civil service	15 countries (17%): Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, Georgia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Namibia, Uganda,
h. Taxes and public expenditure commitments	13 countries (14%): Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, Georgia, Liechtenstein, Mali, Namibia, Uganda,
i. Other public policy issues	27 countries (30%): Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, Georgia, Ireland, Italy, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Malta, Moldova, Republic of, Namibia, Uganda, Ukraine,
j. Other (specify)	28 countries (31%): Angola, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Colombia, Congo (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Namibia, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Venezuela,
k. None	17 countries (19%): Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Botswana, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Jordan, Mozambique, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Swaziland, Zambia,
l. Not applicable	14 countries (15%): Afghanistan, Anguilla, Argentina, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Cambodia, Comoros, El Salvador, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Puerto Rico, Uruguay,

DD29

Which issues, if any, are excluded from being the subject of referendums at the national level?

a. Constitutional amendments	7 countries (8%): Bulgaria, Ecuador, Gambia, Moldova, Republic of, Portugal, Ukraine, Uruguay,
b. Adoption of international treaties	17 countries (21%): Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Italy, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Peru, Philippines, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Turkey, Uruguay, Zambia,
c. Transfer of authority to international bodies	12 countries (15%): Chile, Croatia, Gambia, Ghana, Mozambique, Panama, Philippines, Romania, Sierra Leone, Turkey, Uruguay, Zambia,
d. National sovereignty, national self-determination	12 countries (15%): Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Chile, Ghana, Mozambique, Panama, Portugal, Romania, Togo, Turkey, Uruguay, Zambia,
e. Conflict between constitutional organs	14 countries (17%): Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Chile, Croatia, Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Panama, Philippines, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia,
f. Devolution	14 countries (17%): Cape Verde, Chile, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Panama, Philippines, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Turkey, Zambia,
g. Civil service	19 countries (24%): Chile, Croatia, Gambia, Ghana, Latvia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Panama, Philippines, Russian Federation, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Turkey, Uruguay, Zambia,
h. Taxes and public expenditure commitments	39 countries (49%): Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lesotho, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Republic of, Mozambique, Niger, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovakia, South Africa, Togo, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia,
i. Other public policy issues	24 countries (30%): Albania, Belarus, Chile, Gambia, Ghana, Latvia, Lesotho, Malawi, Moldova, Republic of, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia,
j. Other (specify)	22 countries (27%): Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Czech Republic, Eritrea, Estonia, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey, Ukraine, Venezuela,
k. None	22 countries (27%): Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Finland, Ireland, Jordan, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malta, Namibia, Netherlands, Seychelles, Spain, Swaziland, Switzerland, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
l. Not applicable	10 countries (12%): Afghanistan, Anguilla, Argentina, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Cambodia, El Salvador, Kenya, Madagascar,

DD30

Which issues, if any, maybe the subject of sub-national referendums regulated at the national level?

a. Devolution	5 countries (7%): Finland, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, Ukraine,
b. Creation/merger/abolition of sub-national authorities	9 countries (13%): Croatia, Finland, Liechtenstein, Seychelles, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Uganda, Ukraine,
c. Other public policy issues	9 countries (13%): Albania, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Somalia, Uganda, Ukraine,
d. Other (specify)	11 countries (16%): Finland, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay,
e. None	35 countries (53%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, Zambia,
f. Not applicable	13 countries (19%): Andorra, Anguilla, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Lesotho, Madagascar, Venezuela,

DD31

Who can initiate a referendum at the national level?

a. Government	23 countries (28%): Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Congo (Brazzaville), Croatia, Eritrea, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Uganda,
b. EMB	3 countries (3%): Eritrea, Madagascar, Palestine,
c. President	49 countries (60%): Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Congo (Brazzaville), Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia,
d. Legislative majority	38 countries (46%): Albania, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belarus, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Congo (Brazzaville), Eritrea, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Mongolia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela, Yemen,
e. Registered electors	24 countries (29%): Albania, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Colombia, Ecuador, Eritrea, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela,
f. Other (specify)	21 countries (25%): Andorra, Bahrain, Benin, Bulgaria, Colombia, Denmark, Djibouti, Estonia, Italy, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Russian Federation, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, Switzerland, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine,
g. Not applicable	5 countries (6%): Anguilla, Argentina, Belgium, Cambodia, Comoros,

DD32

Who is responsible for drafting the mandatory referendum question?

