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Parties and Candidates Overview of Parties and Candidates Guiding Principles of Parties and Candidates Context of Parties and Candidates External Regulations of Parties and Candidates Laws and Regulation that concern Political Parties Roles and Definition of Political Parties Registration of Political Parties as Organisations Financial Regulations Direct and Indirect Public Funding Direct and Indirect Public Funding Use of Direct Public Funding Timing of Direct Public Funding Allocation of Direct Public Funds Indirect Public Funding of Parties and Candidates Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Funds to Political Parties and Candidates Reporting and Public Disclosure of Party Finance Prohibited Sources of Funds Ceilings on Elections Expenditure Limits on Donations Legislated Quotas Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation Advantages and Disadvantages of Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation Legislated Quotas for National Minorities Legislated Quotas for National Minorities Advantages and Disadvantages of Legislated Quotas for Minority Representation Internal Functioning of Political Parties Legal Regulations Regarding Internal Functioning Internal Elections for Leadership Positions Other Legal Regulations Regarding Internal Functioning Internal Voluntary Party Regulations Candidate Selection within Political Parties Candidate Selection within Political Parties Primary Elections Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for Women Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for other Disadvantaged Groups Conditions under which voluntary party quotas are most likely applied Advantages and Disadvantages of Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for Women's Representation Factors influecing the implementation of voluntary party candidate quotas Party Structure Party Media The Role of Members Parties and Candidates in the Electoral Process Political Party Codes of Conduct Content of Political Party Codes of Conduct Registration for Election and Nomination of Candidates Registration Requirements of Candidates for Election Registration Requirements of Candidates for Election Monetary Deposits for Ballot Access Criteria to stand as a candidate De-Registration of Parties and Candidates The Effect of Electoral System on Parties and Candidates District Magnitude and Political Parties Party Magnitude and Candidate Selection The Effect of Electoral System on Party System The Effect of Electoral System on Candidates By-Elections Relationship between Parties and Candidates and the Electoral Management Body Parties and Candidates as Stakeholders Types of Involvement Political Parties Liaison Committee Media in Election Campaigns Campaigning Coalitions and Elections Alliances Resignation, Removal, Death of a Candidate Before an Election Parties as Election Monitors Parties and Candidates in Legislatures Formation of Government Party Group/Caucus Floor-Crossing Parties and Candidates Case Studies India: Reservation of Number of Seats for Minorities Cambodia: Code of Conduct Russia: Electoral Campaign of Variable Duration United States: Study on Primary Elections South Africa: Case Study on Floor-Crossing Sources/Bibliography Contributors to Parties and Candidates

External Regulations of Parties and Candidates

Constitutions, electoral laws, political party laws, and various regulations have an impact on political parties and candidates. This section deals with laws and regulations that concern parties and candidates such as the registration requirements for political parties as organisations and roles and functions that are attributed to political parties in the political system by constitution or party law. In particular, this section discusses the funding of political parties and the financial regulations that stipulate income, expenditure, and reporting rules for political parties and candidates. Another topic that is dealt with is legislated quotas, i.e., constitutional quotas or quotas defined by the electoral law.

The internal functioning of political parties, and the regulations that concern parties and candidate in the electoral process and in the legislature, are covered in subsequent sections.

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