Info

Electoral Systems Index

... es Electoral Systems

...... es10 Overview of Electoral Systems

...... es20 Guiding Principles of Electoral Systems

...... es30 Context of Electoral Systems

...... es40 Contributors to Electoral Systems

...... esa Criteria for Design

......... esa01 Providing Representation

......... esa02 Making Elections Accessible and Meaningful

......... esa03 Providing Incentives for Conciliation

......... esa04 Facilitating Stable and Efficient Government

......... esa05 Holding the Government Accountable

......... esa06 Holding Individual Representatives Accountable

......... esa07 Encouraging Political Parties

......... esa08 Promoting Legislative Opposition and Oversight

......... esa09 Making the Election Process Workable and Sustainable

......... esa10 Taking into Account 'International Standards'

......... esa11 Criteria for Design - Conclusions

...... esb The Process of Change

......... esb01 Who designs?

......... esb02 What are the Mechanisms for Reform and Amendment?

......... esb03 Advice on Debate and Dialogue

......... esb04 Advice on Implementation

......... esb05 Assessing the Impact of Change

......... esb06 Trends in Electoral System Reform

...... esc Design Components

...... esd The Systems and Their Consequences

......... esd01 Plurality/Majority Systems

............ esd01a First Past The Post (FPTP)

............... esd01a01 Advantages and disadvantages of FPTP system

............ esd01b Block Vote (BV)

............... esd01b01 Advantages and disadvantages of BV

............ esd01c Party Block Vote (PBV)

............... esd01c01 Advantages and disadvantages of PBV

............ esd01d The Alternative Vote (AV)

............... esd01d01 Advantages and disadvantages of AV

............ esd01e The Two-Round system (TRS)

............... esd01e01 Advantages and disadvantages of Two-Round System (TRS)

......... esd02 Proportional Representation (PR)

............ esd02a Advantages of PR systems

............ esd02b Disadvantages of PR systems

............ esd02c List PR

............... esd02c01 Advantages and disadvantages of List PR

............ esd02d The Single Transferable Vote (STV)

............... esd02d01 Advantages and disadvantages of STV

............ esd02e Proportional representation related issues

............... esd02e01 District Magnitude

............... esd02e02 The Threshold

............... esd02e03 Open, Closed and Free Lists

............... esd02e04 Apparentement

............... esd02e05 Independent Candidates and PR systems

......... esd03 Mixed Systems

............ esd03a Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)

............... esd03a01 Advantages and Disadvantages of MMP

............ esd03b Parallel Systems

............... esd03b01 Advantages and disadvantages of Parallel systems

......... esd04 Other Electoral Systems

............ esd04a The Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV)

............... esd04a01 Advantages and disadvantages of SNTV

............ esd04b The Limited Vote (LV)

............... esd04b01 Advantages & Disadvantages of Limited Vote

............ esd04c Borda Count (BC)

............ esd04c01 Advantages & Disadvantages of BC

......... esd05 Electoral System Tiers and Hybrid Systems

......... esd06 Considerations on Representation

............ esd06a Representation of Women

............ esd06b Representation of Minorities

............ esd06c Communal Representation

............ esd06d The timing of Elections

............ esd06e Remote Voting

............ esd06f Turnout Issues

......... esd07 Additional Issues Relevant to Post-conflict and Transitional Elections

...... ese Electoral Systems, Institutional Framework & Governance

......... ese01 Electing a President

............ ese01a Electing a President - First Past The Post

............ ese01b Electing a President - Two-Round Systems

............ ese01c Electing a President - Preferential Voting

............ ese01d Electing a President - Distribution Requirements

......... ese02 Electing an Upper House

......... ese03 Different Tiers of Governance

......... ese04 Electing Supranational Bodies

......... ese05 Electing Federal/State Assemblies and Autonomous Jurisdictions

......... ese06 Electing Local Authorities

......... ese07 Electoral Systems and Political Parties

......... ese08 Direct Democracy Options

............ ese08a Referendum

............... ese08a01 Common types of Referendums

............... ese08a02 Design and Political issues of Referendums

............... ese08a03 Advantages and disadvantages of the referendum instrument

............ ese08b Citizens' Initiatives

............... ese08b01 Different types of Citizens' initiative

............... ese08b02 Design and Political Issues

............... ese08b03 Advantages and disadvantages of the citizens’ initiative instrument

............ ese08c Recall

............... ese08c01 Design and Political issues of Recalls

............... ese08c02 Advantages and disadvantages of the recall instrument

...... esf Cost and Administrative Implications of Electoral Systems

......... esf01 Electoral Systems and the Drawing of Electoral Boundaries

......... esf02 Electoral Systems and the Registration of Voters

......... esf03 Electoral Systems and the Design and Production of Ballot Papers

......... esf04 Electoral Systems and Voter Education

......... esf05 Electoral Systems and Number of Polling Days

......... esf06 Electoral Systems and By-elections

......... esf07 Electoral Systems and the Count

......... esf08 Cost and administrative implications - conclusions

...... esg Advice for Electoral Systems Designers

......... esg01 A Design Checklist

...... esy Electoral Systems Case Studies

......... esy_ar Argentina

......... esy_au Australia: The Alternative Vote System

......... esy_bo Bolivia: Electoral Reform in Latin America

......... esy_br Brazil: Candidate-Centred PR in a Presidential System

......... esy_ca Canada: The Canadian Electoral System

......... esy_ca01 British Columbia: Empowered Citizen Participation

......... esy_ch Switzerland

......... esy_ch02 Swiss Direct Democracy

......... esy_cl Chile: A System Frozen by Elite Interests

......... esy_cn China: Village Committee Elections: First Steps on a Long March?

......... esy_de Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System

......... esy_ec Ecuador: The Search for Democratic Governance

......... esy_ep European Parliament: Elections to a Supranational Body

......... esy_es The Spanish Electoral System - Historical Accident

......... esy_fi Finland: Candidate Choice and Party Proportionality

......... esy_id Indonesia: Continuity, Deals and Consensus

......... esy_ie Republic of Ireland: The Single Transferable Vote in Action

......... esy_il Israel: Electoral Reform in Israel

......... esy_in India - First Past the Post on a Grand Scale

......... esy_jo Jordan - Electoral System Design in the Arab World

......... esy_jp Japan: Adapting to a New Electoral System

......... esy_kg Kyrgyzstan: Electoral Manipulation in Central Asia

......... esy_lk Sri Lanka: Changes to Accommodate Diversity

......... esy_ls Lesotho: Africa’s First MMP Electoral System

......... esy_ml Mali: A Two-Round System in Africa

......... esy_mt Malta: STV With Some Twists

......... esy_mx Mexico: Democratization Through Electoral Reform

......... esy_na Namibia - National List PR in Southern Africa

......... esy_nl The Netherlands

......... esy_nz New Zealand: Learning to Live with Proportional Representation

......... esy_pg Papua New Guinea: Electoral Incentives for Inter-Ethnic Accomodation

......... esy_pl Poland: Between Fragmentation and Polarisation

......... esy_ps Palestine: Political Realities Shape the System

......... esy_ru Russia - An Evolving Parallel System

......... esy_sn Senegal:A Parallel System in Africa

......... esy_th Thailand: Combating Corruption through Electoral Reform

......... esy_ua Ukraine - The Perils of Majoritarianism in a New Democracy

......... esy_uk United Kingdom: Electoral System Experimentation in Cradle of FPTP

......... esy_us United States: Ethnic Minorities and Single-Member Districts

......... esy_us01 United States: Total Recall - the election of Schwarzenegger in California

......... esy_za South Africa: Electoral Systems, Conflict Management and Inclusion