a. Government (specify department)	8 countries (11%): Armenia, Denmark, Liberia, Palestine, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Switzerland,
b. Independent electoral commission	12 countries (17%): Croatia, Eritrea, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mozambique, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, Uruguay,
c. President	12 countries (17%): Armenia, Botswana, Chile, Ecuador, Latvia, Liberia, Mali, Palestine, Poland, Togo, Turkey, Yemen,
d. Legislature	20 countries (28%): Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Morocco, Palestine, Poland, Romania, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey,
e. Registered electors	4 countries (5%): Ecuador, Liberia, Peru, Switzerland,
f. Other (specify who)	7 countries (10%): Benin, Estonia, Malawi, Russian Federation, Togo, Ukraine, Zambia,
g. Not applicable	23 countries (32%): Albania, Anguilla, Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

DD33

Who is responsible for drafting the optional referendum question?

a. Government (specify department)	14 countries (20%): Albania, Armenia, Chile, Finland, Greece, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Niger, Palestine, Portugal, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
b. Independent electoral commission	7 countries (10%): Croatia, Liberia, Madagascar, Niger, Senegal, Seychelles, Uganda,
c. President	13 countries (19%): Belarus, Côte d'Ivoire, Georgia, Namibia, Niger, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Togo, Turkey, Yemen,
d. Legislature	22 countries (32%): Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Bulgaria, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Morocco, Namibia, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey,
e. Registered electors	8 countries (11%): Albania, Belarus, Georgia, Italy, Latvia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Togo,
f. Other (specify who)	8 countries (11%): Benin, Colombia, Estonia, Georgia, Italy, Netherlands, Russian Federation, Ukraine,
g. Not applicable	20 countries (29%): Anguilla, Argentina, Belgium, Botswana, Cambodia, Comoros, Denmark, Ecuador, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Uruguay, Zambia,

DD34

Which of the following, if any, are required to be included in the mandatory referendum question?

a. The title of the proposal	26 countries (41%): Armenia, Croatia, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay,
b. The numbers of the articles or paragraphs of the legal instruments to which changes are proposed	17 countries (27%): Armenia, Austria, Denmark, Ecuador, Gambia, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Mali, Niger, Romania, Senegal, Somalia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay,
c. An explanatory text	10 countries (16%): Croatia, Ecuador, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Russian Federation, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Switzerland, Uganda,
d. The full text of the proposal	15 countries (24%): Botswana, Chile, Ecuador, Estonia, Gambia, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Uganda,
e. Other (specify)	6 countries (9%): Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Russian Federation,
f. Not applicable	26 countries (41%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

DD35

Which of the following, if any, are required to be included in the optional referendum question?

a. The title of the proposal	21 countries (37%): Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Niger, Poland, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Uganda,
b. The numbers of the articles or paragraphs of the legal intruments to which chnages are proposed	12 countries (21%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Denmark, Gambia, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Niger, Senegal, Turkey, Uganda,
c. An explanatory text	7 countries (12%): Albania, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Russian Federation, Switzerland, Uganda,
d. The full text of the proposal	17 countries (30%): Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Colombia, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey,
e. Other (specify)	7 countries (12%): Benin, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Netherlands, Portugal, Russian Federation,
f. Not applicable	21 countries (37%): Algeria, Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belgium, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Comoros, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Ukraine, Uruguay,

DD36

Which institution(s) decides on the final form of the ballot text for mandatory referendums?

a. Government	4 countries (5%): Denmark, Egypt, Senegal, Switzerland,
b. Independent electoral commission	23 countries (32%): Armenia, Austria, Croatia, Ecuador, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Uruguay, Venezuela,
c. President	9 countries (12%): Algeria, Botswana, Palestine, Poland, Romania, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,
d. Legislature	7 countries (10%): Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Estonia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Poland, Romania,
e. Other (specify who)	9 countries (12%): Bahrain, Malawi, Morocco, Somalia, Spain, Swaziland, Switzerland, Togo, Zambia,
f. Not applicable	22 countries (31%): Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Colombia, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

DD37

Which institution(s) decides on the final form of the ballot text for optional referendums?

a. Government	7 countries (10%): Albania, Denmark, Egypt, Greece, Liechtenstein, Senegal, Switzerland,
b. Independent electoral commission	14 countries (21%): Armenia, Austria, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Gambia, Latvia, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda,
c. President	11 countries (17%): Algeria, Belarus, Chile, Georgia, Palestine, Poland, Romania, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,
d. Legislature	11 countries (17%): Albania, Benin, Bulgaria, Côte d'Ivoire, Estonia, Finland, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Poland, Sweden,
e. Other (specify who)	10 countries (15%): Albania, Bahrain, Colombia, Georgia, Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Togo,
f. Not applicable	17 countries (26%): Argentina, Belgium, Botswana, Cambodia, Comoros, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Ukraine, Uruguay, Zambia,

DD40

What are the requirements for mandatory referendums to pass?

a. Simple majority (>50%)	34 countries (46%): Algeria, Austria, Bahrain, Botswana, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Palestine, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen, Zambia,
b. Qualified majority (specify % below)	11 countries (15%): Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Croatia, Denmark, Ghana, Liberia, Lithuania, Niger, Seychelles, Uganda, Uruguay,
c. Double majority (simple majority overall plus simple majority in certain number of first tier authorities) (specify below)	1 countries (1%): Switzerland,
d. Other (specify below)	6 countries (8%): Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Gambia, Latvia, Philippines, Somalia,
e. Not applicable	22 countries (30%): Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Netherlands, Portugal, Togo, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

DD41

What are the requirements for optional referendums to pass?

a. Simple majority (>50%)	34 countries (52%): Albania, Algeria, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,
b. Qualified majority (specify % below)	8 countries (12%): Armenia, Croatia, Denmark, Liberia, Namibia, Niger, Seychelles, Uganda,
c. Double majority (simple majority overall plus simple majority in certain number of first tier authorities) (specify below)	1 countries (1%): Italy,
d. Other (specify below)	6 countries (9%): Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Netherlands, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
e. Not applicable	17 countries (26%): Argentina, Belgium, Benin, Botswana, Cambodia, Chile, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Togo, Uruguay, Zambia,

DD42

In which areas, if any, do regulatory provisions differ between a referendum and a national election? Tick all that apply and specify below in the comments section.

a. Citizenship	6 countries (14%): Chile, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia,
b. Residence	5 countries (11%): Mali, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, Ukraine,
c. Postal voting	1 countries (2%): Liberia,
d. Overseas voting	4 countries (9%): Liberia, Mali, Peru, Senegal,
e. Voting age	3 countries (7%): Georgia, Sierra Leone, Somalia,
f. Other	20 countries (47%): Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Benin, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Gambia, Ghana, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mozambique, Netherlands, Romania, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Zambia,
g. None	8 countries (19%): Botswana, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Estonia, Italy, Madagascar, Poland, Switzerland,
h. Not applicable	4 countries (9%): Argentina, Belgium, Cambodia, Denmark,

DD43

When is the outcome of a mandatory referendum binding?

a. Always	38 countries (44%): Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Botswana, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Republic of, Mozambique, Niger, Panama, Peru, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay,
b. Under certain circumstances (specify below)	13 countries (15%): Andorra, Armenia, Australia, Benin, Costa Rica, Eritrea, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Philippines, Poland, Somalia, Togo,
c. Never	7 countries (8%): Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Yemen,
d. Not applicable	28 countries (32%): Afghanistan, Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Kenya, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Portugal, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

DD44

When is the outcome of an optional referendum binding?

a. Always	35 countries (50%): Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine,
b. Under certain circumstances (specify below)	13 countries (18%): Andorra, Australia, Benin, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Namibia, Poland, Sweden, Togo, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
c. Never	12 countries (17%): Bahrain, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Finland, Morocco, Netherlands, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sudan, Tunisia, Yemen,
d. Not applicable	10 countries (14%): Argentina, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Cambodia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Uruguay,

DD45

Which types of issues can be proposed by citizens using the citizens' initiative process at the national level?

a. Constitutional amendments	21 countries (29%): Belarus, Cape Verde, Colombia, Eritrea, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Niger, Philippines, Poland, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay,
b. Legislative proposals	24 countries (33%): Albania, Belarus, Cape Verde, Colombia, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine,
c. Other (specify)	13 countries (18%): Albania, Cape Verde, Colombia, Croatia, Ecuador, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Liberia, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine,
d. Not applicable	40 countries (56%): Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Ireland, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,

DD46

Which types of issues can be proposed by citizens using the agenda initiative process at the national level?

a. Constitutional amendments	12 countries (18%): Austria, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Ghana, Hungary, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Peru, Uganda,
b. Legislative proposals	17 countries (25%): Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Uganda, Uruguay,
c. Other (specify)	6 countries (9%): Benin, Colombia, Croatia, Ecuador, Liberia, Niger,
d. Not applicable	44 countries (66%): Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Ireland, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD47

Which issues, if any, are excluded from being the subject of a citizens' initiative at the national level?

a. Constitutional amendments	12 countries (21%): Croatia, Ecuador, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine,
b. Adoption of international treaties	12 countries (21%): Croatia, Georgia, Italy, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Turkey, Uruguay,
c. Transfer of authority	9 countries (16%): Croatia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Turkey, Uruguay,
d. National sovereignty, national self-determination	8 countries (14%): Cape Verde, Mali, Niger, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Turkey, Uruguay,
e. Conflict between constitutional organs	9 countries (16%): Cape Verde, Croatia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, Turkey, Uruguay,
f. Devolution	6 countries (10%): Cape Verde, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Turkey,
g. Civil service	4 countries (7%): Philippines, Russian Federation, Turkey, Uruguay,
h. Taxes and public expenditure commitments	18 countries (32%): Albania, Belarus, Cape Verde, Croatia, Ecuador, Hungary, Italy, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay,
i. Other public policy issues	11 countries (20%): Albania, Belarus, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine,
j. Other (specify)	12 countries (21%): Albania, Belarus, Benin, Cape Verde, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,
k. None	8 countries (14%): Algeria, Armenia, Gambia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Romania, Togo,
l. Not applicable	20 countries (36%): Andorra, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, Madagascar, Namibia, Netherlands, Peru, Seychelles, Somalia,

DD48

Which issues, if any, are excluded from being the subject of an agenda initiative at the national level?

a. Constitutional amendments	7 countries (14%): Croatia, Ecuador, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Turkey, Uruguay,
b. Adoption of international treaties	7 countries (14%): Austria, Croatia, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Turkey,
c. Transfer of authority	6 countries (12%): Austria, Croatia, Niger, Senegal, Turkey, Uruguay,
d. National sovereignty, national self-determination	5 countries (10%): Austria, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Turkey,
e. Conflict between constitutional organs	7 countries (14%): Austria, Croatia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Turkey, Uruguay,
f. Devolution	4 countries (8%): Austria, Niger, Senegal, Turkey,
g. Civil service	1 countries (2%): Turkey,
h. Taxes and public expenditure commitments	8 countries (16%): Albania, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Ecuador, Hungary, Peru, Turkey, Uruguay,
i. Other public policy issues	5 countries (10%): Albania, Austria, Peru, Turkey, Uruguay,
j. Other (specify)	9 countries (18%): Albania, Argentina, Austria, Benin, Ghana, Hungary, Liberia, Peru, Turkey,
k. None	11 countries (22%): Algeria, Armenia, Belarus, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Romania, Sierra Leone, Togo,
l. Not applicable	22 countries (44%): Andorra, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Georgia, Ireland, Madagascar, Namibia, Netherlands, Poland, Seychelles, Somalia, Switzerland, Uganda, Venezuela,

DD49

Who may propose the registration of a citizens' initiative? Please specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. A number of individuals	26 countries (41%): Albania, Belarus, Benin, Cape Verde, Eritrea, Finland, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Philippines, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Ukraine, Uruguay,
b. Registered committee/organisation	7 countries (11%): Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Russian Federation, Senegal, Ukraine,
c. Other (specify)	1 countries (1%): Croatia,
d. Not applicable	35 countries (56%): Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Ireland, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD50

Who may propose the registration of an agenda initiative? Please specify in the “Comments” section below.

a. A number of individuals	17 countries (30%): Albania, Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Ghana, Hungary, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Togo, Uruguay,
b. Registered committee/organisation	5 countries (8%): Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Senegal,
c. Other (specify)	2 countries (3%): Croatia, Latvia,
d. Not applicable	38 countries (67%): Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD51

What material is necessary to accompany an application for registration?

a. Proposed title	20 countries (37%): Albania, Argentina, Benin, Finland, Georgia, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Mali, Niger, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Uruguay,
b. General explanation of purpose	12 countries (22%): Albania, Argentina, Austria, Finland, Ghana, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Poland, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Ukraine,
c. Full proposed text	23 countries (42%): Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Benin, Finland, Georgia, Ghana, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Ukraine, Uruguay,
d. Other (specify)	11 countries (20%): Albania, Belarus, Benin, Croatia, Georgia, Latvia, Liberia, Russian Federation, Spain, Togo, Ukraine,
e. Not applicable	28 countries (51%): Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD52

Who determines the title of a citizens' initiative?

a. Proponents of the initiative	14 countries (25%): Albania, Benin, Finland, Georgia, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Niger, Russian Federation, Sierra Leone, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Ukraine,
b. The agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms (specify)	2 countries (3%): Somalia, Uruguay,
c. Both the proponents and the responsible agency following negotiation	2 countries (3%): Mali, Senegal,
d. Legislature	2 countries (3%): Ghana, Portugal,
e. Other (specify)	4 countries (7%): Belarus, Croatia, Eritrea, Poland,
f. Not applicable	32 countries (57%): Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Seychelles, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD53

Who determines the title of an agenda initiative?

a. Proponents of the initiative	12 countries (21%): Albania, Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Latvia, Lithuania, Niger, Peru, Togo,
b. The agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms (specify)	4 countries (7%): Liberia, Somalia, Uganda, Uruguay,
c. Both the proponents and the responsible agency following negotiation	2 countries (3%): Mali, Senegal,
d. Legislature	1 countries (1%): Ghana,
e. Other (specify)	1 countries (1%): Croatia,
f. Not applicable	37 countries (64%): Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD54

Which, if any, of the following disqualify a proposed title of an initiative?

a. Inconsistency with proposed content	10 countries (19%): Argentina, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Somalia, Switzerland, Uruguay,
b. Commercial statement	6 countries (11%): Liberia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Switzerland, Uruguay,
c. Discriminatory or inflammatory statements	8 countries (15%): Argentina, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, Uruguay,
d. Excessive length	2 countries (3%): Liberia, Uruguay,
e. Incomprehensibility	10 countries (19%): Argentina, Belarus, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Somalia, Uruguay,
f. More than one subject area	6 countries (11%): Liberia, Portugal, Somalia, Spain, Switzerland, Uruguay,
g. Other (specify)	9 countries (17%): Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Peru, Poland, Spain, Uruguay,
h. Not applicable	32 countries (61%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD55

Which services are provided by the agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms before an initiative can be published?

a. Spelling/grammatical checks	9 countries (18%): Belarus, Eritrea, Mali, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda,
b. Drafting actual text for legal measure	11 countries (22%): Belarus, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda,
c. Translating the title and/or text into other languages	6 countries (12%): Eritrea, Niger, Seychelles, Somalia, Switzerland, Uganda,
d. Other (specify)	6 countries (12%): Croatia, Eritrea, Ghana, Lithuania, Poland, Spain,
e. None	21 countries (42%): Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Egypt, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Morocco, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Russian Federation, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Yemen,
f. Not applicable	12 countries (24%): Andorra, Argentina, Bahamas, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Madagascar, Namibia, Netherlands,

DD56

Under what circumstances is an initiative checked for constitutionality or legality?

a. An automatic check is part of the initiative process	26 countries (44%): Albania, Argentina, Austria, Belarus, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Finland, Georgia, Ghana, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Peru, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Togo, Uganda, Uruguay,
b. A check only takes place if a challenge to the initiative is submitted	3 countries (5%): Mali, Niger, Senegal,
c. Other (specify)	4 countries (6%): Benin, Croatia, Poland, Switzerland,
d. Not applicable	28 countries (48%): Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD57

If a check of the constitutionality or legality of an initiative takes place, who is responsible for undertaking it?

a. Government	4 countries (10%): Belarus, Portugal, Somalia, Uganda,
b. Independent electoral commission	11 countries (28%): Albania, Belarus, Eritrea, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Peru, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, Uruguay,
c. President	2 countries (5%): Georgia, Senegal,
d. Legislature	11 countries (28%): Argentina, Ghana, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Spain, Switzerland, Uganda,
e. Judiciary	10 countries (25%): Albania, Argentina, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain,
f. Other (specify)	20 countries (51%): Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Togo, Turkey, Uruguay,

DD58

If a check of the constitutionality or legality of an initiative takes place, when does this happen?

a. After its registration, before the collection of signatures	7 countries (12%): Albania, Belarus, Ghana, Latvia, Lithuania, Niger, Spain,
b. After its publication, during the collection of signatures	4 countries (7%): Eritrea, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda,
c. After its submission but before the vote on the initiative	14 countries (24%): Albania, Cape Verde, Finland, Georgia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Peru, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Switzerland, Uruguay,
e. Other (specify)	8 countries (14%): Austria, Benin, Croatia, Latvia, Peru, Poland, Sierra Leone, Togo,
f. Not applicable	28 countries (49%): Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,

DD59

Which institutions, if any, are given an opportunity to propose an alternative to proposals contained in a citizens’ initiative?

a. Government	6 countries (11%): Croatia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Somalia,
b. Independent electoral commission	4 countries (7%): Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Seychelles,
c. President	5 countries (9%): Croatia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Senegal,
d. Legislature	11 countries (20%): Croatia, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Poland, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Switzerland, Uruguay,
e. Registered electors	3 countries (5%): Liberia, Mali, Poland,
f. Other (specify who)	2 countries (3%): Benin, Ukraine,
g. Not applicable	40 countries (75%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Russian Federation, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD60

At which stage in the initiative process, if at all, can alternative proposals be made?

a. After the initiative is initially registered	7 countries (16%): Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Poland, Senegal, Switzerland,
b. After the required signatures are verified	5 countries (11%): Mali, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, Switzerland,
c. Other (specify)	3 countries (7%): Benin, Romania, Uruguay,
d. Not at all	15 countries (35%): Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Chile, Croatia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Portugal, Russian Federation, Spain, Togo, Turkey,
e. Not applicable	16 countries (38%): Andorra, Argentina, Bahamas, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Madagascar, Namibia, Netherlands, Uganda,

DD61

What happens when there is a valid alternative proposal?

a. Only the alternative proposal is qualified for the ballot	4 countries (7%): Eritrea, Ghana, Somalia, Uganda,
b. Both the initiative and the alternative proposal are qualified for the ballot, and are put to a vote on the same day	6 countries (11%): Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Switzerland, Uruguay,
d. Other (specify)	3 countries (5%): Benin, Croatia, Poland,
e. Not applicable	39 countries (75%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belarus, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,

DD62

When an initiative proposal and an alternative proposal are put to the vote on the same day, what choices does the voter have?

a. To accept both proposals	5 countries (9%): Mali, Niger, Poland, Senegal, Switzerland,
b. To accept one proposal only	7 countries (13%): Liberia, Niger, Poland, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Switzerland, Uruguay,
c. To reject both proposals	4 countries (7%): Poland, Senegal, Switzerland, Uruguay,
d. To specify his/her preferred proposal if both are passed	3 countries (5%): Mali, Senegal, Switzerland,
e. Other (specify)	1 countries (1%): Croatia,
f. Not applicable	43 countries (82%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD63

Who decides the final ballot text?

a. Proponents of the initiative	11 countries (20%): Albania, Austria, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Peru, Russian Federation, Senegal, Switzerland, Togo, Ukraine,
b. Agency/department responsible for the administration of direct democracy mechanisms	12 countries (21%): Eritrea, Latvia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Uganda, Uruguay,
c. Legislature	4 countries (7%): Benin, Ghana, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of,
d. Judiciary	1 countries (1%): Liberia,
e. Other (specify)	4 countries (7%): Belarus, Croatia, Finland, Poland,
f. Not applicable	28 countries (50%): Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,

DD64

Once an initiative is qualified for the ballot, the vote on it takes place:

a. Within a certain time limit (specify)	22 countries (40%): Albania, Austria, Belarus, Eritrea, Finland, Georgia, Ghana, Liberia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Peru, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay,
c. Other (specify)	3 countries (5%): Croatia, Latvia, Poland,
d. Not applicable	30 countries (54%): Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Gambia, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Romania, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen,

DD65

Which of the following individuals/positions may be subject to the recall mechanism?

a. Members of the national legislature	11 countries (18%): Belarus, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine,
b. President	10 countries (17%): Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Latvia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Romania, Senegal, Slovakia, Ukraine,
c. Other national level elected executive positions	9 countries (15%): Benin, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Uganda,
d. National level appointed executive positions	8 countries (13%): Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal,
e. Members of provincial / local legislature bodies	8 countries (13%): Belarus, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Ukraine,
f. Governors, Mayors or equivalent	10 countries (17%): Benin, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Senegal,
g. Other provincial/local level elected executive positions	8 countries (13%): Benin, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
h. Provincial/local level appointed executive positions	5 countries (8%): Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Poland,
i. Elected judges	4 countries (6%): Benin, Croatia, Liberia, Peru,
j. Other (specify)	4 countries (6%): Liechtenstein, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine,
k. Not applicable	40 countries (68%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD66

What are the grounds upon which a recall may be launched?

a. Political or policy grounds	11 countries (26%): Benin, Croatia, Gambia, Liberia, Niger, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Slovakia, Togo, Uganda,
b. Indictment	11 countries (26%): Belarus, Benin, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Togo,
c. Conviction	11 countries (26%): Belarus, Benin, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Togo,
d. Moral turpitude	12 countries (29%): Belarus, Benin, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Togo, Uganda,
e. None	4 countries (9%): Albania, Armenia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Turkey,
f. Other (specify)	8 countries (19%): Belarus, Benin, Latvia, Lithuania, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Uganda,
g. Not applicable	20 countries (48%): Andorra, Argentina, Bahamas, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Czech Republic, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Madagascar, Netherlands, Poland, Somalia, Uruguay,

DD68

If a recall qualifies for the ballot, when is it put to the vote?

a. Within a certain time limit (specify)	10 countries (17%): Belarus, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Mali, Niger, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Uganda, Ukraine,
c. Other (specify)	5 countries (8%): Benin, Croatia, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Philippines,
d. Not applicable	41 countries (73%): Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD69

When does the election to replace an individual who has been recalled take place?

a. At the same time as the recall ballot	2 countries (3%): Philippines, Uganda,
b. Separately and subsequently	12 countries (21%): Belarus, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Slovakia, Togo,
c. Not applicable	43 countries (75%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD71

Can an individual who is the subject of a recall stand on the ballot for his/her own replacement?

a. Yes	5 countries (9%): Belarus, Croatia, Peru, Romania, Uganda,
b. No	6 countries (11%): Benin, Gambia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo,
c. Not applicable	43 countries (79%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Yemen,

DD76

What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for an abrogative referendum (optional) has been published?

a. Fixed time period (specify)	6 countries (13%): Belarus, Georgia, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Somalia, Ukraine,
b. Other (specify)	7 countries (15%): Albania, Netherlands, Niger, Poland, Portugal, Senegal, Uganda,
c. Not applicable	32 countries (71%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Palestine, Romania, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Yemen,

DD77

What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for a rejective referendum (optional) has been published?

a. Fixed time period (specify)	8 countries (17%): Belarus, Georgia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Switzerland, Ukraine,
b. Other (specify)	3 countries (6%): Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
c. Not applicable	34 countries (75%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD78

What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for a citizens' initiative has been published?

a. Fixed time period (specify)	10 countries (20%): Belarus, Georgia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Russian Federation, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine,
b. Other (specify)	4 countries (8%): Albania, Mali, Poland, Portugal,
c. Not applicable	34 countries (70%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Ghana, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD79

What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for an agenda initiative has been published?

a. Fixed time period (specify)	4 countries (8%): Austria, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Somalia,
b. Other (specify)	4 countries (8%): Albania, Belarus, Côte d'Ivoire, Uganda,
c. Not applicable	37 countries (82%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD80

What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for an abrogative referendum (optional)?

a. Signatories must be registered	5 countries (11%): Albania, Lithuania, Peru, Seychelles, Ukraine,
b. Signatories must be registered electors in a specific electoral district	3 countries (6%): Albania, Belarus, Russian Federation,
c. Other (specify)	3 countries (6%): Burkina Faso, Netherlands, Togo,
d. None	4 countries (9%): Georgia, Liberia, Niger, Poland,
e. Not applicable	30 countries (68%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Latvia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Palestine, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD81

What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for a rejective referendum (optional)?

a. Signatories must be registered	4 countries (9%): Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Switzerland, Ukraine,
b. Signatories must be registered electors in a specific electoral district	4 countries (9%): Belarus, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Switzerland,
c. Other (specify)	3 countries (6%): Burkina Faso, Netherlands, Togo,
d. None	5 countries (11%): Georgia, Latvia, Liberia, Niger, Poland,
e. Not applicable	28 countries (65%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Palestine, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD82

What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for a citizens' initiative?

a. Signatories must be registered	10 countries (20%): Albania, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine,
b. Signatories must be registered electors in a specific electoral district	6 countries (12%): Albania, Belarus, Finland, Philippines, Russian Federation, Switzerland,
c. Other (specify)	1 countries (2%): Togo,
d. None	5 countries (10%): Austria, Georgia, Latvia, Liberia, Poland,
e. Not applicable	28 countries (58%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD83

What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for an agenda initiative?

a. Signatories must be registered	10 countries (23%): Albania, Belarus, Côte d'Ivoire, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Uganda,
b. Signatories must be registered electors in a specific electoral district	3 countries (6%): Argentina, Somalia, Uganda,
c. Other (specify)	2 countries (4%): Niger, Togo,
d. None	1 countries (2%): Liberia,
e. Not applicable	29 countries (67%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD85

What is the deadline, if any, for collecting the required number of signatures after a proposal for recall has been published?

a. Fixed time period (specify)

3 countries (6%): Belarus, Uganda, Ukraine,

c. Not applicable

40 countries (93%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Yemen,

DD86

What restrictions, if any, apply in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal for a recall?

e. Not applicable

4 countries (100%): Botswana, Bulgaria, Estonia, Georgia,

DD87

Where can proposals for an abrogative referendum (optional) be signed?

a. Anywhere	7 countries (17%): Belarus, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Poland, Russian Federation, Slovakia,
b. At specified places	2 countries (5%): Niger, Togo,
f. Other (specify)	3 countries (7%): Lithuania, Netherlands, Peru,
g. Not applicable	28 countries (70%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Latvia, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Palestine, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD88

Where can proposals for a rejective referendum (optional) be signed?

a. Anywhere	8 countries (19%): Belarus, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Poland, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine,
b. At specified places	4 countries (9%): Latvia, Niger, Senegal, Togo,
f. Other (specify)	2 countries (4%): Lithuania, Netherlands,
g. Not applicable	27 countries (65%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Palestine, Romania, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD89

Where can proposals for a citizens' initiative be signed?

a. Anywhere	17 countries (36%): Albania, Belarus, Benin, Finland, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Ukraine,
b. At specified places	4 countries (8%): Latvia, Mali, Niger, Senegal,
c. At public offices	0 countries (0%):
d. By post	1 countries (2%): Senegal,
e. Electronically	1 countries (2%): Switzerland,
f. Other (specify)	1 countries (2%): Lithuania,
g. Not applicable	26 countries (55%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD90

Where can proposals for an agenda initiative be signed?

a. Anywhere	10 countries (22%): Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Benin, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo,
b. At specified places	5 countries (11%): Austria, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Somalia,
c. At public offices	1 countries (2%): Somalia,
d. By post	1 countries (2%): Senegal,
f. Other (specify)	2 countries (4%): Lithuania, Peru,
g. Not applicable	30 countries (68%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD91

Where can proposals for a recall be signed?

a. Anywhere	4 countries (8%): Belarus, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Ukraine,
b. At specified places	3 countries (6%): Niger, Senegal, Uganda,
c. At public offices	0 countries (0%):
f. Other (specify)	2 countries (4%): Peru, Togo,
g. Not applicable	35 countries (77%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Yemen,

DD92

What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for an abrogative referendum (optional)?

a. Signatories must provide identity/voting card number	10 countries (26%): Albania, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Georgia, Lithuania, Peru, Poland, Russian Federation, Togo, Uganda,
b. Signatories must give copy of thumbprint	2 countries (5%): Peru, Uganda,
c. Other (specify)	9 countries (23%): Belarus, Georgia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Russian Federation, Togo, Ukraine,
d. None	1 countries (2%): Benin,
e. Not applicable	25 countries (65%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Latvia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Switzerland, Turkey, Yemen,

DD93

What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for a rejective referendum (optional)?

a. Signatories must provide identity/voting card number	8 countries (20%): Belarus, Burkina Faso, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russian Federation, Togo,
c. Other (specify)	9 countries (22%): Belarus, Georgia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Netherlands, Russian Federation, Togo, Ukraine,
d. None	2 countries (5%): Benin, Switzerland,
e. Not applicable	27 countries (67%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD94

What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for a citizens' initiative?

a. Signatories must provide identity/voting card number	14 countries (30%): Albania, Belarus, Finland, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Poland, Russian Federation, Senegal, Spain, Uganda,
b. Signatories must give copy of thumbprint	4 countries (8%): Mali, Niger, Senegal, Uganda,
c. Other (specify)	9 countries (19%): Belarus, Benin, Georgia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Togo, Ukraine,
d. None	1 countries (2%): Switzerland,
e. Not applicable	27 countries (58%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Turkey, Yemen,

DD95

What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for an agenda initiative?

a. Signatories must provide identity/voting card number	11 countries (25%): Albania, Austria, Burkina Faso, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Somalia, Uganda,
b. Signatories must give copy of thumbprint	6 countries (13%): Mali, Niger, Peru, Senegal, Somalia, Uganda,
c. Other (specify)	6 countries (13%): Argentina, Benin, Lithuania, Peru, Senegal, Togo,
d. None	1 countries (2%): Belarus,
e. Not applicable	29 countries (65%): Algeria, Armenia, Bahrain, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Yemen,

DD96

What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal for a recall?

a. Signatories must provide identity/voting card number	3 countries (6%): Belarus, Peru, Uganda,
b. Signatories must give copy of thumbprint	2 countries (4%): Peru, Uganda,
c. Other (specify)	5 countries (10%): Belarus, Côte d'Ivoire, Liechtenstein, Peru, Ukraine,
e. Not applicable	42 countries (87%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chile, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Palestine, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Yemen,

DD97

What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for an abrogative referendum (optional)?

a. Ban on paid signature collectors	4 countries (9%): Burkina Faso, Liberia, Poland, Seychelles,
b. Ban on payment per signature	6 countries (13%): Albania, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Lithuania, Poland,
c. Requirement for signature collectors to be registered electors	2 countries (4%): Burkina Faso, Ukraine,
d. Requirement for signature collectors to identify if they are paid or volunteers	1 countries (2%): Liberia,
e. Other (specify)	4 countries (9%): Belarus, Netherlands, Russian Federation, Ukraine,
f. Not applicable	33 countries (76%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD98

What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for a rejective referendum (optional)?

a. Ban on paid signature collectors	3 countries (7%): Liberia, Poland, Seychelles,
b. Ban on payment per signature	6 countries (14%): Belarus, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Poland, Switzerland,
c. Requirement for signature collectors to be registered electors	1 countries (2%): Ukraine,
d. Requirement for signature collectors to identify if they are paid or volunteers	1 countries (2%): Liberia,
e. Other (specify)	5 countries (11%): Belarus, Latvia, Netherlands, Russian Federation, Ukraine,
f. Not applicable	32 countries (76%): Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Estonia, Gambia, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Madagascar, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

DD99

What restrictions, if any, are there in relation to signature collection for a citizens' initiative?

a. Ban on paid signature collectors	2 countries (4%): Liberia, Poland,
b. Ban on payment per signature	10 countries (21%): Albania, Belarus, Finland, Latvia, Liberia, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of, Mali, Niger, Poland, Switzerland,
c. Requirement for signature collectors to be registered electors	2 countries (4%): Niger, Ukraine,
d. Requirement for signature collectors to identify if they are paid or volunteers	2 countries (4%): Liberia, Niger,
e. Other (specify)	4 countries (8%): Belarus, Latvia, Russian Federation, Ukraine,
f. Not applicable	34 countries (73%): Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Gambia, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen,

May 20, 2008 03:04 AM

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